{"meta":{"name":"Atlas politique — corpus complet","version":"2026-10-03","generated_at":"2026-10-03T23:18:38.576Z","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","attribution":"Corentin Jacques — Atlas politique (https://atlas-politique.com)","source":"https://atlas-politique.com/a-propos","country_count":182,"spatial_coverage":["Europe","Amérique du Nord","Amérique du Sud","Moyen-Orient","Asie de l'Est","Afrique"]},"references":{"continents":{"$description":"Définition des régions couvertes par l'atlas. Chaque région porte sa liste de pays, sa projection cartographique et sa bbox.","version":"1.1.0","default":"europe","continents":[{"id":"europe","nom":"Europe","slug":"europe","url_path":"/","iso2_list":["PT","ES","FR","GB","IE","BE","NL","LU","CH","DE","AT","IT","PL","CZ","SK","SI","HR","EE","LV","LT","DK","SE","NO","IS","FI","RU","UA","MD","RO","BG","GR","CY","MT","HU","RS","BA","AL","MK","ME","XK","BY","TR"],"projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[43,62],"rotate":[-20,0]},"bbox":[[-13,35],[60,71]],"geo_file":"/geo/europe.topo.json"},{"id":"amerique-nord","nom":"Amérique du Nord","slug":"amerique-nord","url_path":"/amerique-nord","iso2_list":["CA","US","MX","GT","BZ","HN","SV","NI","CR","PA","CU","HT","DO","JM"],"iso2_exclude":["BB","GD","VC","DM","LC","AG","KN","TT","BS","PR","VI","AI","KY","TC"],"projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[20,50],"rotate":[95,0]},"bbox":[[-140,8],[-52,72]],"geo_file":"/geo/amerique-nord.topo.json"},{"id":"moyen-orient","nom":"Moyen-Orient & Asie mineure","slug":"moyen-orient","url_path":"/moyen-orient","iso2_list":["GE","AM","AZ","IR","IQ","SY","LB","IL","PS","JO","SA","YE","OM","AE","QA","BH","KW","AF","TR","CY","EG","ER","DJ"],"iso2_context_only":["RU","KZ","TM","UZ","TJ","SD","ET","PK","IN"],"iso2_context_only_comment":"Pays dessinés depuis le TopoJSON pour la continuité géographique mais rendus non-interactifs (hachures grises). Leurs fiches restent accessibles via /pays/{slug}.","iso2_exclude":["SO"],"iso2_exclude_comment":"Somalie retirée totalement du rendu carte MO — sa fiche reste accessible via /pays/somalie et le pays apparaît sur la carte Afrique.","projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[20,40],"rotate":[-45,0]},"bbox":[[32,12],[65,45]],"geo_file":"/geo/moyen-orient.topo.json"},{"id":"asie-est","nom":"Asie de l'Est & du Sud-Est","slug":"asie-est","url_path":"/asie-est","iso2_list":["CN","JP","KR","KP","MN","TW","VN","KH","LA","TH","MM","MY","SG","ID","PH","BN","TL","IR","IQ","TR","AF","PK","IN","KZ","TM","UZ","TJ","RU","BD","BT","KG","LK","NP"],"iso2_exclude":["AU","PG"],"iso2_exclude_comment":"Retirés totalement du rendu (Océanie hors périmètre atlas asiatique).","projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[10,45],"rotate":[-115,0]},"bbox":[[40,-13],[155,55]],"geo_file":"/geo/asie-est.topo.json"},{"id":"amerique-sud","nom":"Amérique du Sud","slug":"amerique-sud","url_path":"/amerique-sud","iso2_list":["AR","BO","BR","CL","CO","EC","GY","PY","PE","SR","UY","VE"],"projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[-40,5],"rotate":[65,0]},"bbox":[[-82,-56],[-34,13]],"geo_file":"/geo/amerique-sud.topo.json"},{"id":"oceanie","nom":"Océanie","slug":"oceanie","url_path":"/oceanie","iso2_list":["AU","NZ","PG","FJ","VU","SB","WS","TO","KI","FM","PW","MH","NR","TV"],"iso2_context_only":["ID","TL","NC","PF","GU","AS","CK","NU","TK","WF","MP"],"iso2_context_only_comment":"Territoires non-couverts dessinés pour continuité géographique (Indonésie orientale, Nouvelle-Calédonie française, Polynésie française, Guam, Samoa américaines, Cook, Niué, Tokelau, Wallis-et-Futuna, Mariannes du Nord).","projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[-35,-5],"rotate":[-170,0]},"bbox":[[110,-50],[220,15]],"geo_file":"/geo/oceanie.topo.json"},{"id":"afrique","nom":"Afrique","slug":"afrique","url_path":"/afrique","iso2_list":["DZ","MA","TN","LY","ML","BF","NE","TD","MR","SN","CI","GH","NG","BJ","TG","EG","DJ","ER","ET","SO","SD","ZA","ZW","ZM","MZ","MG","AO","NA","BW","LS","SZ","MW","CD","CG","CM","GA","GQ","CF","KE","TZ","UG","RW","BI","SS","LR","SL","GN","GW","GM","CV","MU","SC","KM","ST"],"projection":{"type":"conicEqualArea","parallels":[-20,20],"rotate":[-20,0]},"bbox":[[-20,-35],[55,38]],"geo_file":"/geo/afrique.topo.json"}]},"families":{"$description":"Taxinomie fermée des familles politiques. Ancrages: groupes du Parlement européen, partis politiques européens, Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES), ParlGov. Chaque parti classé dans data/parties/ DOIT référencer une famille listée ici.","version":"1.0.0","families":[{"id":"gauche_radicale","label":"Gauche radicale","shortLabel":"GR","color":"#8B1E1E","pattern":"solid","description":"Gauche anticapitaliste, socialiste radicale, communiste. Ancrages : groupe The Left au PE, Parti de la gauche européenne, familles CHES 'radical left'.","examples_reference":["La France insoumise (FR)","Die Linke (DE)","SYRIZA (GR)"],"label_en":"Radical left"},{"id":"sociale_democratie","label":"Sociale-démocratie","shortLabel":"SD","color":"#E63946","pattern":"solid","description":"Sociale-démocratie, travaillisme, socialisme réformiste. Ancrages : groupe S&D au PE, Parti socialiste européen, familles CHES 'socialist/social-democratic'.","examples_reference":["PS (FR)","SPD (DE)","PD (IT)","Labour (UK)"],"label_en":"Social democracy"},{"id":"ecologistes","label":"Écologistes","shortLabel":"V","color":"#4CAF50","pattern":"solid","description":"Écologistes, verts. Ancrages : groupe Verts/ALE au PE, Parti vert européen, familles CHES 'green/ecologist'.","examples_reference":["EELV (FR)","Grüne (DE)"],"label_en":"Greens"},{"id":"liberaux_centristes","label":"Libéraux et centristes","shortLabel":"L","color":"#F4A82C","pattern":"solid","description":"Libéraux, centristes, libéraux-démocrates. Ancrages : groupe Renew au PE, Alliance des démocrates et libéraux pour l'Europe, familles CHES 'liberal'.","examples_reference":["Renaissance (FR)","FDP (DE)","VVD (NL)","D66 (NL)"],"label_en":"Liberals & centrists"},{"id":"democratie_chretienne_conservateurs","label":"Démocratie chrétienne et conservateurs","shortLabel":"PPE","color":"#2A6FB4","pattern":"solid","description":"Démocratie chrétienne, conservatisme modéré, centre-droit. Ancrages : groupe PPE au PE, Parti populaire européen, familles CHES 'christian-democratic/conservative'.","examples_reference":["LR (FR)","CDU/CSU (DE)","PP (ES)","PO (PL)"],"label_en":"Christian democracy & conservatives"},{"id":"droite_nationaliste_populiste","label":"Droite nationaliste et populiste","shortLabel":"DN","color":"#1F3552","pattern":"solid","description":"Droite nationaliste, populiste, souverainiste, radicale. Ancrages : groupes ECR et PfE au PE, familles CHES 'radical right/nationalist'.","examples_reference":["RN (FR)","AfD (DE)","FdI (IT)","PiS (PL)","Fidesz (HU)"],"label_en":"Nationalist right & populism"},{"id":"agrariens_regionalistes","label":"Agrariens et régionalistes","shortLabel":"AR","color":"#8FBC5A","pattern":"solid","description":"Partis agrariens, ruraux, régionalistes autonomistes. Ancrages : familles CHES 'agrarian/centre', 'regionalist'.","examples_reference":["Centerpartiet (SE)","Zentrum (CH)","SNP (UK)","PSL (PL)"],"label_en":"Agrarians & regionalists"},{"id":"dynastie_regnante","label":"Dynastie régnante","shortLabel":"DR","color":"#B8935A","pattern":"solid","description":"Monarchie où le pouvoir effectif est exercé par une dynastie régnante — pouvoir héréditaire concentré, absence d'appareil partisan structuré représentant le souverain. Golfe (absolues), Maghreb/Levant (exécutives), certaines monarchies constitutionnelles où le monarque garde des pouvoirs politiques réels.","examples_reference":["Dynastie Bolkiah (Brunei)","Dynastie Al Thani (Qatar)","Dynastie Alaouite (Maroc)","Dynastie Hachémite (Jordanie)"],"label_en":"Reigning dynasty"},{"id":"gouvernement_technique","label":"Gouvernement technique / transition","shortLabel":"GT","color":"#7A8A9E","pattern":"solid","description":"Gouvernement d'unité nationale, cabinet technocratique, conseil présidentiel de transition, gouvernement intérimaire post-crise ou post-révolution. Chef de gouvernement sans mandat électif partisan clair, souvent nommé pour restaurer la stabilité institutionnelle.","examples_reference":["Muhammad Yunus (Bangladesh, 2024–)","Nawaf Salam (Liban, 2025–)","Conseil présidentiel (Yémen, Libye, Haïti)"],"label_en":"Technical / transitional government"},{"id":"sans_etiquette_technique","label":"Sans étiquette","shortLabel":"SE","color":"#6B6B6B","pattern":"solid","description":"Personnalité indépendante dans un système où les partis ne structurent pas la vie politique (États insulaires du Pacifique, systèmes claniques, régimes collégiaux comme la Suisse).","label_en":"Non-partisan"},{"id":"non_verifie","label":"Non vérifié","shortLabel":"NV","color":"#CFCFCF","pattern":"hatch-diagonal","description":"Classification non vérifiée. Pays hors périmètre couvert, ou pays du périmètre sans données confirmées. Exclu du coloriage principal.","label_en":"Unverified"}]},"regime_types":{"$description":"Taxinomie fermée des types de régime. Chaque étiquette est accompagnée d'une définition institutionnelle courte + un explicatif détaillé du fonctionnement (séparation des pouvoirs, formation du gouvernement, dissolution, contrepoids). La fiche pays précise en une phrase ce que l'étiquette implique CONCRÈTEMENT pour ce pays.","version":"1.2.0","regimes":[{"id":"monarchie_absolue","label":"Monarchie absolue","definition":"Souverain héréditaire concentrant les pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et souvent religieux, sans contre-pouvoir constitutionnel effectif. Une assemblée existe parfois mais son rôle est purement consultatif ou strictement encadré.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Le monarque (roi, sultan, émir) exerce la totalité du pouvoir exécutif. Il nomme le gouvernement, généralement composé de membres de la famille régnante aux portefeuilles stratégiques (défense, intérieur, finances, affaires étrangères). Aucune responsabilité politique devant une assemblée. Le monarque édicte le droit par décret royal ; les textes fondamentaux (constitution, loi organique) sont eux-mêmes octroyés et révocables.","formation_gouvernement":"Nomination discrétionnaire par le monarque. Le poste de Premier ministre, quand il existe (Arabie saoudite, Oman, Qatar), est occupé par le monarque lui-même ou un proche parent (prince héritier). Aucun processus électif ne conditionne la composition du cabinet.","dissolution":"Sans objet en l'absence d'assemblée législative pleine. Quand une assemblée consultative existe, le monarque peut la dissoudre à discrétion sans motif ni contre-signature.","contrepoids":"Contrepoids formels quasi-inexistants : pas de contrôle de constitutionnalité opposable au monarque, presse et associations sous autorisation préalable, partis politiques interdits (Arabie saoudite, EAU, Oman, Qatar) ou strictement contrôlés. Contrepoids réels : consensus au sein de la famille régnante, oulémas (autorités religieuses), notables tribaux, allégeance des forces armées, pression internationale (souvent limitée)."},"exemples":["Arabie saoudite","Brunei","Émirats arabes unis","Oman","Qatar","Eswatini","Vatican"],"label_en":"Absolute monarchy"},{"id":"republique_parlementaire","label":"République parlementaire","definition":"Chef de l'État (président) essentiellement protocolaire, exécutif exercé par un chef de gouvernement responsable devant le parlement.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Le président de la République est élu par le parlement ou un collège élargi (Italie, Allemagne, Israël historique) ; son rôle est symbolique — représentation, promulgation, arbitrage en cas de crise. Le pouvoir exécutif réel appartient au Premier ministre et au conseil des ministres, désignés à l'issue des législatives selon la majorité parlementaire.","formation_gouvernement":"Le chef du gouvernement est nommé par le président sur base des résultats législatifs. Il doit obtenir (ou ne pas se voir refuser) la confiance du parlement. Les coalitions sont fréquentes lorsque le scrutin est proportionnel.","dissolution":"Le président peut dissoudre l'assemblée sur proposition du chef du gouvernement, en cas de blocage institutionnel, ou après refus de confiance. Certains régimes (Allemagne : Bundestag) encadrent strictement la dissolution.","contrepoids":"Motion de censure constructive ou simple selon les pays ; contrôle constitutionnel indépendant ; second chambre parfois représentative des entités fédérées ; cour des comptes ; ombudsman."},"exemples":["Allemagne","Italie","Grèce","Hongrie","Israël"],"label_en":"Parliamentary republic"},{"id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","label":"République semi-présidentielle","definition":"Chef de l'État élu au suffrage universel disposant de pouvoirs exécutifs propres, cohabitant avec un chef de gouvernement responsable devant le parlement. Le partage effectif du pouvoir varie fortement d'un pays à l'autre.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Le président est élu au suffrage universel direct et dispose de compétences constitutionnelles propres (défense, affaires étrangères, dissolution, référendum, pouvoirs exceptionnels). Le Premier ministre dirige le gouvernement et est responsable devant l'assemblée. Deux têtes exécutives, deux légitimités.","formation_gouvernement":"Le président nomme le Premier ministre. En pratique, ce choix dépend de la majorité parlementaire : si elle est acquise au président, il domine ; si l'opposition remporte les législatives, cohabitation — le Premier ministre issu de la majorité impose l'orientation politique.","dissolution":"Le président peut dissoudre l'assemblée sans contreseing (France, art. 12) ou sous conditions (Portugal, Roumanie). Dissolution unique par an dans la plupart des cas.","contrepoids":"Responsabilité gouvernementale devant le parlement (motion de censure) ; contrôle a posteriori par la cour constitutionnelle ; encadrement strict des pouvoirs exceptionnels (art. 16 en France, contrôle par la cour constit après 30 jours) ; contreseing ministériel obligatoire sur la plupart des actes présidentiels."},"exemples":["France","Portugal","Pologne","Roumanie","Finlande"],"label_en":"Semi-presidential republic"},{"id":"republique_presidentielle","label":"République présidentielle","definition":"Chef de l'État élu, chef de l'exécutif, non responsable devant le parlement.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Le président concentre l'exécutif : chef de l'État, chef du gouvernement, commandant en chef. Élu au suffrage universel (direct ou via un collège électoral). Il nomme ses ministres, qui ne sont responsables que devant lui.","formation_gouvernement":"Le cabinet est composé librement par le président. La confirmation parlementaire peut être requise pour certaines nominations (sénat américain confirme secrétaires, juges, ambassadeurs). Les ministres ne peuvent être députés simultanément.","dissolution":"Aucune dissolution : les mandats président et parlement sont séparés et fixes. Impossible pour le parlement de renverser le gouvernement (sauf destitution — impeachment — pour crime constitutionnel).","contrepoids":"Séparation stricte des pouvoirs : veto présidentiel opposable au parlement (souvent contournable à majorité qualifiée) ; contrôle des nominations par le sénat ; impeachment ; contrôle judiciaire fort. Le blocage institutionnel (shutdown, gridlock) est un risque structurel."},"exemples":["États-Unis","Brésil","Argentine","Mexique","Corée du Sud"],"label_en":"Presidential republic"},{"id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","label":"Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire","definition":"Souverain héréditaire, chef de l'État aux fonctions essentiellement protocolaires, exécutif exercé par un chef de gouvernement responsable devant le parlement.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Le monarque règne mais ne gouverne pas. Chef de l'État symbolique, garant de l'unité nationale, il exerce des fonctions protocolaires (promulgation, réception des ambassadeurs, discours du trône). Le pouvoir exécutif réel est entre les mains du Premier ministre et du cabinet, issus de la majorité parlementaire.","formation_gouvernement":"Le monarque désigne formellement le Premier ministre — en pratique le chef du parti majoritaire ou le leader désigné par la coalition victorieuse. Certaines constitutions écartent tout choix personnel du souverain (Suède : le roi n'intervient plus, le président du Riksdag propose).","dissolution":"La dissolution est demandée par le Premier ministre et prononcée par le monarque, qui n'y peut refuser (convention constitutionnelle). Quelques pays (Espagne) encadrent par des délais.","contrepoids":"Responsabilité gouvernementale ; motion de censure ; contrôle juridictionnel ; parlement bicaméral avec chambre haute souvent représentative (Lords, Sénat espagnol) ; conventions constitutionnelles non écrites (Royaume-Uni) mais respectées."},"exemples":["Royaume-Uni","Espagne","Pays-Bas","Belgique","Suède","Norvège","Japon"],"label_en":"Constitutional parliamentary monarchy"},{"id":"regime_directorial","label":"Régime directorial","definition":"Exécutif collégial où plusieurs membres se partagent la fonction de chef de l'État et de gouvernement à parts égales, souvent avec une présidence tournante.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Un directoire (conseil, présidence collégiale) exerce collectivement les fonctions de chef d'État et de gouvernement. Décisions prises collégialement, souvent à l'unanimité ou à la majorité qualifiée. Une présidence tournante annuelle assure la représentation extérieure sans concentrer le pouvoir.","formation_gouvernement":"Les membres du directoire sont élus par le parlement, souvent selon un accord de partage entre les principaux partis (formule magique suisse : 2-2-2-1 depuis 1959). Renouvellement partiel à intervalles réguliers.","dissolution":"Pas de dissolution parlementaire. Les mandats du directoire et de l'assemblée sont fixes. Consultation populaire (référendums, initiatives) omniprésente comme contrepoids.","contrepoids":"Démocratie directe (référendums, initiatives populaires) ; fédéralisme fort ; culture du consensus ; contrôle juridictionnel limité (Suisse : pas de contrôle constitutionnel des lois fédérales)."},"exemples":["Suisse (Conseil fédéral)","Bosnie-Herzégovine (Présidence tripartite)"],"label_en":"Directorial regime"},{"id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","label":"République fédérale parlementaire","definition":"République parlementaire à structure fédérale, avec une répartition constitutionnelle des compétences entre l'État fédéral et les entités fédérées.","fonctionnement":{"executif":"Régime parlementaire dans son fonctionnement (voir 'République parlementaire' pour les mécanismes fédéraux) auquel s'ajoute la dimension fédérale : le chancelier ou Premier ministre fédéral gouverne au niveau national ; les Länder / États fédérés disposent de leurs propres gouvernements, parlements et compétences (éducation, culture, police).","formation_gouvernement":"Le chef du gouvernement fédéral est élu par la chambre basse (Bundestag, chambre des députés). La chambre haute représente les entités fédérées et co-légifère sur les matières concernant les Länder.","dissolution":"Dissolution encadrée strictement : en Allemagne, la Loi fondamentale ne permet la dissolution du Bundestag qu'après refus de confiance (art. 68) — mécanisme utilisé rarement.","contrepoids":"Cour constitutionnelle fédérale puissante (Karlsruhe, Bundesverfassungsgericht) contrôlant la constitutionnalité et arbitrant les conflits de compétence fédération-Länder ; principe de subsidiarité ; Bundesrat co-législateur ; démocratie interne aux Länder."},"exemples":["Allemagne","Autriche","Inde","Australie"],"label_en":"Federal parliamentary republic"}]},"scope":{"$description":"Périmètre géographique du site. Les 28 pays couverts font l'objet de fiches. Les autres pays européens sont dessinés sur la carte mais totalement inertes.","version":"1.0.0","covered":[{"iso2":"PT","iso3":"PRT","slug":"portugal","nom":"Portugal"},{"iso2":"ES","iso3":"ESP","slug":"espagne","nom":"Espagne"},{"iso2":"FR","iso3":"FRA","slug":"france","nom":"France"},{"iso2":"GB","iso3":"GBR","slug":"royaume-uni","nom":"Royaume-Uni"},{"iso2":"IE","iso3":"IRL","slug":"irlande","nom":"Irlande"},{"iso2":"BE","iso3":"BEL","slug":"belgique","nom":"Belgique"},{"iso2":"NL","iso3":"NLD","slug":"pays-bas","nom":"Pays-Bas"},{"iso2":"LU","iso3":"LUX","slug":"luxembourg","nom":"Luxembourg"},{"iso2":"CH","iso3":"CHE","slug":"suisse","nom":"Suisse"},{"iso2":"DE","iso3":"DEU","slug":"allemagne","nom":"Allemagne"},{"iso2":"AT","iso3":"AUT","slug":"autriche","nom":"Autriche"},{"iso2":"IT","iso3":"ITA","slug":"italie","nom":"Italie"},{"iso2":"PL","iso3":"POL","slug":"pologne","nom":"Pologne"},{"iso2":"CZ","iso3":"CZE","slug":"republique-tcheque","nom":"République tchèque"},{"iso2":"SK","iso3":"SVK","slug":"slovaquie","nom":"Slovaquie"},{"iso2":"SI","iso3":"SVN","slug":"slovenie","nom":"Slovénie"},{"iso2":"HR","iso3":"HRV","slug":"croatie","nom":"Croatie"},{"iso2":"EE","iso3":"EST","slug":"estonie","nom":"Estonie"},{"iso2":"LV","iso3":"LVA","slug":"lettonie","nom":"Lettonie"},{"iso2":"LT","iso3":"LTU","slug":"lituanie","nom":"Lituanie"},{"iso2":"DK","iso3":"DNK","slug":"danemark","nom":"Danemark"},{"iso2":"SE","iso3":"SWE","slug":"suede","nom":"Suède"},{"iso2":"NO","iso3":"NOR","slug":"norvege","nom":"Norvège"},{"iso2":"IS","iso3":"ISL","slug":"islande","nom":"Islande"},{"iso2":"FI","iso3":"FIN","slug":"finlande","nom":"Finlande"},{"iso2":"RU","iso3":"RUS","slug":"russie","nom":"Russie"},{"iso2":"UA","iso3":"UKR","slug":"ukraine","nom":"Ukraine"},{"iso2":"MD","iso3":"MDA","slug":"moldavie","nom":"Moldavie"},{"iso2":"RO","iso3":"ROU","slug":"roumanie","nom":"Roumanie"},{"iso2":"BG","iso3":"BGR","slug":"bulgarie","nom":"Bulgarie"},{"iso2":"GR","iso3":"GRC","slug":"grece","nom":"Grèce"},{"iso2":"CY","iso3":"CYP","slug":"chypre","nom":"Chypre"},{"iso2":"MT","iso3":"MLT","slug":"malte","nom":"Malte"},{"iso2":"HU","iso3":"HUN","slug":"hongrie","nom":"Hongrie"},{"iso2":"RS","iso3":"SRB","slug":"serbie","nom":"Serbie"},{"iso2":"BA","iso3":"BIH","slug":"bosnie-herzegovine","nom":"Bosnie-Herzégovine"},{"iso2":"AL","iso3":"ALB","slug":"albanie","nom":"Albanie"},{"iso2":"MK","iso3":"MKD","slug":"macedoine-du-nord","nom":"Macédoine du Nord"},{"iso2":"ME","iso3":"MNE","slug":"montenegro","nom":"Monténégro"},{"iso2":"XK","iso3":"XKX","slug":"kosovo","nom":"Kosovo"},{"iso2":"BY","iso3":"BLR","slug":"bielorussie","nom":"Biélorussie"},{"iso2":"TR","iso3":"TUR","slug":"turquie","nom":"Turquie"},{"iso2":"CA","iso3":"CAN","slug":"canada","nom":"Canada","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"US","iso3":"USA","slug":"etats-unis","nom":"États-Unis","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"MX","iso3":"MEX","slug":"mexique","nom":"Mexique","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"GT","iso3":"GTM","slug":"guatemala","nom":"Guatemala","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"BZ","iso3":"BLZ","slug":"belize","nom":"Belize","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"HN","iso3":"HND","slug":"honduras","nom":"Honduras","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"SV","iso3":"SLV","slug":"salvador","nom":"Salvador","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"NI","iso3":"NIC","slug":"nicaragua","nom":"Nicaragua","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"CR","iso3":"CRI","slug":"costa-rica","nom":"Costa Rica","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"PA","iso3":"PAN","slug":"panama","nom":"Panama","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"CU","iso3":"CUB","slug":"cuba","nom":"Cuba","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"HT","iso3":"HTI","slug":"haiti","nom":"Haïti","continent":"amerique-nord"},{"iso2":"DO","iso3":"DOM","slug":"republique-dominicaine","nom":"République 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fédérés)","continent":"oceanie"},{"iso2":"PW","iso3":"PLW","slug":"palaos","nom":"Palaos","continent":"oceanie"},{"iso2":"MH","iso3":"MHL","slug":"iles-marshall","nom":"Îles Marshall","continent":"oceanie"},{"iso2":"NR","iso3":"NRU","slug":"nauru","nom":"Nauru","continent":"oceanie"},{"iso2":"TV","iso3":"TUV","slug":"tuvalu","nom":"Tuvalu","continent":"oceanie"}],"frontiers_rule":{"description":"Frontières internationalement reconnues (norme ISO 3166 et usage des Nations unies).","specific_cases":{"Crimée et territoires ukrainiens occupés":"Reconnus comme territoire ukrainien. Le contrôle effectif russe est mentionné dans la fiche Ukraine et Russie mais n'affecte pas le tracé.","Kosovo":"Représenté comme État distinct (reconnu par la majorité des membres de l'UE et par la France). Le non-consensus est mentionné dans la note de frontière.","Transnistrie":"Territoire de la République de Moldavie.","Chypre du Nord":"Territoire de la République de Chypre selon la reconnaissance internationale. Contrôle effectif turc mentionné."}},"regime_index":{"chosen":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","reason":"Le plus rigoureux académiquement, granulaire, données brutes exploitables, mise à jour annuelle.","url":"https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/","encoding":"Rendu visuel distinct de la couleur : trame/hachure sur la carte (uni pour liberal democracy, points pour electoral democracy, hachure fine pour electoral autocracy, hachure croisée pour closed autocracy)."},"historical_depth":{"description":"Profondeur historique des élections nationales/fédérales affichées.","rules":{"democraties_continues":"Depuis 1945","portugal_espagne_grece":"Depuis la transition démocratique (1974-1977)","europe_centrale_orientale_baltes":"Depuis 1989-1991","russie_ukraine_bielorussie":"Depuis 1991","turquie":"Depuis 1946 (multipartisme)"}}}},"countries":[{"iso2":"AF","iso3":"AFG","slug":"afghanistan","nom_courant_fr":"Afghanistan","nom_officiel_fr":"Émirat islamique d'Afghanistan","nom_officiel_local":"Da Afġānistān Islāmī Amārat","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kaboul","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":43844111,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/afg","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":652864,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1946,"notes":"Siège vacant depuis 2021 — Talibans non reconnus.","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Seat vacant since 2021 — Unrecognized Taliban."},{"organisation":"OCI","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"OIC","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hibatullah Akhundzada","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Émir (Amir al-Mu'minin)","parti_id":"af.taliban","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-08-15","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Désigné par la choura des Talibans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammad Hassan Akhund","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre par intérim","parti_id":"af.taliban","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-09-07","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par l'Émir.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"af.taliban","sieges":150,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-08-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_afghanistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-08-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_afghanistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Émirat théocratique** après retour des Talibans le 15 août 2021 (chute Kaboul). Loi islamique intégrale (charia). Pas de constitution, pas de partis, pas de parlement, pas d'élections. Femmes exclues des lycées, universités et espace public.","explication_concrete_en":"**Theocratic Emirate** after return of the Taliban on August 15, 2021 (fall of Kabul). Integral Islamic law (Sharia). No constitution, no parties, no parliament, no elections. Women excluded from high schools, universities and public spaces."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Wolesi Jirga (Chambre du peuple, dernière législature 2018-2021)","role":"Émirat sans parlement — choura consultative uniquement.","sieges_total":250,"mode_designation":"Système consultatif de choura non institutionnalisées.","duree_mandat_ans":0,"role_en":"Emirate without parliament — consultative shura only.","mode_designation_en":"Non-institutionalized shura consultative system.","nom_en":"No assembly","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2018-10-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"af.taliban","sieges":250}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018_Afghan_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Afghan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Dernier scrutin sous République en 2018 (Wolesi Jirga, 250 sièges). Parlement dissous après la prise de Kaboul par les talibans le 15 août 2021. Aucun corps législatif élu depuis."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême de la charia","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'Émir.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":448,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AFG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Pakistan","part_pct":45.9},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":23.2},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":22.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":16.4},{"pays":"Pakistan","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Ouzbékistan","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":7.4}],"top_categories_export":["Fruits secs (raisins, amandes)","Tapis afghans","Charbon","Coton","Pierres semi-précieuses"],"top_categories_import":["Farine","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Textile","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Opium (pavot)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Historiquement ~85% de la production mondiale. Interdit par les Talibans depuis 2022 — baisse de 95%."},{"produit":"Lithium et terres rares","notes":"~1000-3000 Md$ de réserves estimées — inexploitées."},{"produit":"Tapis afghans","rang_mondial":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Afghanistan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/afg","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"productions_notables_en":[{"produit":"Opium (pavot)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Historiquement ~85% de la production mondiale. Interdit par les Talibans depuis 2022 — baisse de 95%."},{"produit":"Lithium et terres rares","notes":"~1000-3000 Md$ de réserves estimées — inexploitées."},{"produit":"Tapis afghans","rang_mondial":4}]},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":9.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"AFN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":35,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2110,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":67.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":64.7,"age_median":20,"indice_fecondite":4.76,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/afg","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1534851,"deces_2025":249999,"solde_naturel_2025":1284852},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Système public — largement inopérant","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système principal Système public — largement inopérant. Cotisation 8%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public system — largely ineffective","description_en":"Main system Public system — largely inoperative. Contribution 8%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.05,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Régime taliban depuis août 2021** — pas de reconnaissance internationale (aucun pays).","Femmes exclues de tout enseignement secondaire et supérieur, du travail dans les ONG, de l'espace public sans mahram.","Retrait chaotique des troupes US-OTAN (août 2021, 20 ans de guerre).","Économie effondrée : PIB divisé par 3, ~93% en insécurité alimentaire.","Sanctions financières internationales (7 Md$ d'avoirs afghans gelés).","Réserves de lithium et terres rares massives — convoitées par la Chine."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Afghanistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=AF&ceid=AF:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":172000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":30000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":115,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M113 / HMMWV / M1117 (matériel US capturé 2021)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"divers","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"T-62 (héritage soviétique)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-55","quantite":150,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M113 (capturé aux forces afghanes USA/OTAN 2021)","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Capturé lors chute Kaboul août 2021."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MD 530F / A-29 Super Tucano (majorité au sol)","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2010,"origine":"USA/Brésil","fabricant":"MD Helicopters + Embraer","pays_fabricant":"USA/Brésil"},{"nom":"MiG-21 (héritage soviétique, non-fonctionnels)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Non-opérationnels."},{"nom":"A-29 Super Tucano (capturé)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis / Brésil","fabricant":"Sierra Nevada / Embraer","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Capturé — état de fonctionnement variable."},{"nom":"MD-530F (capturé)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"MD Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"UH-60 Black Hawk (capturé)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"~30 capturés dans état volable."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M-ATV MRAP (capturé USA)","quantite":900,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Oshkosh Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Butin 2021"},{"nom":"HMMWV Humvee (capturé USA)","quantite":20000,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"AM General","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Butin 2021 — dispersé"},{"nom":"Humvee (capturé)","quantite":2000,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"AM General","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Capturé lors chute Kaboul."},{"nom":"MaxxPro MRAP (capturé)","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Navistar","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Capturé lors chute Kaboul."},{"nom":"M-ATV MRAP (capturé)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Oshkosh Defense","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-60A Black Hawk (capturés USA)","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1979,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Butin 2021 — beaucoup au sol"},{"nom":"Mi-17V-5 (livrés USA à AAF)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Butin 2021"},{"nom":"Mi-17 (donations USA + Russie 2001-2021)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"UH-1H Huey (héritage)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"alliances_militaires":["Non-reconnaissance internationale du régime taliban","Coopération limitée Chine, Iran, Russie, Pakistan (bilatéral)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national","mission":"Contrôle territorial par les Talibans depuis août 2021 — État islamique d'Afghanistan","effectifs":200000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Autonome — régime taliban","mission_en":"Territorial control by the Taliban since August 2021 — Islamic State of Afghanistan","cadre_en":"Autonomous — Taliban regime"},{"pays":"Panjshir + Baghlan","mission":"Front de résistance nationale (NRF) — poches de résistance armée","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Résistance","mission_en":"National Resistance Front (NRF) — pockets of armed resistance","cadre_en":"Resistance"},{"pays":"Frontière ISKP","mission":"Combat contre État islamique Khorasan (ISKP) — bombardement attaques régulières Talibans","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Combat against Islamic State Khorasan (ISKP) — regular bombing attacks by the Taliban","cadre_en":"Autonomous"}],"notes_speciales":["Retour au pouvoir des Talibans le 15 août 2021 après chute de Kaboul — 20 ans d'occupation USA/OTAN.","Régime non-reconnu internationalement (sauf partiellement Chine, Russie, Iran) — aucun ambassadeur permanent.","Équipement capturé aux forces afghanes de la République : 300 000+ armes légères, 2 000 véhicules blindés, 200+ hélicoptères et avions, 20+ MRAP — arsenal important mais maintenance dégradée.","État islamique Khorasan (ISKP) — principal adversaire actif des Talibans, ~2 500 combattants, attaques régulières.","Front de résistance nationale (NRF) — dirigé par Ahmad Massoud (fils du commandant Massoud), présence limitée Panjshir/Baghlan."],"notes_speciales_en":["Return to power of the Taliban on August 15, 2021 after the fall of Kabul — 20 years of US/NATO occupation.","Regime not recognized internationally (except partially China, Russia, Iran) — no permanent ambassador.","Equipment captured from Republic Afghan forces: 300,000+ small arms, 2,000 armored vehicles, 200+ helicopters and planes, 20+ MRAPs — large arsenal but degraded maintenance.","Islamic State Khorasan (ISKP) — main active adversary of the Taliban, ~2,500 fighters, regular attacks.","National Resistance Front (NRF) — led by Ahmad Massoud (son of Commander Massoud), limited presence in Panjshir/Baghlan."],"alliances_militaires_en":["International non-recognition of the Taliban regime","Limited cooperation China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan (bilateral)"]},"notes_speciales_en":["**Taliban regime since August 2021** — no international recognition (no country).","Women excluded from all secondary and higher education, from work in NGOs, from public spaces without mahram.","Chaotic withdrawal of US-NATO troops (August 2021, 20 years of war).","Collapsed economy: GDP divided by 3, ~93% food insecure.","International financial sanctions ($7 billion in frozen Afghan assets).","Massive lithium and rare earth reserves — coveted by China."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2019-09-28","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ashraf Ghani (50.6%, résultat contesté)","gouvernement_issu":"Ghani, président jusqu'au 15 août 2021 (fuite lors de la chute de Kaboul). Gouvernement taliban depuis (émirat islamique non reconnu internationalement).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Afghan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Afghan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-20","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Élections parlementaires organisées dans 32 des 34 provinces sous forte contestation. Élection sans partis structurés (Wolesi Jirga)","gouvernement_issu":"Parlement dissous de fait après la prise de Kaboul par les talibans en août 2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Afghan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Afghan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"ZA","iso3":"ZAF","slug":"afrique-du-sud","nom_courant_fr":"Afrique du Sud","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Afrique du Sud","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of South Africa","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Pretoria (administrative) / Cape Town (législative) / Bloemfontein (judiciaire)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":64747319,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/zaf","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1221037,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Cyril Ramaphosa","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"za.anc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-02-15","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale (parlementaire). Réélu en juin 2024 dans le cadre du Gouvernement d'unité nationale (GNU).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"za.anc","sieges":159,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 South African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"za.da","sieges":87,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 South African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"za.ifp","sieges":17,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 South African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Cyril Ramaphosa","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"za.anc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-02-15","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2018-02-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of afrique-du-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_afrique_du_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2023-02-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of afrique-du-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_afrique_du_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire fédérale à structure quasi-fédérale (9 provinces). Le Président est élu par l'Assemblée nationale. Basculement historique en 2024 : perte de la majorité absolue par l'ANC (première fois depuis 1994) → coalition avec la DA.","explication_concrete_en":"Federal parliamentary republic with quasi-federal structure (9 provinces). The President is elected by the National Assembly. Historic shift in 2024: loss of absolute majority by the ANC (first time since 1994) → coalition with the DA."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":400,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle nationale et régionale.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-05-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"za.anc","sieges":159,"voix_pct":40.2},{"parti_id":"za.da","sieges":87,"voix_pct":21.8},{"parti_id":"za.mk","sieges":58,"voix_pct":14.6},{"parti_id":"za.eff","sieges":39,"voix_pct":9.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":57,"voix_pct":13.9}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"National and regional proportional.","nom_en":"National Assembly"},{"nom":"Conseil national des provinces (NCOP)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":90,"mode_designation":"Suffrage indirect (10 délégués par province).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"Indirect suffrage (10 delegates per province).","nom_en":"National Council of Provinces (NCOP)"}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":11,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis de la JSC.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans non-renouvelable","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":427,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6769,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":32.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":78.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"14 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"15 December 2021","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"1 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":8.99,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/ZAF.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.2},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":5.4}],"top_categories_export":["Minerais (platine, manganèse, chrome)","Or","Automobile","Fer","Charbon"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut","Machines","Véhicules","Composants","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Platine","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~75% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Manganèse","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":12}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/zaf","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"productions_notables_en":[{"produit":"Platine","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~75% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Manganèse","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":12}]},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"ZAR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":18.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.3,"esperance_vie_femmes":66.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":60.1,"indice_fecondite":2.3,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/afrique-du-sud","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":1196530,"deces_2025":598071,"solde_naturel_2025":598459,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":27.6},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Public non-contributif + capitalisation privée","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Older Persons Grant (SOAP) — pension universelle non-contributive (60+ testée sous ressources), complétée par fonds privés (GEPF pour fonctionnaires).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Afrique du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Non-contributing public + private capitalization","description_en":"Older Persons Grant (SOAP) — non-contributory universal pension (60+ means tested), supplemented by private funds (GEPF for civil servants)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.62,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale robuste depuis 1994, mais recul institutionnel (State Capture).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Robust electoral democracy since 1994, but institutional decline (State Capture)."},"notes_speciales":["Basculement politique historique 2024 : l'ANC perd sa majorité absolue pour la 1ère fois depuis 1994 (Gouvernement d'unité nationale avec la DA).","5ᵉ économie africaine (427 Md USD), 1ère industrie manufacturière du continent — mais 32% de chômage.","Membre BRICS et G20 — présidence G20 en 2025 (sommet Johannesburg novembre 2025).","Instance de justice climatique/CIJ contre Israël (janvier 2024, invocation Convention génocide)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"News24","url_rss":"https://feeds.24.com/articles/news24/TopStories/rss","langue":"en"},{"nom":"IOL","url_rss":"https://www.iol.co.za/cmlink/1.640","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":71000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["SADC","BRICS","UA"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":42,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"SAMIDRC (SADC) — retrait humiliant après revers militaires début 2025","effectifs":1500,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"SADC","status":"retire","mission_en":"SAMIDRC (SADC) — humiliating withdrawal after military setbacks in early 2025","cadre_en":"SADC"},{"pays":"Mozambique","mission":"SAMIM ex-Cabo Delgado (retrait 2024)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"SADC","status":"retire","mission_en":"SAMIM ex-Cabo Delgado (withdrawal 2024)","cadre_en":"SADC"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":700,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":450,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2000","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Territoire national — SAPS + SANDF","mission":"Sécurisation intérieure (émeutes KZN juillet 2021, criminalité)","effectifs":20000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national — appui police","mission_en":"Internal security (KZN July 2021 riots, crime)","cadre_en":"National territory — police support"}],"notes_speciales":["Ancien pays nucléaire — seul pays au monde à avoir démantelé volontairement son arsenal (1989-1991).","Revers militaire majeur au Nord-Kivu (RDC) début 2025 — 14 soldats sud-africains tués par le M23.","Défis budgétaires : sous-financement chronique de la SANDF, équipement vieillissant.","Revers militaire majeur au Nord-Kivu (RDC) début 2025 — 14 soldats sud-africains tués par le M23, retrait forcé SAMIDRC.","Industrie de défense pionnière : Denel Land Systems (G6, G5, Ratel, Rooikat, Rooivalk), Milkor (drones, lance-grenades), Rheinmetall Denel Munition (obus M982 Excalibur).","Défis budgétaires : sous-financement chronique de la SANDF (~0,7% PIB), équipement vieillissant, JAS-39 Gripen partiellement stockés faute de pièces.","Instance CIJ contre Israël (janvier 2024, invocation Convention génocide) — poids diplomatique majeur."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Olifant Mk1A/Mk2","quantite":168,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Afrique du Sud (dérivé Centurion)"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Rooikat, Ratel, Casspir, Mamba (production locale)","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Afrique du Sud"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"G6 Rhino 155mm (auto-portée)","quantite":43,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Land Systems (LIW)","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud","notes":"Portée record 76 km avec V-LAP."},{"nom":"G5 155mm (tractée)","quantite":72,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1982,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"Bateleur 127mm MLRS (24 tubes)","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Gripen C/D (26 unités)","quantite":26,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Suède"},{"nom":"Hawk Mk120 (24 entraînement)","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"UK"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130BZ Hercules","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1963,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Casa CN-235","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Rooivalk AH-2, Oryx, Lynx 300","quantite":70,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Afrique du Sud/UK"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates MEKO A-200 SAN (4)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Type 209/1400 Heroine class (3)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SAM Umkhonto-IR (Amoud RSA-3, indigène)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"Starstreak MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Thales UK","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Skysabre (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Denel Seeker 400","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"Milkor 380 (MALE — livraisons 2024)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Milkor","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud","notes":"Nouveau MALE 380 kg, 1re commande UAE."}]},"notes_speciales_en":["Former nuclear country — only country in the world to have voluntarily dismantled its arsenal (1989-1991).","Major military setback in North Kivu (DRC) in early 2025 — 14 South African soldiers killed by the M23.","Budgetary challenges: chronic underfunding of the SANDF, aging equipment.","Major military setback in North Kivu (DRC) in early 2025 — 14 South African soldiers killed by the M23, forced withdrawal SAMIDRC.","Pioneering defense industry: Denel Land Systems (G6, G5, Ratel, Rooikat, Rooivalk), Milkor (drones, grenade launchers), Rheinmetall Denel Munition (M982 Excalibur shells).","Budgetary challenges: chronic underfunding of the SANDF (~0.7% GDP), aging equipment, JAS-39 Gripen partially stored due to lack of parts.","ICJ proceedings against Israel (January 2024, invocation of the Genocide Convention) — major diplomatic weight."],"alliances_militaires_en":["SADC","BRICS","AU"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"cap-de-bonne-esperance","nom":"Cap de Bonne-Espérance","type":"cap","role":"Pays riverain (ZA)","importance_globale":"Alternative traditionnelle au canal de Suez, particulièrement pour supertankers >250 000 tpl. Trafic explosé depuis crise Houthis 2023 : +200% de conteneurs en 2024. Ajoute 10-14 jours et 30% de coût vs Suez.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":30000,"pct_augmentation_2024":200},"menace_principale":null}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2798,"zee_km2":1535538,"pib_maritime_pct":1.6,"pib_maritime_md_usd":6,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.6,"notes":"Cap de Bonne-Espérance (route alternative Suez). Durban 3ᵉ port africain. Programme sous-marins Type 209 (Heroine class).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Historic political shift 2024: the ANC loses its absolute majority for the first time since 1994 (Government of National Unity with the DA).","5th African economy (427 billion USD), 1st manufacturing industry on the continent – ​​but 32% unemployment.","BRICS and G20 member — G20 presidency in 2025 (Johannesburg summit November 2025).","Climate justice body/ICJ against Israel (January 2024, invocation of the Genocide Convention)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-05-29","type":"legislative","participation_pct":58.6,"vainqueur":"ANC (40.2%, 159 sièges sur 400) — première fois sous 50% depuis 1994","gouvernement_issu":"Cyril Ramaphosa reconduit président — Gouvernement d'union nationale (GNU) : ANC + Alliance démocratique (DA) + autres.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 South African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-05-08","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"ANC (57.5%, 230 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Cyril Ramaphosa 1er mandat plein 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 South African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"AL","iso3":"ALB","slug":"albanie","nom_courant_fr":"Albanie","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Albanie","nom_officiel_local":"Republika e Shqipërisë","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tirana","source":{"nom":"INSTAT","url":"https://www.instat.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":2349580,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/alb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":28748,"source":{"nom":"INSTAT","url":"https://www.instat.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidat depuis 2014, négociations d'adhésion ouvertes octobre 2024.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidate since 2014, membership negotiations open October 2024."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2009,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Bajram Begaj","source":{"nom":"Présidence albanaise","url":"https://president.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"President i Republikës","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-07-24","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://president.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ancien général, mandat 5 ans. Rôle largement protocolaire.","notes_en":"Former general, mandate 5 years. Largely ceremonial role."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée à la majorité des 3/5.","source":{"nom":"Constitution albanaise","url":"https://parlament.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Edi Rama","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement albanais","url":"https://kryeministria.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Kryeministër","parti_id":"al.ps","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-09-15","source":{"nom":"Kryeministri","url":"https://www.kryeministria.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"4e mandat consécutif depuis septembre 2025. PS a remporté 83 sièges sur 140 aux législatives du 11 mai 2025.","notes_en":"4th consecutive term since September 2025. PS won 83 seats out of 140 in the legislative elections of May 11, 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président. Doit obtenir la confiance de l'Assemblée.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"al.ps","sieges":84,"source":{"nom":"KQZ","url":"https://kqz.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2025-05-11","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2013-09-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of albanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_albanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2018-09-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of albanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_albanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Rama domine la scène politique depuis 2013 (4e mandat consécutif).","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary republic. Rama has dominated the political scene since 2013 (4th consecutive term)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Kuvendi i Shqipërisë","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":140,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 12 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-11","distribution":[{"parti_id":"al.ps","sieges":83,"voix_pct":52.1},{"parti_id":"al.pd","sieges":51,"voix_pct":34.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":6,"voix_pct":13.5}],"source":{"nom":"KQZ Albanie","url":"https://kqz.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2025-05-11","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting in 12 constituencies.","nom_en":"Kuvendi i Shqipërisë"}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Gjykata Kushtetuese e Republikës së Shqipërisë","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://gjk.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 125","url":"https://parlament.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 3 par l'Assemblée, 3 par la Cour suprême. Réforme judiciaire 2016 sous pression UE (vetting).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.al/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":11235,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":52.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ALB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"21 March 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"19 October 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":47.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Kosovo","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":26.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Grèce","part_pct":8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.2}],"top_categories_export":["Chaussures et textiles","Métaux (chrome, cuivre)","Produits pétroliers","Électricité (hydroélectricité)","Fruits et légumes"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Alimentation","Textiles"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Chrome","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Hydroélectricité (100% de la production)","rang_europeen":15,"notes":"Vulnérable aux sécheresses."},{"produit":"Textiles (façon pour marques UE)","rang_europeen":15},{"produit":"Tourisme (~10 M visiteurs/an)","rang_europeen":20}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Albania","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/alb","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"productions_notables_en":[{"produit":"Chrome","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Hydroélectricité (100% de la production)","rang_europeen":15,"notes":"Vulnérable aux sécheresses."},{"produit":"Textiles (façon pour marques UE)","rang_europeen":15},{"produit":"Tourisme (~10 M visiteurs/an)","rang_europeen":20}]},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"ALL","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2022,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2022. Émigration massive : la population résidente a diminué de 700 000 depuis 1990.","esperance_vie_femmes":81.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":77.9,"age_median":39,"indice_fecondite":1.34,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/alb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":23804,"deces_2025":19870,"solde_naturel_2025":3934},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":21.6,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Âge légal 65 (H) / 62 (F, montée vers 67 pour tous en 2032). Cotisation 24,5% employeur + 11,2% salarié pour l'ensemble des cotisations sociales.","source":{"nom":"ISSH","url":"https://www.issh.gov.al/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution","description_en":"Legal age 65 (M) / 62 (F, rising to around 67 for all in 2032). Contribution 24.5% employer + 11.2% employee for all social security contributions."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.37,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Rama : 4e mandat consécutif (2013, 2017, 2021, 2025) — rare longévité.","Négociations d'adhésion UE ouvertes octobre 2024 après 10 ans de candidature.","Accord controversé Italie-Albanie 2023 : centres de rétention pour migrants italiens sur sol albanais."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Albanie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=sq&gl=AL&ceid=AL:sq","langue":"sq"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.51,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":100,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","candidate UE"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"BO-105 (hélicos)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"MBB","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"chars":[{"nom":"T-59 / T-55 (rétirés)","quantite":138,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"Chine/URSS","fabricant":"NORINCO / Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Chine/URSS","notes":"Retirés"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"BO-105","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"MBB","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["NATO","EU candidate"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"otrante","nom":"Détroit d'Otrante","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IT, AL)","importance_globale":"Passage entre mer Adriatique et mer Ionienne (Méditerranée). Route commerciale Italie ↔ Grèce/Turquie. Route migratoire alternative Albanie → Italie (moins active depuis 1999).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":25000},"menace_principale":"Trafics divers (armes, drogues, migrants). Pas de menace militaire directe."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":362,"zee_km2":12000,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"notes":"Durrës port. Accord Italie-Albanie migrants 2024.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Rama: 4th consecutive term (2013, 2017, 2021, 2025) — rare longevity.","EU membership negotiations open October 2024 after 10 years of application.","Controversial Italy-Albania 2023 agreement: detention centers for Italian migrants on Albanian soil."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-05-11","type":"legislative","participation_pct":42.2,"vainqueur":"Parti socialiste (PS, 83 sièges sur 140, 52.0%)","gouvernement_issu":"Edi Rama, 4ᵉ mandat consécutif de PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Albanian parliamentary 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Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-12-19","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of algerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_algerie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-12-19","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of 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Le président concentre l'exécutif ; l'armée demeure un acteur central du pouvoir depuis 1962. Réforme constitutionnelle de novembre 2020 limitant le mandat présidentiel à deux quinquennats.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential Republic. The president concentrates the executive; the army has remained a central actor in power since 1962. Constitutional reform of November 2020 limiting the presidential term to two five-year terms."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée populaire nationale (APN)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":407,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle plurinominale par wilaya.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-06-12","distribution":[{"parti_id":"dz.fln","sieges":105,"voix_pct":24},{"parti_id":"dz.rnd","sieges":57,"voix_pct":14},{"parti_id":"dz.msp","sieges":65,"voix_pct":16},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":180,"voix_pct":46}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Multinominal proportional by wilaya.","nom_en":"National People's Assembly (NPC)"},{"nom":"Conseil de la Nation","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":174,"mode_designation":"2/3 élus par grands électeurs, 1/3 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"2/3 elected by electors, 1/3 appointed by the President.","nom_en":"Council of the Nation"}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président + Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":286,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6047,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":11.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":54.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-10.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":12.3},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":10.7},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":5.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.2},{"pays":"France","part_pct":9.8},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.1},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.4}],"top_categories_export":["Hydrocarbures","Gaz naturel","Engrais","Ammoniac"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Céréales","Véhicules","Médicaments","Fer et acier"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":9,"notes":"3ᵉ fournisseur de gaz de l'UE post-2022."},{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":18}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Algérie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/dza","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"productions_notables_en":[{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":9,"notes":"3ᵉ fournisseur de gaz de l'UE post-2022."},{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":18}]},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":40,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"DZD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":18.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.9,"esperance_vie_femmes":78.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.6,"indice_fecondite":2.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/algerie","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":893539,"deces_2025":219056,"solde_naturel_2025":674483,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":28.9},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNR)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":34.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Système public par répartition, âge 60 ans (55 pour femmes). Cotisation 34,5%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Algérie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algérie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (CNR)","description_en":"Public pay-as-you-go system, age 60 (55 for women). Contribution 34.5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.19,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, restrictions sur les libertés civiques post-Hirak (2019-2020).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Hybrid regime, restrictions on civil liberties post-Hirak (2019-2020)."},"notes_speciales":["Puissance énergétique : ~90 % des exportations sont hydrocarbures ; 3ᵉ fournisseur de gaz de l'UE depuis 2022.","Le mouvement citoyen Hirak (2019-2020) a fait tomber Bouteflika ; répression accrue depuis.","L'armée (ANP) reste un acteur central du régime, en dehors du contrôle civil strict.","Conflit régional avec le Maroc autour du Sahara occidental — soutien historique au Front Polisario."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"El Watan","url_rss":"https://www.elwatan-dz.com/rss","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"TSA (Tout sur l'Algérie)","url_rss":"https://www.tsa-algerie.com/feed/","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":130000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":150000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":187000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":5.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["UA","Ligue arabe","Non-aligné","Coopération militaire Russie majeure"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":26,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Sahel","mission":"Coopération frontalière anti-terroriste (Mali/Niger)","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Anti-terrorist border cooperation (Mali/Niger)","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"Zone tampon Tindouf — accueil réfugiés sahraouis et Polisario","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"1976","cadre":"Soutien Polisario","mission_en":"Tindouf buffer zone — reception of Sahrawi and Polisario refugees","cadre_en":"Support Polisario"},{"pays":"Frontière libyenne","mission":"Sécurisation contre trafics et djihadismes","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Security against trafficking and jihadism","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Frontière marocaine","mission":"Fermée depuis 1994 — tensions permanentes autour Sahara occidental","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Closed since 1994 — permanent tensions around Western Sahara","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Frontière tunisienne","mission":"Coopération sécuritaire — pas de contentieux","effectifs":500,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Security cooperation — no dispute","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["1er budget défense d'Afrique (22 Md USD en 2025).","Achats majeurs Russie : Su-30, T-90, S-400 (livraisons 2022-2025).","Doctrine défensive orientée frontière ouest (Maroc, Sahel) et surveillance maritime.","Achats majeurs Russie : Su-30, T-90, S-400 (livraisons 2022-2025), Kilo (6+2).","Coopération multi-vendeurs récente : Allemagne (Fuchs, MEKO), Chine (C28A, J-10CE ?), Turquie (MILGEM, Bayraktar Akıncı), Corée du Sud (K9 envisagé).","Rivalité stratégique avec le Maroc — course aux armements amplifiée post-2020 (reconnaissance USA du Sahara)."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-90SA, T-72M1","quantite":900,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-3, BTR-80, Fuchs, Nimr","quantite":1800,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/UAE/Allemagne"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-30 Smerch 300mm MLRS","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"2S3 Akatsiya 152mm SP","quantite":145,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uraltransmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":130,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Iskander-E (annoncé 2019, non-confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Non-confirmé."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30MKA, MiG-29S/M/M2, Su-24MK","quantite":190,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-28NE, Ka-52 (livrés 2019+), Mi-171Sh","quantite":220,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates MEKO-A200 (3), Steregushchy (2), corvettes Djebel Chinoise","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne/Russie/Chine"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Kilo 636/877 (6 unités)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-400 Triumf (contrat 2022, livraisons 2024+)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Livraisons interrompues suite guerre en Ukraine."},{"nom":"S-300PMU-2 Favorit","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Buk-M2E","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Pantsir-S1","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBP","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Tor-M2E","quantite":38,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar Akıncı (contrat 2024 — livraisons 2025-2026)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"CH-4B","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Amel-2 (indigène, dérivé Bayraktar sous licence)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Algérie","fabricant":"Aeronautical Establishment","pays_fabricant":"Algérie"}]},"notes_speciales_en":["1st defense budget in Africa (22 billion USD in 2025).","Major purchases Russia: Su-30, T-90, S-400 (deliveries 2022-2025).","Defensive doctrine oriented to the western border (Morocco, Sahel) and maritime surveillance.","Major purchases Russia: Su-30, T-90, S-400 (deliveries 2022-2025), Kilo (6+2).","Recent multi-vendor cooperation: Germany (Fuchs, MEKO), China (C28A, J-10CE?), Turkey (MILGEM, Bayraktar Akıncı), South Korea (K9 considered).","Strategic rivalry with Morocco – amplified arms race post-2020 (US recognition of the Sahara)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["AU","Arab League","Unaligned","Major Russian military cooperation"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"alboran","nom":"Mer d'Alboran","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, DZ)","importance_globale":"Zone maritime entre Espagne (côte andalouse) et Maroc (Rif) — antichambre du détroit de Gibraltar. Toute la circulation entrée/sortie de Méditerranée y transite. Contient les îles Chafarinas et Peñón (souveraineté espagnole contestée par Maroc).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":25000},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières Maroc-Espagne. Trafics narcotiques (haschisch marocain). Contentieux territoriaux ES-MA (Ceuta, Melilla, îles)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":998,"zee_km2":126352,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":130,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.1,"notes":"Alger, Oran, Skikda (GNL). Gazoducs Medgaz + Transmed.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Energy power: ~90% of exports are hydrocarbons; 3rd gas supplier in the EU since 2022.","The Hirak citizen movement (2019-2020) brought down Bouteflika; increased repression since then.","The army (ANP) remains a central actor in the regime, outside of strict civilian control.","Regional conflict with Morocco around Western Sahara — historic support for the Polisario Front."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-09-07","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Abdelmadjid Tebboune (indépendant, 84.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Tebboune 2ᵉ mandat 2024-2029. Nadir Larbaoui PM depuis nov. 2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Algerian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Algerian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-12-12","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Abdelmadjid Tebboune (58.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Tebboune 1er mandat 2019-2024, après le mouvement Hirak et la démission de Bouteflika.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Algerian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Algerian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"DE","iso3":"DEU","slug":"allemagne","nom_courant_fr":"Allemagne","nom_officiel_fr":"République fédérale d'Allemagne","nom_officiel_local":"Bundesrepublik Deutschland","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Berlin","source":{"nom":"Destatis","url":"https://www.destatis.de/EN/Home/_node.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":83491249,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/deu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":357588,"source":{"nom":"Destatis","url":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/_inhalt.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/germany_fr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1955,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1950,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Frank-Walter Steinmeier","source":{"nom":"Bundespräsident.de","url":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/bundespraesident/frank-walter-steinmeier_node.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président fédéral (Bundespräsident)","parti_id":"de.spd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-03-19","notes":"Réélu en février 2022 pour un second mandat de 5 ans expirant en mars 2027.","source":{"nom":"Bundespräsident.de","url":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/bundespraesident/frank-walter-steinmeier_node.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Re-elected in February 2022 for a second 5-year term expiring in March 2027."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par la Bundesversammlung (Assemblée fédérale : Bundestag + délégués des Länder). Mandat de 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Grundgesetz, article 54","url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Friedrich Merz","source":{"nom":"Bundesregierung / Bundestag","url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/regierungserklaerung-merz-juli-26-2446298","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Chancelier fédéral (Bundeskanzler)","parti_id":"de.cdu","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-05-06","notes":"Élu chancelier par le Bundestag après les élections fédérales anticipées du 23 février 2025. Coalition CDU/CSU + SPD dite « schwarz-rot » (noir-rouge).","source":{"nom":"Bundestag — bilan des 14 mois de coalition","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2026/kw28-de-regierungserklaerung-1193984","date_donnee":"2025-05-06","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Elected chancellor by the Bundestag after the early federal elections of February 23, 2025. CDU/CSU + SPD coalition known as “schwarz-rot” (black-red)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Bundestag sur proposition du Président fédéral (Grundgesetz art. 63).","source":{"nom":"Grundgesetz, article 63","url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_63.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"de.cdu_csu","sieges":208,"source":{"nom":"deutschland.de — résultats 2025","url":"https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/federal-election-2025-election-result-germany-election-government","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"de.spd","sieges":120,"source":{"nom":"deutschland.de — résultats 2025","url":"https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/federal-election-2025-election-result-germany-election-government","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-05-06","notes":"Friedrich Merz (CDU) élu chancelier le 6 mai 2025 — coalition CDU/CSU + SPD après les élections fédérales anticipées du 23 février 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of allemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_allemagne","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-09-06","notes":"Fin normale de la 21ᵉ législature (Bundestag élu jusqu'à 2029).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of allemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_allemagne","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":17,"notes":"Ordre de grandeur incluant le chancelier et les ministres fédéraux.","source":{"nom":"Bundesregierung","url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Membres du cabinet fédéral (chancelier + Bundesminister)."},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Fédération de 16 Länder avec forte autonomie régionale. Chancelier chef d'exécutif élu par le Bundestag ; ne peut être renversé que par « motion de censure constructive » (obligation de proposer un successeur). Bundesrat représente les Länder et co-vote les lois qui affectent leurs compétences. Cour constitutionnelle de Karlsruhe très puissante.","source":{"nom":"Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland","url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"Federation of 16 Länder with strong regional autonomy. Chief Executive Chancellor elected by the Bundestag; can only be overturned by a “constructive motion of censure” (obligation to propose a successor). Bundesrat represents the Länder and co-votes on laws that affect their competences. Very powerful Constitutional Court of Karlsruhe."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Bundestag","role":"Chambre basse fédérale. Vote les lois, élit le chancelier, contrôle le gouvernement.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Scrutin proportionnel personnalisé (Verhältniswahl mit Personenstimme) : chaque électeur a deux voix (circonscription + liste de Land). Seuil de 5% (ou 3 mandats directs) pour entrer au Bundestag. Depuis la réforme 2023, plafond strict à 630 sièges, abolition des mandats en surnombre et compensatoires.","source":{"nom":"bpb — FAQ réforme électorale","url":"https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/520271/faq-wahlrechtsreform-zur-verkleinerung-des-bundestages","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":5,"sieges_total":630,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au suffrage universel.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-02-23","distribution":[{"parti_id":"de.cdu_csu","sieges":208,"voix_pct":28.52},{"parti_id":"de.afd","sieges":152,"voix_pct":20.8},{"parti_id":"de.spd","sieges":120,"voix_pct":16.41},{"parti_id":"de.grune","sieges":85,"voix_pct":11.61},{"parti_id":"de.linke","sieges":64,"voix_pct":8.8},{"parti_id":"de.ssw","sieges":1,"voix_pct":0.2}],"source":{"nom":"Bundestag 21. Wahlperiode / Statista","url":"https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1558416/umfrage/ergebnis-der-bundestagswahl-2025","date_donnee":"2025-02-23","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Federal lower house. Votes laws, elects the chancellor, controls the government.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by universal suffrage."},{"nom":"Bundesrat","role":"Chambre représentant les Länder. Co-législateur pour les lois affectant les compétences des Länder ; approbation obligatoire (« Zustimmungsgesetz ») ou droit d'opposition (« Einspruchsgesetz »).","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Non élu directement. Les 16 gouvernements des Länder délèguent 3 à 6 représentants selon leur population ; les votes d'un Land sont bloqués (unanimité intra-Land).","source":{"nom":"Bundesrat","url":"https://www.bundesrat.de/EN/organe-en/mitglieder-en/mitglieder-en-node.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":null,"sieges_total":69,"mode_designation":"Délégations désignées par les gouvernements des 16 Länder.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Chamber representing the Länder. Co-legislator for laws affecting the competences of the Länder; mandatory approval (“Zustimmungsgesetz”) or right to object (“Einspruchsgesetz”).","mode_designation_en":"Delegations appointed by the governments of the 16 Länder."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG, Karlsruhe)","source":{"nom":"BVerfG","url":"https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Homepage/homepage_node.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":16,"notes":"Deux sénats de 8 juges chacun.","source":{"nom":"BVerfG","url":"https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Richter/richter_node.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Moitié élue par le Bundestag, moitié par le Bundesrat. Majorité qualifiée des deux tiers requise dans chaque cas.","source":{"nom":"Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz","url":"https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bverfgg/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable. Retraite obligatoire à 68 ans.","source":{"nom":"BVerfG","url":"https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Richter/richter_node.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":5048,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":60439,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":62.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DEU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"17 August 1983","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"11 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"10 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.05,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/DEU.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":9.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":5.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.7},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":5.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile et pièces","Machines et équipements","Produits chimiques","Produits pharmaceutiques","Équipements électriques"],"top_categories_import":["Machines et équipements","Produits chimiques","Automobile","Ordinateurs et électronique","Hydrocarbures"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"VW, BMW, Mercedes-Benz — cœur historique de l'industrie allemande, en repli face à la Chine."},{"produit":"Machines-outils et biens d'équipement","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Sud allemand (Bade-Wurtemberg, Bavière), tissu Mittelstand."},{"produit":"Chimie et pharmacie","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"BASF, Bayer, Merck KGaA."},{"produit":"Exportations totales de biens","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Après la Chine et les États-Unis."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC)","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/deu","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":48.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-02-23","type":"federale","participation_pct":82.5,"vainqueur_parti_id":"de.cdu_csu","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition Union (CDU/CSU) + SPD sous le chancelier Friedrich Merz (mai 2025).","notes":"Élections anticipées après la chute de la coalition « Ampel » (SPD+Grüne+FDP) en novembre 2024. Percée historique de l'AfD (2e position). Sortie du FDP du Bundestag (sous 5%).","source":{"nom":"Bundestag / bpb","url":"https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/zahlen-und-fakten/bundestagswahlen","date_donnee":"2025-02-23","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2021-09-26","type":"federale","participation_pct":76.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":"de.spd","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition « Ampel » (feu tricolore) SPD + Grüne + FDP sous Olaf Scholz.","notes":"SPD 25,7%, CDU/CSU 24,1%, Grüne 14,8%, FDP 11,5%, AfD 10,3%.","source":{"nom":"Bundestag — résultats depuis 1949","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/wahlen/ergebnisse_seit1949-244692","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2017-09-24","type":"federale","participation_pct":76.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"de.cdu_csu","gouvernement_issu":"Grande coalition (GroKo) CDU/CSU + SPD sous Angela Merkel.","notes":"Entrée historique de l'AfD au Bundestag (12,6%).","source":{"nom":"Bundestag","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/wahlen/ergebnisse_seit1949-244692","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2013-09-22","type":"federale","participation_pct":71.5,"vainqueur_parti_id":"de.cdu_csu","gouvernement_issu":"Grande coalition CDU/CSU + SPD (Merkel III).","source":{"nom":"Bundestag","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/wahlen/ergebnisse_seit1949-244692","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Coalition « schwarz-rot » (Union + SPD) — 3e grande coalition depuis 2005.","Réforme électorale 2023 : Bundestag ramené à 630 sièges, abolition des mandats en surnombre.","Percée durable de l'AfD (20,8% en 2025) — présence contestée par un cordon sanitaire des autres partis."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.792,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem via The Global Economy","url":"https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Germany/liberal_democracy_index","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Allemagne","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=de&gl=DE&ceid=DE:de","langue":"de"},{"nom":"Der Spiegel — International","url_rss":"https://www.spiegel.de/international/index.rss","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Deutsche Welle — Deutschland","url_rss":"https://rss.dw.com/rdf/rss-de-all","langue":"de"},{"nom":"Tagesschau","url_rss":"https://www.tagesschau.de/xml/rss2/","langue":"de"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":12.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1972,"annee_bascule_note":"L'Allemagne enregistre un solde naturel négatif de manière quasi continue depuis 1972. La population totale n'est maintenue que par une immigration nette élevée.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":78.5,"age_median":46.7,"indice_fecondite":1.36,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/deu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":676279,"deces_2025":1010244,"solde_naturel_2025":-333965},"retraites":{"age_legal":66,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition (Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung)","duree_cotisation_ans":45,"taux_cotisation_pct":18.6,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Système par répartition. Âge légal en montée vers 67 ans en 2031 (transition depuis 65 ans, une année par tranche de naissance). Cotisation partagée 50/50 employeur/salarié (9,3% chacun). Piliers complémentaires (Riester-Rente, Betriebsrente) essentiels vu la baisse du taux de remplacement public.","source":{"nom":"Deutsche Rentenversicherung / OCDE","url":"https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung)","description_en":"Pay-as-you-go system. Legal age rising towards 67 years in 2031 (transition from 65 years, one year per birth bracket). Contribution shared 50/50 employer/employee (9.3% each). Additional pillars (Riester-Rente, Betriebsrente) essential given the drop in the public replacement rate."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":181500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":34400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":89.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":10,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","UE — Coopération structurée permanente (PESCO)","Programme SCAF (chasseur futur France-Allemagne-Espagne) et MGCS (char futur France-Allemagne)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A7V / A7A1","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KNDS Deutschland)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A6","quantite":150,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A5 / A4","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II — en commande","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"USA","notes":"Livraison de 35 exemplaires prévue 2026-2029","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon","quantite":138,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH (Airbus + BAE + Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Tornado IDS/ECR","quantite":85,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Panavia (BAE + Airbus + Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"U-Boote Type 212A","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems + Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Italie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Puma (IFV)","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"PSM (KMW + Rheinmetall)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Boxer","quantite":400,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"ARTEC (KMW + Rheinmetall)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Marder 1A5","quantite":380,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1971,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PzH 2000","quantite":121,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"MARS II (MLRS)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"USA/Allemagne","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"A400M Atlas","quantite":51,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"C-130J-30 (Franco-Allemand)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Europe"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH90 TTH / MRH","quantite":82,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"NHIndustries","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Tiger UHT","quantite":51,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe","notes":"Retrait décidé 2023, remplacement H145M"},{"nom":"H145M LUH SOF","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"CH-53G Sea Stallion","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Remplacement CH-53K commandé 2024"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Baden-Württemberg (F125)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems + Lürssen","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Sachsen (F124 Aegis)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss + TKMS","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Brandenburg (F123)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Braunschweig (K130)","quantite":5,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Lürssen + TKMS","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"IRIS-T SLM","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Heron TP (loués Israël)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI (Israel Aerospace Industries)","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Eurodrone (co-dév)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus + Dassault + Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Europe","notes":"En développement"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lituanie","mission":"Brigade permanente allemande à Rukla — 5 000 hommes d'ici 2027 (montée en puissance 2024-2027)","effectifs":1600,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"OTAN — Brigade Lituanie (première brigade permanente allemande à l'étranger)","mission_en":"German Permanent Brigade in Rukla — 5,000 men by 2027 (ramp-up 2024-2027)","cadre_en":"NATO — Lithuania Brigade (first permanent German brigade abroad)"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR — contingent allemand","effectifs":250,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR — German contingent","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — formation forces irakiennes","effectifs":120,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Mission Iraq — training Iraqi forces","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Sahel — Niger","mission":"Fin de la présence Bundeswehr au Niger décembre 2023","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2016","cadre":"Bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"End of Bundeswehr presence in Niger December 2023","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Mali (MINUSMA)","mission":"Retrait terminé décembre 2023 après putschs successifs","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"Withdrawal completed December 2023 after successive putsches","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Roumanie","mission":"NATO Response Force — brigade multinationale","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Response Force — multinational brigade","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Slovaquie","mission":"Battlegroup OTAN — appui Patriot","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Battlegroup — Patriot Support","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Méditerranée","mission":"Opération Sea Guardian (surveillance maritime OTAN)","effectifs":150,"depuis":"2016","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Operation Sea Guardian (NATO maritime surveillance)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL Maritime Task Force (frégate en rotation)","effectifs":130,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (rotating frigate)","cadre_en":"UN"}],"notes_speciales":["**Zeitenwende** (« tournant historique ») du 27 février 2022 : rupture doctrinale après invasion russe de l'Ukraine.","Fonds spécial de 100 Md€ voté 2022 pour rattraper le sous-investissement post-Guerre froide — objectif 2% PIB atteint 2024.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~15 têtes B61 américaines à Büchel (vecteurs Tornado, remplacés par F-35A à partir de 2027).","Programme SCAF (Système de combat aérien futur) avec France + Espagne — chasseur 6ᵉ génération horizon 2040 ; conflits industriels Dassault/Airbus récurrents.","Brigade permanente en Lituanie : première projection permanente à l'étranger depuis 1945."],"notes_speciales_en":["**Zeitenwende** (“historical turning point”) of February 27, 2022: doctrinal rupture after Russian 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Bremerhaven exports automobile. Kiel chantiers navals.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["“Schwarz-rot” coalition (Union + SPD) — 3rd grand coalition since 2005.","Electoral reform 2023: Bundestag reduced to 630 seats, abolition of excess mandates.","Sustainable breakthrough for the AfD (20.8% in 2025) — presence contested by a cordon santé of other parties."]},{"iso2":"AO","iso3":"AGO","slug":"angola","nom_courant_fr":"Angola","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Angola","nom_officiel_local":"República de Angola","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Luanda","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Angola","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":39040039,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ago","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1246700,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Angola","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEP","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"João Lourenço","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Angola","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ao.mpla","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-09-26","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Angola","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale (chef de liste du parti majoritaire). 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considered too restrictive).","Lobito Corridor (US/EU supported railway) – copper and cobalt geopolitical issue.","Gradual democratic opening under Lourenço (2017+) after the dos Santos presidency (1979-2017)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-08-24","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"MPLA (51.2%, 124 sièges sur 220)","gouvernement_issu":"João Lourenço 2ᵉ mandat de président (2022-2027).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Angolan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Angolan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-08-23","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"MPLA (61.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"João Lourenço président (fin du règne de José Eduardo dos Santos 1979-2017).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Angolan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Angolan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SA","iso3":"SAU","slug":"arabie-saoudite","nom_courant_fr":"Arabie 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Premier ministre = Prince héritier Mohammed ben Salmane depuis 2022. Majlis al-Shūrā (150 membres) uniquement consultatif, nommés par le Roi. Aucun parti politique autorisé.","source":{"nom":"Constitutions nationales + Freedom House / Economist Democracy Index 2025","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores","date_verif":"2026-09-21"},"explication_concrete_en":"King Salman concentrates executive, legislative and religious powers (Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques). Prime Minister = Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman since 2022. Majlis al-Shūrā (150 members) consultative only, appointed by the King. No political parties allowed."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Shūrā (Conseil consultatif)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Nommés par le Roi. Rôle purement consultatif.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the King. Purely advisory role.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2016-12-13","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sa.saoud","sieges":150}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Majlis al-Choura (150 membres) intégralement nommé par le roi. Aucun parti politique. Représentation consultative seulement."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi via Conseil suprême de la magistrature.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1277,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":35464,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.5,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":31.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"14 March 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 April 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"22 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":10.3},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":4.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.9},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":8},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut (~70% des exports)","Produits pétrochimiques","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Or","Plastiques"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Métaux","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"~13% des exportations mondiales. Aramco = 1re société pétrolière."},{"produit":"Pèlerinage à La Mecque","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~2,5 M pèlerins/an."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Arabie saoudite","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sau","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.9,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":34.2,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"SAR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":16.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":2.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":81.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":77.3,"age_median":32.4,"indice_fecondite":2.31,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sau","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":609879,"deces_2025":86407,"solde_naturel_2025":523472},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":62,"systeme_type":"Répartition (GOSI)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Système principal Répartition (GOSI). Cotisation 22%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (GOSI)","description_en":"Main Distribution System (GOSI). Contribution 22%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.11,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Vision 2030** : diversification hors pétrole (mégaprojets NEOM, The Line, Qiddiya).","Normalisation avec Israël en négociation avant octobre 2023 — gelée par la guerre à Gaza.","Rapprochement diplomatique avec l'Iran (accord Chine mars 2023).","MBS PM depuis 2022 — concentration du pouvoir sans précédent.","Assassinat de Jamal Khashoggi (octobre 2018) : ombre persistante sur le régime.","Coupe du monde de football 2034 attribuée à Riyad."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Arabie saoudite","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=SA&ceid=SA:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":257000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":25000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":75.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":17,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CCG","Ligue arabe","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG)","Coalition arabe au Yémen (menée par SA)","Partenariat militaire USA (troupes prépositionnées)","Partenariat militaire USA (troupes prépositionnées, ~2 700 en 2025)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A2S Abrams","quantite":400,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"AMX-30S, M60A3","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France/USA"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-15SA/S (Advanced Eagle)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon","quantite":71,"generation":"moderne","origine":"UE"},{"nom":"Tornado IDS/ADV","quantite":90,"generation":"ancien","origine":"UE"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"THAAD (livrés 2024+)","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3","quantite":108,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1991,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2/PAC-3","quantite":108,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense)","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Livraisons 2023-2026 — 1er client export."},{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk XXI","quantite":128,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Shaheen (Crotale NG)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Thales","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates La Fayette (F3000S) + corvettes Al Riyadh + patrouilleurs","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"France/USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache, UH-60L Black Hawk","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"}],"drones":[{"nom":"CH-4B Rainbow","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Wing Loong II","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"CH-4B","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"LAV-25, Piranha, M-ATV, M113","quantite":5500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109 Paladin, M198, PLZ-45, AR3","quantite":550,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Chine"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H/J Hercules","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT (ravitailleur)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"C-295W","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Yémen","mission":"Coalition arabe contre les Houthis — frappes aériennes, blocus (guerre depuis mars 2015 ; trêve fragile depuis avril 2022)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition — leader","mission_en":"Arab coalition against the Houthis — airstrikes, blockade (war since March 2015; fragile truce since April 2022)","cadre_en":"Coalition — leader"},{"pays":"Bahreïn","mission":"Bouclier de la péninsule (Peninsula Shield Force) — CCG","effectifs":1000,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Bilatéral / CCG","mission_en":"Peninsula Shield Force — CCG","cadre_en":"Bilateral / GCC"},{"pays":"Frontière yéménite","mission":"Régions du Sud (Najran, Jazan) — patrouilles anti-infiltration Houthis","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Territoire national — sécurisation","mission_en":"Southern regions (Najran, Jazan) — Houthi anti-infiltration patrols","cadre_en":"National territory — security"},{"pays":"Somalie (via Bahreïn)","mission":"Instruction et soutien logistique aux forces somaliennes","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Instruction and logistical support to Somali forces","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Djibouti","mission":"Base aérienne saoudienne (opérations Yémen)","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Saudi air base (Yemen operations)","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","mission":"Défense conjointe aérienne (CCG)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"CCG","mission_en":"Joint Air Defense (CCG)","cadre_en":"CCG"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","mission":"Opération Prosperity Guardian (protection navigation, coalition menée USA)","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Coalition","mission_en":"Operation Prosperity Guardian (navigation protection, US-led coalition)","cadre_en":"Coalition"}],"notes_speciales":["Budget défense : 75 Md USD (2025) — 5ᵉ mondial en valeur absolue, ~7% PIB.","**Vision 2030** militaire : indigénisation 50% d'ici 2030 — création de GAMI, SAMI, coentreprises Lockheed Martin (THAAD, Patriot), création industrie de drones.","Guerre au Yémen (2015-) : coût humain et financier majeur, échec stratégique face aux Houthis (missiles balistiques sur Riyad 2019, drones sur Aramco 2019).","Programme nucléaire civil ouvert 2024 — hypothèse d'armement en cas d'accord USA-Iran défavorable (déclarations MBS 2018 et 2023).","Rapprochement stratégique avec la Chine (accord de restauration relations Iran-Arabie médié par Xi Jinping en mars 2023), équilibrage vs USA."],"notes_speciales_en":["Defense budget: USD 75 billion (2025) — 5th in the world in absolute value, ~7% GDP.","**Vision 2030** military: 50% indigenization by 2030 — creation of GAMI, SAMI, Lockheed Martin joint ventures (THAAD, Patriot), creation of drone industry.","War in Yemen (2015-): major human and financial cost, strategic failure against the Houthis (ballistic missiles on Riyadh 2019, drones on Aramco 2019).","Open civil nuclear program 2024 — armament hypothesis in the event of an unfavorable USA-Iran agreement (MBS declarations 2018 and 2023).","Strategic rapprochement with China (Iran-Saudi relations restoration agreement mediated by Xi Jinping in March 2023), balancing vs. USA."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CCG","Arab League","Major non-NATO ally USA","Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)","Arab Coalition in Yemen (led by SA)","USA military partnership (prepositioned troops)","USA military partnership (prepositioned troops, ~2,700 in 2025)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2640,"zee_km2":228633,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"flotte_marchande_navires":300,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.09,"notes":"Djeddah 1er port mer Rouge. Ras Tanura terminal pétrolier majeur. Neom mégaprojet.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Vision 2030**: diversification outside oil (NEOM, The Line, Qiddiya megaprojects).","Normalization with Israel in negotiation before October 2023 — frozen by the war in Gaza.","Diplomatic rapprochement with Iran (China agreement March 2023).","MBS PM since 2022 — unprecedented concentration of power.","Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi (October 2018): persistent shadow over the regime.","2034 FIFA World Cup awarded to Riyadh."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2015-12-12","type":"municipales","vainqueur":"Élections municipales limitées (13.5% des sièges), premier scrutin ouvert aux femmes.","gouvernement_issu":"Aucun changement de gouvernement — pouvoir monarchique.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Saudi Arabian municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2005-04-25","type":"municipales","vainqueur":"Aucun parti politique autorisé — élections consultatives seulement (Conseil consultatif Majlis al-Shura nommé par le roi).","gouvernement_issu":"Monarchie absolue : Roi Salmane (depuis 2015), Prince héritier et PM Mohammed ben Salmane (MBS) depuis 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"AR","iso3":"ARG","slug":"argentine","nom_courant_fr":"Argentine","nom_officiel_fr":"République argentine","nom_officiel_local":"República Argentina","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Buenos Aires","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":45851378,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/arg","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":2780400,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Mercosur","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"Mercosur","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Adhésion refusée par Milei décembre 2023.","source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Membership refused by Milei December 2023."},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Javier Milei","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la Nation","parti_id":"ar.lla","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-12-10","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Économiste libertarien. Élu 2e tour 19 novembre 2023 (55,7%) face à Sergio Massa. Politique de « tronçonneuse » : coupes budgétaires massives, dollarisation en discussion.","notes_en":"Libertarian economist. Elected in the 2nd round November 19, 2023 (55.7%) against Sergio Massa. “Chainsaw” policy: massive budget cuts, dollarization under discussion."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 4 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Javier Milei (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel — pas de PM distinct","parti_id":"ar.lla","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-12-10","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ar.lla","sieges":95,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ar.up","sieges":78,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ar.pro","sieges":30,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ar.ucr","sieges":25,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":29,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-12-10","notes":"Javier Milei investi président de l'Argentine le 10 décembre 2023 (libertarien anti-establishment).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_argentine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-12-10","notes":"Fin normale du mandat présidentiel de 4 ans.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_argentine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle fédérale (23 provinces + CABA). Cycle politique dominé par le péronisme depuis 1946. Milei = 1er non-péroniste depuis 20 ans à obtenir un tel mandat.","explication_concrete_en":"Federal presidential republic (23 provinces + CABA). Political cycle dominated by Peronism since 1946. Milei = 1st non-Peronist in 20 years to obtain such a mandate."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Diputados","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":257,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par province (D'Hondt).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-10-26","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ar.lla","sieges":95,"voix_pct":40.7},{"parti_id":"ar.up","sieges":78,"voix_pct":31.7},{"parti_id":"ar.pro","sieges":30,"voix_pct":8.2},{"parti_id":"ar.ucr","sieges":25,"voix_pct":5.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":29,"voix_pct":13.9}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting by province (D'Hondt)."},{"nom":"Senado de la Nación","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":72,"mode_designation":"3 sénateurs par province (2 majorité + 1 minorité). Mandat 6 ans.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"3 senators per province (2 majority + 1 minority). 6-year term."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Corte Suprema de Justicia","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président avec confirmation Sénat (majorité 2/3).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 75 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":681,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":14355,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":41.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":7.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":80.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"10 June 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 May 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 July 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":12.1},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Chili","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":3.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":21.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":10.8},{"pays":"Paraguay","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.7}],"top_categories_export":["Soja et dérivés","Maïs","Bœuf","Vin","Lithium (production émergente)"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures raffinés","Produits chimiques","Électronique"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Soja","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"~15% exportations mondiales."},{"produit":"Bœuf","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Vin (Mendoza)","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Lithium (Salar del Hombre Muerto)","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"Triangle du lithium avec Chili et Bolivie."},{"produit":"Vaca Muerta (gaz de schiste)","rang_regional":2,"notes":"2e réserves mondiales de gaz de schiste."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Argentine","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/arg","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":18.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":19,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"ARS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":80,"esperance_vie_hommes":75,"age_median":32.4,"indice_fecondite":1.5,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/arg","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":508308,"deces_2025":354523,"solde_naturel_2025":153785},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (ANSES) + AFJP (fonds privés)","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":27,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":47,"description":"Système Répartition (ANSES) + AFJP (fonds privés). Cotisation 27%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (ANSES) + AFJP (private funds)","description_en":"Distribution System (ANSES) + AFJP (private funds). Contribution 27%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.68,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul possible sous Milei — attention indices 2025.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Possible decline under Milei – watch out for 2025 indices."},"notes_speciales":["Milei président depuis décembre 2023 — 1er libertarien élu dans le monde.","**Législatives midterm 26 octobre 2025** : victoire nette LLA (+ PRO alliés) — passe de 38 à 95 députés. Ratification des réformes ultralibérales.","Politique « tronçonneuse » : réduction moitié des ministères, dérégulation massive, réduction subventions.","Inflation en chute rapide (211% en 2023 → 45% en 2025).","Retrait annoncé BRICS. Rapprochement stratégique USA (Trump II) + Israël.","Triangle du lithium (Argentine + Chili + Bolivie) : ~60% réserves mondiales.","Prochaine présidentielle : octobre 2027."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Argentine","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=AR&ceid=AR:es","langue":"es"},{"nom":"Clarín","url_rss":"https://www.clarin.com/rss/politica/","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":82500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":22000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":31200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":27,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Non-aligné","UNASUR (dormante)","OTAN Global Partner (Major Non-NATO Ally status USA depuis 1998)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"TAM 2C (Argentine)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1983,"origine":"Argentine/Allemagne","fabricant":"TAMSE (base Marder KMW)","pays_fabricant":"Argentine/Allemagne"},{"nom":"Patagon (SK-105 mod.)","quantite":27,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Autriche","fabricant":"Steyr Daimler-Puch","pays_fabricant":"Autriche"},{"nom":"TAM 2C (Argentine Tank)","quantite":231,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1984,"origine":"Argentine (design allemand)","fabricant":"TAMSE","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"SK-105 Kürassier (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Autriche","fabricant":"Steyr","pays_fabricant":"Autriche"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16A/B (occasion Danemark, livrés 2024)","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA/Danemark","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"**Achat historique 2024** — 1er avions supersoniques modernes depuis les Mirage"},{"nom":"IA-63 Pampa III (entraînement/attaque)","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"Fábrica Argentina de Aviones (FAdeA)","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"A-4AR Fightinghawk (Skyhawk mod.)","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"USA/Argentine","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas + Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16A/B MLU (contrat 2024 — livraisons 2025-2027)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion Danemark)","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"~250 M USD."},{"nom":"A-4AR Fightinghawk","quantite":33,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion)","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas (Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"IA-63 Pampa III (entraînement / attaque légère)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"FAdeA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"IA-58 Pucará (retrait 2020)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"FAdeA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine","notes":"Retrait 2020."},{"nom":"Mirage III/V (retrait 2015)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retrait 2015."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Destroyers classe Almirante Brown (MEKO 360)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1983,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Espora (MEKO 140)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Argentine / Allemagne","fabricant":"AFNE Rio Santiago","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"OPV classe Bouchard (OPV 87 Adroit)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Bouchard (OPV, French Gowind — contrat 2018, livraisons 2020-2024)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group / Kership","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"ARA Piedra Buena livré 2024."}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"ARA Salta (Type 209/1200)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Seul sous-marin restant après perte ARA San Juan 2017"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Salta (Type 209) — 1 opérationnel","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"ARA San Juan perdu 2017, San Luis retiré."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VCTP (dérivé Marder 1A3)","quantite":123,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Argentine / Allemagne","fabricant":"TAMSE / KMW","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"M113A2","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Panhard AML-90","quantite":80,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Stryker (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics LSC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Négociations 2024."}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"CITEFA CP-30 155mm (SP)","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"CITEFA / Fabricaciones Militares","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"Palmaria 155mm","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara (Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"CAL 105mm Model 56","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"SLAM Pampero MLRS","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"CITEFA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Fokker F27/28","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Fokker","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"KC-130H (ravitailleur)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"SA-330 Puma","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Aérospatiale (Airbus)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"MI-171E (Hip)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AS-532 Cougar","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Bell UH-1H / UH-2","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SAM RBS-70 (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Bofors Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Roland (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"CANON RG-31 20mm","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"Fabricaciones Militares","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Vigía IV / Yagüe (indigène ISR)","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"INVAP","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"},{"nom":"SkyMaster (indigène tactique)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"FAdeA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"}]},"notes_speciales":["**Achat F-16 (24 unités occasion Danemark, 2024)** : premier avion supersonique moderne argentin depuis Mirage III retirés 2015.","Guerre des Malouines (1982) toujours source de tensions avec UK.","Perte tragique du sous-marin ARA San Juan (novembre 2017, 44 morts).","Milei a rapproché stratégiquement l'Argentine des USA (Trump II) + Israël.","Puissance militaire régionale historique — engagement dans la guerre des Malouines (1982) contre le Royaume-Uni.","Contrat F-16 (avril 2024) : 24 unités danoises d'occasion pour 250 M USD — 1er avion supersonique depuis 30 ans.","Rapprochement stratégique USA-Israël sous Milei 2023+ : achats matériel israélien, coopération renforcée.","Industrie de défense héritée : TAMSE (chars), CITEFA (artillerie), FAdeA (avions), INVAP (drones)."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Chypre","mission":"UNFICYP — contingent argentin (rotation permanente)","effectifs":265,"depuis":"1993","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNFICYP — Argentinian contingent (permanent rotation)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Haïti (retrait 2017)","mission":"MINUSTAH — commandement argentin","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSTAH — Argentine command","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"MFO","effectifs":8,"depuis":"1980","cadre":"Multilatéral","mission_en":"MFO","cadre_en":"Multilateral"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO (observateurs)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"1991","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO (observers)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Antarctique","mission":"Bases scientifico-militaires (13 bases, 6 permanentes)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Traité Antarctique 1959","mission_en":"Scientific-military bases (13 bases, 6 permanent)","cadre_en":"Antarctic Treaty 1959"},{"pays":"Îles Malouines / Falkland","mission":"Revendication permanente — souveraineté contestée avec le Royaume-Uni","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1833","cadre":"Territoire contesté — occupation britannique depuis 1833","mission_en":"Permanent claim — disputed sovereignty with the United Kingdom","cadre_en":"Disputed territory — British occupation since 1833"}],"notes_speciales_en":["**Purchase F-16 (24 units used Denmark, 2024)**: first modern Argentinian supersonic aircraft since Mirage III retired in 2015.","Falklands War (1982) still a source of tensions with UK.","Tragic loss of the submarine ARA San Juan (November 2017, 44 deaths).","Milei strategically brought Argentina closer to the USA (Trump II) + Israel.","Historical regional military power — involvement in the Falklands War (1982) against the United Kingdom.","F-16 contract (April 2024): 24 used Danish units for 250 M USD — 1st supersonic aircraft in 30 years.","USA-Israel strategic rapprochement under Milei 2023+: Israeli equipment purchases, strengthened cooperation.","Legacy defense industry: TAMSE (tanks), CITEFA (artillery), FAdeA (aircraft), INVAP (drones)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Unaligned","UNASUR (dormant)","NATO Global Partner (Major Non-NATO Ally USA status since 1998)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"magellan","nom":"Détroit de Magellan","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (CL, AR)","importance_globale":"Passage Atlantique-Pacifique alternatif au canal de Panama et au cap Horn. Route historique avant l'ouverture de Panama en 1914. Navigation abritée mais dangereuse (vents jusqu'à 150 km/h, brumes, courants). Contrôle chilien exclusif (Ushuaia, Punta Arenas).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":1200,"tonnage_mt_an":24},"menace_principale":"Conditions météorologiques extrêmes plutôt que menace militaire. Contentieux frontalier Chili-Argentine résolu 1984 (médiation vaticane)."},{"id":"drake","nom":"Passage de Drake","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (CL, AR)","importance_globale":"Passage océanique entre le cap Horn (Chili) et la péninsule Antarctique. Route la plus fréquentée vers l'Antarctique (recherche scientifique + tourisme). Mers les plus dangereuses du monde : vents 40-60 nœuds, vagues 8-15 m fréquentes.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":300},"menace_principale":"Conditions extrêmes. Enjeu géopolitique croissant : Antarctique et revendications territoriales (Chili, Argentine, UK, Australie, France…)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":4989,"zee_km2":1084067,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"flotte_marchande_navires":200,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.83,"notes":"Buenos Aires. Contentieux Falklands/Malouines. Flotte pêche calmar Illex.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Milei president since December 2023 — 1st libertarian elected in the world.","**Midterm legislative elections October 26, 2025**: clear LLA victory (+ PRO allies) — increases from 38 to 95 deputies. Ratification of ultraliberal reforms.","“Chainsaw” policy: halving of ministries, massive deregulation, reduction of subsidies.","Inflation falling rapidly (211% in 2023 → 45% in 2025).","BRICS withdrawal announced. USA (Trump II) + Israel strategic rapprochement.","Lithium Triangle (Argentina + Chile + Bolivia): ~60% global reserves.","Next presidential election: October 2027."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-11-19","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":76.4,"vainqueur":"Javier Milei (La Libertad Avanza, 55.7% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Javier Milei, président 2023-2027 (libertarien anti-establishment), succède à Alberto Fernández.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Argentine general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-10-27","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Alberto Fernández (Frente de Todos, 48.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Alberto Fernández, président 2019-2023 (avec Cristina Kirchner VP).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Argentine general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Argentine_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"AM","iso3":"ARM","slug":"armenie","nom_courant_fr":"Arménie","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Arménie","nom_officiel_local":"Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Erevan","source":{"nom":"Armstat","url":"https://armstat.am/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3086700,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/arm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":29743,"source":{"nom":"Armstat","url":"https://armstat.am/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CEEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2015,"notes":"Union eurasienne — participation en réduction depuis 2024.","source":{"nom":"CEEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Eurasian Union — reduced participation since 2024."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Vahagn Khatchatourian","source":{"nom":"Présidence arménienne","url":"https://www.president.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"am.cc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-03-13","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale. Fonction largement cérémonielle depuis 2015.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nikol Pachinian","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement arménien","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"am.cc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-05-08","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement arménien","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit le 2 août 2026 après victoire de Contrat civil aux législatives du 7 juin 2026 (64 sièges sur 107).","notes_en":"Renewed on August 2, 2026 after victory of Civil Contract in the legislative elections of June 7, 2026 (64 seats out of 107)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale (parlementaire depuis 2015).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"am.cc","sieges":71,"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://elections.am/","date_donnee":"2021-06-20","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2018-05-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of armenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_armenie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-05-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of armenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_armenie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Régime parlementaire depuis la réforme constitutionnelle 2015. Pachinian PM depuis 2018. Ère post-Haut-Karabakh : virage stratégique de la Russie vers l'Occident (UE, France, USA).","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary regime since the 2015 constitutional reform. Pashinian PM since 2018. Post-Nagorno-Karabakh era: Russia's strategic turn towards the West (EU, France, USA)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Azgayin Zhoghov (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":107,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste — bonus majoritaire pour garantir stabilité.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-06-07","distribution":[{"parti_id":"am.cc","sieges":64,"voix_pct":48.5},{"parti_id":"am.hpa","sieges":25,"voix_pct":18.2},{"parti_id":"am.ph","sieges":10,"voix_pct":7.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":8,"voix_pct":25.8}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Arménie","url":"https://elections.am/","date_donnee":"2026-06-07","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional list voting — majority bonus to guarantee stability."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"CC Arménie","url":"http://www.concourt.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par l'Assemblée, 3 par le Président, 3 par le Congrès des juges.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.am/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":29,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":9521,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":7.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":49,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"25 August 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"16 January 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"22 June 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":35.8},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":15.3},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Irak","part_pct":3.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":33.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.8}],"top_categories_export":["Or et bijoux","Cuivre","Diamants (réexports)","Cognac / brandy","Alcool"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures (Russie/Iran)","Automobile","Blé","Médicaments","Machines"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cognac arménien","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Cuivre","rang_mondial":15}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Armenia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/arm","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.8,"source":{"nom":"MinFin Arménie","url":"https://minfin.am/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.4,"source":{"nom":"MinFin","url":"https://minfin.am/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"AMD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2030,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel positif mais en baisse. Émigration forte (diaspora ~7 M).","esperance_vie_femmes":81.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.1,"age_median":37.2,"indice_fecondite":1.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/arm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":34262,"deces_2025":25928,"solde_naturel_2025":8334},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + pilier II obligatoire (2014)","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":34,"description":"Système à trois piliers. Pilier II obligatoire : 5% salarié + 5% État jusqu'à un plafond.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://www.mlsa.am/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution + mandatory pillar II (2014)","description_en":"Three-pillar system. Mandatory Pillar II: 5% employee + 5% State up to a ceiling."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.44,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Progression notable depuis 2018 (révolution de velours).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Notable progress since 2018 (velvet revolution)."},"notes_speciales":["**Haut-Karabakh perdu septembre 2023** : offensive azerbaïdjanaise éclair, exode de ~100 000 Arméniens en 1 semaine.","Virage stratégique majeur : Pachinian se distancie de la Russie, rapprochement UE / France / USA en 2024-2025.","Diaspora : ~7 millions dans le monde (contre 3 M de résidents).","Frontière fermée avec la Turquie (depuis 1993, en raison du refus turc de reconnaître le génocide de 1915)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Arménie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=AM&ceid=AM:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":44800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":210000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":91,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B/A","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PS (livrés Russie)","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Buk-M1-2","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, BTR-70/80","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30SM, Su-25","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24, Mi-8","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Nagorno-Karabakh lost September 2023**: Azerbaijani flash offensive, exodus of ~100,000 Armenians in 1 week.","Major strategic shift: Pashinian distances himself from Russia, EU / France / USA rapprochement in 2024-2025.","Diaspora: ~7 million worldwide (compared to 3 million residents).","Closed border with Turkey (since 1993, due to the Turkish refusal to recognize the 1915 genocide)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-06-20","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"Contrat civil (Nikol Pashinyan, 53.9%, 71 sièges sur 107)","gouvernement_issu":"Nikol Pashinyan reconduit PM après la crise post-guerre du Haut-Karabakh.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Armenian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-12-09","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"Mon Pas (70.4%, Nikol Pashinyan)","gouvernement_issu":"Nikol Pashinyan PM depuis mai 2018 après la « révolution de velours ».","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Armenian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Armenian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"AU","iso3":"AUS","slug":"australie","nom_courant_fr":"Australie","nom_officiel_fr":"Commonwealth d'Australie","nom_officiel_local":"Commonwealth of Australia","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Canberra","source":{"nom":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":27122411,"source":{"nom":"Australian Bureau of Statistics — National, state and territory population","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation à mi-2025.","notes_en":"Estimated mid-2025."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":7692024,"source":{"nom":"Geoscience Australia","url":"https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"6e plus grand pays du monde. 6 États + 2 territoires + 7 territoires extérieurs.","notes_en":"6th largest country in the world. 6 states + 2 territories + 7 external territories."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1931,"notes":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/australia","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Commonwealth Kingdom: Charles III head of state."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://www.g20.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"APEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1989,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"APEC","url":"https://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/member-economies","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"ANZUS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1951,"notes":"Traité de sécurité tripartite avec Nouvelle-Zélande et États-Unis.","source":{"nom":"Australian Government DFAT","url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/united-states-of-america/anzus-treaty","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Tripartite security treaty with New Zealand and the United States."},{"organisation":"AUKUS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2021,"notes":"Partenariat sécuritaire trilatéral avec le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis.","source":{"nom":"White House / Australian Government","url":"https://www.pm.gov.au/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Trilateral security partnership with the United Kingdom and the United States."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Australian Government DFAT","url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/cptpp","date_verif":"2026-09-24"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Australian Government DFAT","url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/rcep","date_verif":"2026-09-24"}},{"organisation":"Five Eyes","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"notes":"Alliance de renseignement avec États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Canada, Nouvelle-Zélande.","source":{"nom":"Australian Signals Directorate","url":"https://www.asd.gov.au/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Intelligence alliance with United States, United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III (représenté par Sam Mostyn, Gouverneure générale)","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://www.gg.gov.au/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi d'Australie (chef de l'État constitutionnel)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","notes":"Charles III depuis le décès d'Elizabeth II. Sam Mostyn est Gouverneure générale depuis le 1er juillet 2024, sur nomination du PM Albanese.","notes_en":"Charles III since the death of Elizabeth II. Sam Mostyn has been Governor General since July 1, 2024, upon appointment by PM Albanese."}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Anthony Albanese","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://www.pm.gov.au/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"au.alp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-05-23","source":{"nom":"Australian Electoral Commission","url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/elections/federal_elections/2022/","date_donnee":"2022-05-21","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Réélu aux élections fédérales du 3 mai 2025 avec une majorité renforcée (94 sièges sur 150).","notes_en":"Re-elected in the federal elections of May 3, 2025 with an increased majority (94 seats out of 150)."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"au.alp","sieges":94,"notes":"Gouvernement majoritaire ALP après les élections du 3 mai 2025 (majorité absolue, 94 sièges sur 150).","source":{"nom":"Australian Electoral Commission","url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/elections/federal_elections/2025/","date_donnee":"2025-05-03","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"ALP majority government after the elections of May 3, 2025 (absolute majority, 94 seats out of 150)."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-05-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of australie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_australie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-05-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of australie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_australie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Australie : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire fédérale. Charles III est roi d'Australie séparément de son rôle britannique (Statut de Westminster 1931, Australia Act 1986). Le Gouverneur général (Sam Mostyn depuis 2024) exerce les pouvoirs royaux sur nomination du PM. Le pouvoir effectif appartient au Premier ministre, chef du parti majoritaire à la Chambre des représentants. Fédération de 6 États et 2 territoires.","explication_concrete_en":"Australia: federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Charles III is King of Australia separately from his British role (Statute of Westminster 1931, Australia Act 1986). The Governor General (Sam Mostyn since 2024) exercises royal powers upon appointment by the PM. Effective power lies with the Prime Minister, leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. Federation of 6 states and 2 territories."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des représentants (House of Representatives)","role":"Chambre basse. Le PM et son gouvernement doivent y détenir la confiance.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Vote alternatif (Instant-Runoff / IRV) dans 150 circonscriptions uninominales. Vote obligatoire pour tous les citoyens.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-03","distribution":[{"parti_id":"au.alp","sieges":94,"voix_pct":34.6},{"parti_id":"au.lib","sieges":28,"voix_pct":22},{"parti_id":"au.nats","sieges":13,"voix_pct":4.1},{"parti_id":"au.grn","sieges":1,"voix_pct":12.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":27.1}],"source":{"nom":"Australian Electoral Commission — 2025 Federal Election","url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/elections/federal_elections/2025/","date_donnee":"2025-05-03","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Victoire écrasante de l'ALP : 94 sièges sur 150, meilleure performance depuis 1943. Coalition Libéraux-Nationaux réduite à 41 sièges. Vote obligatoire : participation ~89 %.","notes_en":"Crushing victory for the ALP: 94 seats out of 150, best performance since 1943. Liberal-National coalition reduced to 41 seats. Mandatory voting: participation ~89%."},"role_en":"Lower House. The PM and his government must have confidence in it.","mode_designation_en":"Alternative vote (Instant-Runoff / IRV) in 150 single-member constituencies. Compulsory voting for all citizens."},{"nom":"Sénat (Senate)","role":"Chambre haute, forte capacité de veto législatif. Représentation égale entre États.","sieges_total":76,"mode_designation":"Vote unique transférable (STV) à la proportionnelle. 12 sénateurs par État × 6 = 72, plus 2 par territoire × 2 = 4. Mandats de 6 ans, renouvelés par moitié tous les 3 ans.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Upper house, strong legislative veto capacity. Equal representation between states.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional single transferable vote (STV). 12 senators per state × 6 = 72, plus 2 per territory × 2 = 4. 6-year terms, half renewed every 3 years."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"High Court of Australia (Cour suprême)","source":{"nom":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://www.hcourt.gov.au/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":7,"mode_nomination":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur recommandation du Cabinet fédéral (en pratique du Premier ministre et du Procureur général), après consultation des Attorneys General des États.","duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à l'âge de retraite obligatoire (70 ans).","controle_constitutionnalite":"Contrôle judiciaire de constitutionnalité assumé par la High Court, inspiré du modèle américain. Interprète notamment la répartition des compétences fédérales/États et les libertés implicites (communication politique).","mode_nomination_en":"Appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the Federal Cabinet (in practice the Prime Minister and the Attorney General), after consultation with the State Attorneys General.","duree_mandat_en":"Until compulsory retirement age (70 years).","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Judicial review of constitutionality assumed by the High Court, inspired by the American model. Interprets in particular the distribution of federal/state powers and implicit freedoms (political communication)."},"economie":{"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"16 February 2003","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"27 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"28 June 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.99,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/AUS.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."},"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1840,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":66352,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":51,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":32.6},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":14.9},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.8},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":4.1}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Minerai de fer","part_pct":25},{"categorie":"Charbon","part_pct":14},{"categorie":"Gaz naturel liquéfié (LNG)","part_pct":10},{"categorie":"Or","part_pct":5},{"categorie":"Viande et produits de l'élevage","part_pct":4}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Véhicules et pièces automobiles","part_pct":11},{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Machines et équipements électriques","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Ordinateurs et téléphonie","part_pct":6}],"productions_notables":["Minerai de fer (Pilbara, 1er producteur mondial)","Charbon thermique et cokéfiable (2e exportateur mondial)","Lithium (1er producteur mondial en 2024)","Uranium (3e réserves mondiales)","Blé, orge, laine, bœuf, vin","Gaz naturel liquéfié (LNG, co-leader mondial avec le Qatar)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"DFAT — Composition of Trade Australia + OEC","url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/trade-statistics","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Iron ore (Pilbara, 1st world producer)","Thermal and coking coal (2nd largest exporter in the world)","Lithium (1st world producer in 2024)","Uranium (3rd largest reserves in the world)","Wheat, barley, wool, beef, wine","Liquefied natural gas (LNG, world co-leader with Qatar)"]},"budget":{"perimetre":"Commonwealth (fédéral) + États + collectivités locales","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.5,"source":{"nom":"OCDE Revenue Statistics","url":"https://www.oecd.org/tax/revenue-statistics-australia.pdf","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.6,"source":{"nom":"Australian Government Budget 2025-26","url":"https://budget.gov.au/","date_donnee":"2024-25","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"AUD (dollar australien)","annee_exercice":"1er juillet – 30 juin"},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel encore largement positif. Croissance démographique portée à ~60 % par l'immigration nette.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.3,"age_median":38.1,"indice_fecondite":1.63,"source":{"nom":"Australian Bureau of Statistics + Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"retraites":{"age_legal":67,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Trois piliers : (1) Age Pension publique sous conditions de ressources ; (2) Superannuation obligatoire par capitalisation (cotisation employeur 11,5 % en 2024-25, montée à 12 % en 2025-26) ; (3) épargne volontaire. Modèle mixte redistribution-capitalisation.","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":11.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":43,"description":"Australie : combinaison unique d'une pension publique ciblée (means-tested Age Pension) et d'une super obligatoire (~2 100 Md USD d'actifs sous gestion, 4e pool mondial). L'âge légal est passé de 65 à 67 ans en juillet 2023.","source":{"nom":"OECD Pensions at a Glance 2023 + Services Australia","url":"https://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"systeme_type_en":"Three pillars: (1) Age Means-tested public pension; (2) Mandatory superannuation by capitalization (employer contribution 11.5% in 2024-25, rising to 12% in 2025-26); (3) voluntary savings. Mixed redistribution-capitalization model.","description_en":"Australia: unique combination of a targeted public pension (means-tested Age Pension) and a compulsory super pension (~USD 2,100 billion in assets under management, 4th largest pool in the world). The legal age increased from 65 to 67 in July 2023."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.83,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Australie classée parmi les démocraties libérales les plus solides (top 15 mondial). Vote obligatoire, forte confiance dans les institutions électorales (AEC).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute — Democracy Report 2024","url":"https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Australia ranked among the strongest liberal democracies (top 15 in the world). Compulsory voting, strong confidence in electoral institutions (AEC)."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":60000,"reservistes":28000,"paramilitaires":0},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":55.7,"pct_pib":2.03,"source":{"nom":"Australian Government Defence Budget 2025-26 + SIPRI","url":"https://www.defence.gov.au/about/budget","date_donnee":"2024-25","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":16,"annee":2025},"arme_nucleaire":false,"doctrine_nucleaire":"Sans armes nucléaires. Membre du Traité de non-prolifération (TNP). Bénéficie de la dissuasion nucléaire élargie américaine (extended deterrence) via l'alliance ANZUS. Programme AUKUS pour l'acquisition de sous-marins à propulsion nucléaire (non-armés nucléairement) d'ici 2032-2040.","alliances_militaires":["ANZUS (1951 — avec États-Unis et Nouvelle-Zélande)","AUKUS (2021 — trilatéral avec Royaume-Uni et États-Unis)","Five Power Defence Arrangements (1971 — avec Malaisie, Singapour, Royaume-Uni, Nouvelle-Zélande)","Quad (dialogue sécuritaire quadrilatéral — avec États-Unis, Japon, Inde)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A2 Abrams SEPv3","quantite":75,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"En cours de livraison, remplace la flotte M1A1."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Boxer CRV","quantite":211,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"achat + assemblage local","fabricant":"Rheinmetall Defence Australia","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Australie"},{"nom":"Bushmaster PMV","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"production locale","fabricant":"Thales Australia","pays_fabricant":"Australie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M777 155 mm","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni/USA"},{"nom":"HIMARS M142","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Livraison 2024-2027."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II","quantite":72,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F/A-18F Super Hornet","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"EA-18G Growler (guerre électronique)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-17A Globemaster III","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-130J Super Hercules","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1999,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Remplacement des MRH-90 Taipan retirés en 2024."},{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":29,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Destroyers Hobart-class (AWD)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"production locale","fabricant":"ASC Shipbuilding","pays_fabricant":"Australie"},{"nom":"Frégates ANZAC-class","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"production locale","fabricant":"BAE Systems Australia","pays_fabricant":"Australie"},{"nom":"LHD Canberra-class (porte-hélicoptères d'assaut)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"construction Espagne + intégration Australie","fabricant":"Navantia / BAE","pays_fabricant":"Espagne/Australie"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Collins-class (diesel-électrique)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"production locale","fabricant":"ASC","pays_fabricant":"Australie","notes":"En cours de modernisation. Remplacement par SSN AUKUS prévu vers 2032-2040."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"NASAMS","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège/USA"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-4C Triton (surveillance maritime HALE)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Northrop Grumman","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MQ-28A Ghost Bat (loyal wingman)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"production locale","fabricant":"Boeing Australia","pays_fabricant":"Australie","notes":"Premier avion de combat conçu et fabriqué en Australie depuis 50 ans."}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Moyen-Orient (Irak/Syrie)","mission":"Operation OKRA — coalition anti-Daesh","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Coalition américaine (OIR)","status":"actif","mission_en":"Operation OKRA — anti-Daesh coalition","cadre_en":"American Coalition (OIR)"},{"pays":"Îles Salomon","mission":"Solomon Islands International Assistance Force","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Accord bilatéral","status":"actif","mission_en":"Solomon Islands International Assistance Force","cadre_en":"Bilateral agreement"}],"notes_speciales":["Australie non-nucléaire mais AUKUS ouvrira l'accès à la propulsion nucléaire (sous-marins classe Virginia puis SSN-AUKUS) — première puissance non-nucléaire à obtenir ce transfert.","Défense Strategic Review 2023 + National Defence Strategy 2024 : réorientation vers la dissuasion long-range, la frappe précision et la protection du littoral nord."],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Without nuclear weapons. Member of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Benefits from the American extended nuclear deterrent (extended deterrence) via the ANZUS alliance. AUKUS program for the acquisition of nuclear-powered (non-nuclear-armed) submarines by 2032-2040.","notes_speciales_en":["Australia non-nuclear but AUKUS will open access to nuclear propulsion (Virginia class submarines then SSN-AUKUS) — first non-nuclear power to obtain this transfer.","Defense Strategic Review 2023 + National Defense Strategy 2024: reorientation towards long-range deterrence, precision strike and protection of the northern coastline."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ANZUS (1951 — avec États-Unis et Nouvelle-Zélande)","AUKUS (2021 — trilateral with UK and US)","Five Power Defense Arrangements (1971 — with Malaysia, Singapore, United Kingdom, New Zealand)","Quad (quadrilateral security dialogue — with the United States, Japan, India)"]},"notes_speciales":["Fédéralisme : 6 États et 2 territoires disposent de parlements et de gouvernements distincts (santé, éducation, police, transport principalement).","Vote obligatoire depuis 1924 (participation ~90 % constante). Amende pour abstention (~$20 AUD).","Référendum du 14 octobre 2023 sur la Voix Autochtone au Parlement (Voice to Parliament) rejeté à 60,1 %.","Deuxième pilier de retraite (superannuation) : 4e pool d'actifs mondial (~2 100 Md USD)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"ABC News (Australie)","url_rss":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/feed/51120/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url_rss":"https://www.smh.com.au/rss/feed.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"The Guardian Australia","url_rss":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/rss","langue":"en"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Federalism: 6 states and 2 territories have separate parliaments and governments (mainly health, education, police, transport).","Compulsory voting since 1924 (constant ~90% participation). Fine for abstention (~$20 AUD).","Referendum of October 14, 2023 on the Indigenous Voice to Parliament (Voice to Parliament) rejected by 60.1%.","Second retirement pillar (superannuation): 4th largest global asset pool (~USD 2,100 billion)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-05-03","type":"legislative","participation_pct":89.9,"vainqueur":"Parti travailliste australien (ALP, 94 sièges sur 150)","gouvernement_issu":"Anthony Albanese, 2ᵉ mandat de PM (majorité renforcée face à Peter Dutton).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Australian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Australian_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-05-21","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"ALP (77 sièges sur 151)","gouvernement_issu":"Anthony Albanese, 1er mandat 2022-2025 — fin de 9 ans de Coalition libérale-nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Australian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":25760,"zee_km2":8148250,"peche_annuelle_mt":172000,"notes":"L'une des plus grandes ZEE au monde (>8 M km²), avec Christmas + Cocos + Norfolk. Pêche modérée (thon, langouste).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/australie","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"AT","iso3":"AUT","slug":"autriche","nom_courant_fr":"Autriche","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Autriche","nom_officiel_local":"Republik Österreich","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Vienne","source":{"nom":"Statistik Austria","url":"https://www.statistik.at/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":9208163,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/aut","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":83879,"source":{"nom":"Statistik Austria","url":"https://www.statistik.at/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Neutralité constitutionnelle depuis 1955.","source":{"nom":"Bundesministerium Landesverteidigung","url":"https://www.bundesheer.at/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Constitutional neutrality since 1955."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1956,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Alexander Van der Bellen","source":{"nom":"Bundespräsident.at","url":"https://www.bundespraesident.at/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Bundespräsident","parti_id":"at.grune","sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Ancien membre des Grünen, présente une image d'indépendance en tant que président.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-01-26","notes":"Réélu en octobre 2022 pour un second mandat de 6 ans jusqu'en janvier 2029.","source":{"nom":"Bundespräsident.at","url":"https://www.bundespraesident.at/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Re-elected in October 2022 for a second term of 6 years until January 2029."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat de 6 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution fédérale autrichienne (B-VG)","url":"https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Christian Stocker","source":{"nom":"ORF / KAS","url":"https://orf.at/stories/3421498","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Bundeskanzler","parti_id":"at.ovp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-03","notes":"Première tripartite ÖVP + SPÖ + NEOS de l'histoire autrichienne, après échec des négociations ÖVP+FPÖ. Formée en 3e tentative après 144 jours de négociations post-élections du 29 septembre 2024.","source":{"nom":"ORF","url":"https://orf.at/stories/3421498","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"First tripartite ÖVP + SPÖ + NEOS in Austrian history, after the failure of the ÖVP+FPÖ negotiations. Formed in 3rd attempt after 144 days of post-election negotiations of September 29, 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président fédéral. Doit obtenir la confiance du Nationalrat.","source":{"nom":"B-VG","url":"https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"at.ovp","sieges":51,"notes":"Coalition tripartite ÖVP + SPÖ + NEOS.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Austrian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Austrian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Tripartite coalition ÖVP + SPÖ + NEOS."},{"parti_id":"at.spo","sieges":41,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Austrian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Austrian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"at.neos","sieges":18,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Austrian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Austrian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-03-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of autriche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_autriche","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-03-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of autriche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_autriche","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République fédérale de 9 Länder. Bundeskanzler chef d'exécutif responsable devant le Nationalrat. Président élu au suffrage universel mais rôle largement protocolaire (peut refuser une nomination gouvernementale — cas rare).","explication_concrete_en":"Federal Republic of 9 Länder. Bundeskanzler chief executive responsible to the Nationalrat. President elected by universal suffrage but largely ceremonial role (can refuse a government appointment — rare case)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Nationalrat","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement.","sieges_total":183,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Lower House. Vote for the law and confidence in the government.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election using D'Hondt proportional representation.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-09-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"at.fpo","sieges":57},{"parti_id":"at.ovp","sieges":51},{"parti_id":"at.spo","sieges":41},{"parti_id":"at.neos","sieges":18},{"parti_id":"at.gruene","sieges":16}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Austrian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Austrian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"FPÖ vainqueur historique mais empêché de former une coalition. Christian Stocker (ÖVP) chancelier depuis mars 2025 (coalition ÖVP + SPÖ + NEOS)."}},{"nom":"Bundesrat","role":"Chambre haute, représente les Länder. Rôle consultatif principalement.","sieges_total":60,"mode_designation":"Désignation par les Landtage (parlements des Länder).","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Upper house, represents the Länder. Mainly advisory role.","mode_designation_en":"Designation by the Landtage (Länder parliaments)."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime, cadre législatif vérifiés.","Première coalition tripartite ÖVP+SPÖ+NEOS (mars 2025) après l'échec des pourparlers avec la FPÖ (victorieuse aux élections mais isolée par un cordon sanitaire).","Neutralité constitutionnelle : l'Autriche n'est pas membre de l'OTAN."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.78,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Autriche","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=de&gl=AT&ceid=AT:de","langue":"de"},{"nom":"ORF News","url_rss":"https://rss.orf.at/news.xml","langue":"de"},{"nom":"Der Standard","url_rss":"https://www.derstandard.at/rss","langue":"de"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel structurellement négatif depuis 2020.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.8,"age_median":44.5,"indice_fecondite":1.31,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/aut","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":77349,"deces_2025":88398,"solde_naturel_2025":-11049},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition","duree_cotisation_ans":45,"taux_cotisation_pct":22.8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":87,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans (hommes) / 60 ans (femmes) — égalisation en cours vers 65 ans en 2033. Cotisation 22,8% (12,55% employeur + 10,25% salarié). Système généreux et bien financé.","source":{"nom":"Pensionsversicherung / OCDE","url":"https://www.pv.at/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution","description_en":"Legal age 65 (men) / 60 (women) — equalization in progress towards 65 in 2033. Contribution 22.8% (12.55% employer + 10.25% employee). Generous and well-funded system."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":580,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":63161,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":80.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-4.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/AUT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"13 January 2012","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 December 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"24 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/AUT.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":29.7},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":5.1},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":3.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":33.7},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Tchéquie","part_pct":4.2}],"top_categories_export":["Machines et équipements","Automobile et pièces","Produits pharmaceutiques","Métaux","Alimentation"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Produits chimiques","Ordinateurs et électronique"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Sports d'hiver (tourisme)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Ski, industrie de la montagne — hub mondial."},{"produit":"Cristal (Swarovski)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Boissons énergisantes (Red Bull)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Sidérurgie (voestalpine)","rang_europeen":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Austria","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/aut","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":50.1,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":54,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH)","source":{"nom":"VfGH","url":"https://www.vfgh.gv.at/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":14,"source":{"nom":"Constitution fédérale (B-VG)","url":"https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président fédéral sur proposition du gouvernement (6+3), du Nationalrat (3) et du Bundesrat (2).","source":{"nom":"B-VG art. 147","url":"https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 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2023 program — participation in the European shield (partial exemption from neutrality): IRIS-T SLM contract under negotiation.","Massive helicopter purchases 2021-2024: AW169M (18) + H145M (18) — replacement for aging fleet."],"alliances_militaires_en":["UE (neutralité militaire)","Permanent neutrality (Constitution 1955)","EU (limited defense)","PESCO"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive, regime, legislative framework verified.","First tripartite coalition ÖVP+SPÖ+NEOS (March 2025) after the failure of talks with the FPÖ (victorious in the elections but isolated by a cordon santé).","Constitutional neutrality: Austria is not a member of NATO."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque 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depuis élection anticipée février 2024 (92,1%). A succédé à son père Heydar Aliyev (1993-2003). Épouse Mehriban Aliyeva vice-présidente.","notes_en":"5th term since early election February 2024 (92.1%). Succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev (1993-2003). Wife Mehriban Aliyeva vice-president."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct — non compétitive. Mandat 7 ans depuis 2016. Réforme 2016 supprime le plafond de mandats.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.e-qanun.az/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ali Asadov","source":{"nom":"Cabinet azerbaïdjanais","url":"https://cabmin.gov.az/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"az.yap","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-10-08","source":{"nom":"Cabinet","url":"https://cabmin.gov.az/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Fonction subordonnée au président.","notes_en":"Function subordinate to the president."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.e-qanun.az/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"az.yap","sieges":68,"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://www.cec.gov.az/","date_donnee":"2024-09-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2003-10-31","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of azerbaidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_azerbaidjan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2008-10-31","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of azerbaidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_azerbaidjan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République hyper-présidentielle autoritaire. 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étatique","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Cotisation totale 25% (22% employeur + 3% salarié). Fonds SOFAZ finance le déficit avec les revenus pétroliers.","source":{"nom":"SSPF","url":"https://www.sspf.gov.az/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"State distribution","description_en":"Total contribution 25% (22% employer + 3% employee). SOFAZ Fund finances the deficit with oil revenues."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.08,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Autocratie fermée. Freedom House : Not Free.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Closed autocracy. Freedom House: Not Free."},"notes_speciales":["**Reconquête totale du Haut-Karabakh** en 24 h les 19-20 septembre 2023 — exode de ~100 000 Arméniens vers l'Arménie.","Fournisseur gazier clef de l'UE depuis 2022 (« diversification loin de la Russie »).","Alliance étroite avec la Turquie (« une nation, deux États »).","Dynastie Aliyev : Heydar (1993-2003) puis Ilham (2003-). Épouse Mehriban VP depuis 2017."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Azerbaïdjan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=AZ&ceid=AZ:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":126400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":300000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":5.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":58,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-90S (livrés Russie 2010+)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-72 (divers upgrades israéliens)","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-90S","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-72M1","quantite":320,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS / Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-55/T-62","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie","notes":"Utilisation historique Nagorno-Karabakh 2020."},{"nom":"Harop (kamikaze)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Harop (loitering — kamikaze)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Utilisés Nagorno-Karabakh 2020."},{"nom":"Anka-S","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"TAI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Aeronautics Orbiter III","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Aeronautics","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"T-155 Firtina (Turquie)","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Turquie/Corée du Sud","fabricant":"MKEK (licence Hanwha)","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"LORA (Elbit)","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"EXTRA (Elbit)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IMI Systems (Elbit)","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"TOS-1A Solntsepyok (thermobarique)","quantite":22,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Utilisés Nagorno-Karabakh 2020."},{"nom":"BM-30 Smerch 300mm MLRS","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"LORA (missile balistique)","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Extra 306mm (dérivé LORA)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IMI Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-3M","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BMP-1/2","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BTR-82A","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29A/UB","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Russie / Ukraine","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-25 Frogfoot","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Bélarus / Géorgie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"JF-17 Thunder Bloc III (contrat 2024 — livraisons 2025+)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Pakistan / Chine","fabricant":"PAC Kamra / CAC","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan / Chine","notes":"Signature septembre 2024."},{"nom":"L-39 Albatros","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"Aero Vodochody","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24/35","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AW139","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU-2","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Barak-8 (contrat 2015 — livraisons 2017-2021)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI / Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"SPYDER-MR","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Tor-M2E","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}]},"alliances_militaires":["Alliance turco-azerbaïdjanaise (Choucha 2021)","Mouvement des non-alignés (2019)","Coopération Israël (drones, missiles Barak-8)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Nagorno-Karabakh","mission":"Reconquête totale septembre 2023 (« one-day war ») — expulsion de facto 100 000 Arméniens","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"1988","cadre":"Territoire national — reconquis","mission_en":"Total reconquest September 2023 (“one-day war”) – de facto expulsion of 100,000 Armenians","cadre_en":"National territory — reconquered"},{"pays":"Frontière arménienne","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — occupation zones arméniennes reconnues depuis 2020","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national — occupation partielle Arménie","mission_en":"Border security – occupation of Armenian zones recognized since 2020","cadre_en":"National territory — partial occupation Armenia"},{"pays":"Corridor de Zangezur","mission":"Revendication corridor entre Nakhitchevan et Azerbaïdjan (traversant Arménie du sud) — négociations bloquées","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Revendication","mission_en":"Corridor claim between Nakhchivan and Azerbaijan (crossing southern Armenia) — negotiations blocked","cadre_en":"Claim"}],"notes_speciales":["Victoire militaire écrasante Nagorno-Karabakh 2020 (44 jours) + 2023 (24 heures) — reconquête totale après occupation arménienne 1994-2020.","Alliance stratégique Turquie : traité de Choucha juin 2021, coopération militaire intense (Bayraktar TB2, F-16 en discussions).","Israël 2ᵉ fournisseur historique : LORA, Barak-8, SPYDER, drones Harop, IAI drones. Vendeur = ~70% drones azerbaïdjanais.","Exportateur pétrolier majeur (BTC pipeline, Trans-Anatolien) — SOCAR, revenus 30+ Md USD 2024.","COP29 hôte novembre 2024 — poids diplomatique croissant."],"notes_speciales_en":["Crushing military victory Nagorno-Karabakh 2020 (44 days) + 2023 (24 hours) — total reconquest after Armenian occupation 1994-2020.","Strategic alliance Türkiye: Treaty of Choucha June 2021, intense military cooperation (Bayraktar TB2, F-16 in discussions).","Israel 2nd historical supplier: LORA, Barak-8, SPYDER, Harop drones, IAI drones. Seller = ~70% Azerbaijani drones.","Major oil exporter (BTC pipeline, Trans-Anatolien) — SOCAR, revenues 30+ billion USD 2024.","COP29 host November 2024 — growing diplomatic weight."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Alliance turco-azerbaïdjanaise (Choucha 2021)","Non-Aligned Movement (2019)","Israeli cooperation (drones, Barak-8 missiles)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"notes":"Mer Caspienne (statut spécial, pas ZEE océanique). Bakou port principal.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Total reconquest of Nagorno-Karabakh** in 24 hours on September 19-20, 2023 — exodus of ~100,000 Armenians to Armenia.","Key gas supplier to the EU since 2022 (“diversification away from Russia”).","Close alliance with Turkey (“one nation, two states”).","Aliyev dynasty: Heydar (1993-2003) then Ilham (2003-). Married Mehriban VP since 2017."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-02-07","type":"presidentielle_anticipee","vainqueur":"Ilham Aliyev (Nouvel Azerbaïdjan, 92.1%, opposition boycott)","gouvernement_issu":"Aliyev 5ᵉ mandat 2024-2031 (au pouvoir depuis 2003).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Azerbaijani presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Azerbaijani_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-02-09","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Nouvel Azerbaïdjan (parti dominant)","gouvernement_issu":"Ali Asadov PM depuis 2019.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Azerbaijani parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BH","iso3":"BHR","slug":"bahrein","nom_courant_fr":"Bahreïn","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Bahreïn","nom_officiel_local":"Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Manama","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1600366,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bhr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":786,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CCG","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"CCG","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hamad ben Issa Al Khalifa","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi","parti_id":"bh.khalifa","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2002-02-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Salman ben Hamad Al Khalifa","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prince héritier et Premier ministre","parti_id":"bh.khalifa","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-11-11","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Roi.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bh.khalifa","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-12","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2002-02-14","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bahrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bahrein","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2007-02-14","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bahrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bahrein","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle où le Roi conserve pouvoirs effectifs (nomination gouvernement, ministères souverains). Assemblée élue mais sans réel pouvoir. Tensions confessionnelles : dynastie sunnite, majorité chiite (~70%).","explication_concrete_en":"Constitutional monarchy where the King retains effective powers (government appointment, sovereign ministries). Elected assembly but without real power. Confessional tensions: Sunni dynasty, Shiite majority (~70%)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Nuwwāb (Chambre des députés)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":40,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal à deux tours.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-11-12","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bh.indep_bh","sieges":40}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022_Bahraini_general_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bahraini_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil des députés élu (40 sièges) + Conseil consultatif de 40 membres nommés par le roi Hamad. Al-Wefaq dissous 2016, opposition chiite muselée."},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Two-round single-member ballot."},{"nom":"Majlis al-Shūrā (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":40,"mode_designation":"Nommés par le Roi.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the King."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":48,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":29344,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":-0.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":147.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-13,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BHR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"21 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"23 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"22 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":12},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":10.2},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":11.3},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":6.4}],"top_categories_export":["Aluminium (Alba)","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Fer","Or","Textile"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut (Arabie saoudite)","Automobile","Fer","Machines","Aliments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Aluminium (Alba — Aluminium Bahrain)","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Banque islamique (hub régional)","rang_regional":2}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Bahreïn","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bhr","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.4,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":29.3,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"BHD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":2.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2065,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":82.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.9,"age_median":32.9,"indice_fecondite":1.81,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bhr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":19257,"deces_2025":3537,"solde_naturel_2025":15720},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SIO)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système principal Répartition (SIO). Cotisation 22%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (SIO)","description_en":"Main Dispatch System (SIO). Contribution 22%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.12,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Tensions confessionnelles** : monarchie sunnite, ~70% de la population chiite.","Printemps arabe 2011 réprimé — intervention saoudienne (« Bouclier de la péninsule »).","Accords d'Abraham 2020 (normalisation avec Israël).","Base de la 5e flotte US.","Hub bancaire islamique et Formule 1."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Bahreïn","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=BH&ceid=BH:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":11260,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":89,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CCG","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","Coopération USA (NSA Bahrain, siège 5ᵉ flotte)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M60A3","quantite":180,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS","quantite":180,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 70 (livraison 2024+)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 40","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 40 (modernisation Block 70 en cours)","quantite":21,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-16V Block 70 (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2023-2025)","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger II (retrait 2011)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégate USS Jack Williams (occasion Perry US, 1996)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Todd Pacific Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Sabha (Perry)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion)","fabricant":"Todd Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Al Manama (Lürssen)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Lürssen","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"AIFV M113A2","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Panhard M3 VTT","quantite":110,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A5 155mm","quantite":62,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":9,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-1E/F Cobra","quantite":26,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"UH-60L Black Hawk","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Base NSA Bahrain","mission":"Siège 5ᵉ flotte USA — commandement Golfe (5th Fleet HQ)","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"1948","cadre":"Bilatéral USA","mission_en":"USA 5th Fleet Headquarters — Gulf Command (5th Fleet HQ)","cadre_en":"Bilateral USA"},{"pays":"Yémen","mission":"Coalition arabe — retrait 2019","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition arabe","status":"retire","mission_en":"Arab Coalition — withdrawal 2019","cadre_en":"Arab Coalition"}],"notes_speciales":["Siège 5ᵉ flotte USA (NSA Bahrain) — 8 000+ personnels, base opérationnelle Golfe.","Bouclier de la péninsule (Peninsula Shield Force) 2011 — troupes saoudiennes déployées lors du printemps chiite bahreïnite (répression manifestations).","Accords d'Abraham (septembre 2020) — normalisation Israël."],"notes_speciales_en":["Headquarters 5th fleet USA (NSA Bahrain) — 8,000+ personnel, Gulf operational base.","Peninsula Shield Force 2011 — Saudi troops deployed during the Bahraini Shiite Spring (repression of demonstrations).","Abraham Accords (September 2020) — normalization Israel."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CCG","Major non-NATO ally USA","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","USA cooperation (NSA Bahrain, 5th fleet headquarters)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":161,"zee_km2":8734,"pib_maritime_pct":1.5,"notes":"Base 5e flotte USA. Small port trafic conteneurs.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Confessional tensions**: Sunni monarchy, ~70% of the Shiite population.","Arab Spring 2011 repressed — Saudi intervention (“Peninsula Shield”).","Abraham Accords 2020 (normalization with Israel).","Base of the US 5th Fleet.","Islamic banking hub and Formula 1."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-11-12","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti autorisé — 40 députés élus comme indépendants (Al-Wefaq et Wa'ad dissous depuis 2016-2017)","gouvernement_issu":"Salman ben Hamad Al Khalifa PM (fils du roi, depuis nov. 2020) succédant à Khalifa ben Salmane.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Bahraini general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bahraini_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-11-24","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Indépendants — opposition chiite boycott","gouvernement_issu":"Khalifa ben Salmane Al Khalifa PM (au pouvoir 1971-2020, PM le plus longtemps en fonction au monde).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Bahraini general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Bahraini_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BD","iso3":"BGD","slug":"bangladesh","nom_courant_fr":"Bangladesh","nom_officiel_fr":"République populaire du Bangladesh","nom_officiel_local":"Gônoprojatontrī Bangladesh","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Dacca","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":175686899,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bgd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":148460,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1974,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SAARC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1985,"source":{"nom":"SAARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BIMSTEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"BIMSTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OMC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"OMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammed Shahabuddin","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-04-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement pour 5 ans (fonction cérémonielle).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Muhammad Yunus","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Conseiller principal du gouvernement intérimaire","parti_id":"bd.transition","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-08-08","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé après la révolution étudiante de juillet-août 2024, mandat de transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bd.transition","sieges":300,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Interim_government_of_Bangladesh_(2024%E2%80%93present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_government_of_Bangladesh_(2024%E2%80%93present)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-08-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-08-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bangladesh","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire de Westminster, en régime intérimaire depuis août 2024 après la chute de Sheikh Hasina. Le prix Nobel Muhammad Yunus dirige un gouvernement de transition composé d'universitaires et de représentants étudiants. Élections législatives prévues pour 2026.","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary republic of Westminster, in interim regime since August 2024 after the fall of Sheikh Hasina. Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus leads a transitional government made up of academics and student representatives. Legislative elections scheduled for 2026."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Jatiya Sangsad","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":350,"mode_designation":"Élection directe 300 sièges (SNTV) + 50 sièges femmes cooptés par les partis.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Uninominal majoritaire à un tour, plus 50 sièges réservés aux femmes.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-01-07","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bd.al","sieges":224,"voix_pct":74.5},{"parti_id":"bd.bnp","sieges":0,"voix_pct":0},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":126,"voix_pct":25.5}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée dissoute par le Président le 6 août 2024 après la chute de Sheikh Hasina. La composition ci-dessous est celle avant dissolution — indicative.","notes_en":"Assembly dissolved by the President on August 6, 2024 after the fall of Sheikh Hasina. The composition below is that before dissolution — indicative."},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election 300 seats (SNTV) + 50 women’s seats co-opted by the parties."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême du Bangladesh (High Court + Appellate Division)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":95,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis du Premier ministre (procédure suspendue depuis 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 67 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":458,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2636,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":42,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"30 July 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"22 May 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"16 Sep 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":18.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":9.9},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":27.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":15.2},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.1}],"top_categories_export":["Vêtements","Cuir","Jute","Produits pharmaceutiques","Produits de la mer"],"top_categories_import":["Textile brut","Machines","Pétrole raffiné","Métaux","Céréales"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Prêt-à-porter (RMG)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Deuxième exportateur mondial de vêtements après la Chine — 82% des exportations."},{"produit":"Jute","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Bangladesh","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bgd","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"BDT","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.1,"esperance_vie_femmes":76.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":73.3,"indice_fecondite":2.1,"naissances_2025":3513738,"deces_2025":896003,"solde_naturel_2025":2617735,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bgd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"},"age_median":27.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2065,"annee_bascule_note":"Projection ONU tendance actuelle."},"retraites":{"age_legal":59,"age_taux_plein":59,"systeme_type":"Système public non-contributif limité + fonds Provident privés","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Pas de système universel de retraite. Fonds Provident obligatoires pour les fonctionnaires et une partie du secteur formel. Grande majorité de la population dans le secteur informel sans couverture.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Limited non-contributory public system + private Provident funds","description_en":"No universal retirement system. Mandatory Provident funds for civil servants and part of the formal sector. Large majority of the population in the informal sector without coverage."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.2,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Sous Sheikh Hasina : autocratie électorale. Depuis août 2024 : transition, classification en attente.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Under Sheikh Hasina: electoral autocracy. Since August 2024: transition, classification pending."},"notes_speciales":["Régime intérimaire depuis août 2024, dirigé par le prix Nobel de la paix Muhammad Yunus (microfinance).","Élections législatives prévues 2026 — les partis Awami League (Sheikh Hasina) sont juridiquement suspendus.","2ᵉ exportateur mondial de vêtements ; 82% des exportations totales viennent du textile.","Population dense (1200 hab/km²), très exposée aux inondations et à la montée des eaux."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"The Daily Star","url_rss":"https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Google Actualités — Bangladesh","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=bn&gl=BD&ceid=BD:bn","langue":"bn"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":165000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":76000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":40,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"MBT-2000 (Al-Khalid) + Type 59/69","quantite":380,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Pakistan"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Otokar Cobra, WMA-301, BTR-80","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-7 BG/BGI + MiG-29","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 212/206, Mi-17","quantite":45,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates + patrouilleurs","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Corée du Sud"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Type 035G Ming (2 sous-marins)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Chine"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":580,"zee_km2":86392,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":100,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.9,"notes":"Chittagong 51ᵉ port conteneurs. Delta du Gange (Sundarbans). Aquaculture crevettes.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Interim regime since August 2024, led by Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus (microfinance).","Legislative elections scheduled for 2026 — Awami League (Sheikh Hasina) parties are legally suspended.","2nd world exporter of clothing; 82% of total exports come from textiles.","Dense population (1200 inhabitants/km²), very exposed to flooding and rising water levels."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-01-07","type":"legislative","participation_pct":41.8,"vainqueur":"Ligue Awami (Sheikh Hasina, 223 sièges sur 300, scrutin boycotté par le BNP)","gouvernement_issu":"Sheikh Hasina PM (4ᵉ mandat consécutif, janv.-août 2024), renversée par les manifestations étudiantes. Gouvernement intérimaire de Muhammad Yunus depuis août 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Bangladeshi general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bangladeshi_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-12-30","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Ligue Awami (288/300 sièges, scrutin contesté)","gouvernement_issu":"Sheikh Hasina, PM 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Bangladeshi general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Bangladeshi_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BE","iso3":"BEL","slug":"belgique","nom_courant_fr":"Belgique","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Belgique","nom_officiel_local":"Koninkrijk België / Royaume de Belgique / Königreich Belgien","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bruxelles","source":{"nom":"Statbel","url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11941781,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bel","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":30528,"source":{"nom":"Statbel","url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN — siège à Bruxelles","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Philippe","source":{"nom":"Monarchie de Belgique","url":"https://www.monarchie.be/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi des Belges","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-07-21","source":{"nom":"Monarchie de Belgique","url":"https://www.monarchie.be/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution belge, article 85","url":"https://www.senate.be/doc/const_fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Bart De Wever","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — De Wever government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Wever_government","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"be.nva","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-02-03","notes":"Investi le 3 février 2025 après 8 mois de négociations post-élections du 9 juin 2024. « Coalition Arizona » : N-VA + MR + Vooruit + CD&V + Les Engagés (81/150 sièges).","source":{"nom":"Coalition Arizona / Wikipedia","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Invested on February 3, 2025 after 8 months of post-election negotiations of June 9, 2024. “Coalition Arizona”: N-VA + MR + Vooruit + CD&V + Les Engagés (81/150 seats)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Roi après consultations, doit obtenir la confiance de la Chambre des représentants.","source":{"nom":"Constitution belge","url":"https://www.senate.be/doc/const_fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"be.nva","sieges":24,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Coalition Arizona","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"be.mr","sieges":20,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Coalition Arizona","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"be.vooruit","sieges":13,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Coalition Arizona","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"be.cdv","sieges":11,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Coalition Arizona","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"be.engages","sieges":13,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Coalition Arizona","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Arizona","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-02-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_belgique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-02-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_belgique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie fédérale à structure complexe : 6 entités fédérées (3 régions + 3 communautés linguistiques). Gouvernement fédéral responsable devant la Chambre. Instabilité gouvernementale : formations coalitionnelles longues (record : 541 jours en 2010-2011).","explication_concrete_en":"Federal monarchy with complex structure: 6 federated entities (3 regions + 3 linguistic communities). Federal government responsible to the House. Governmental instability: long coalition formations (record: 541 days in 2010-2011)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des représentants","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 11 circonscriptions provinciales.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Lower House. Vote for the law and confidence in the government.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by D'Hondt proportional representation in 11 provincial constituencies.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-06-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"be.nva","sieges":24},{"parti_id":"be.vb","sieges":20},{"parti_id":"be.mr","sieges":20},{"parti_id":"be.cdv","sieges":11},{"parti_id":"be.pvda","sieges":15},{"parti_id":"be.ps_be","sieges":16},{"parti_id":"be.lengagement","sieges":14},{"parti_id":"be.vooruit","sieges":13},{"parti_id":"be.groen","sieges":6},{"parti_id":"be.ecolo","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"be.autres","sieges":8}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Belgian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belgian_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Bart De Wever (N-VA) PM depuis février 2025 après 8 mois de négociations — coalition « Arizona » : N-VA + MR + LE + CD&V + Vooruit."}},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute, non-législative en pratique depuis la réforme de 2014.","sieges_total":60,"mode_designation":"50 sénateurs désignés par les parlements des entités fédérées + 10 cooptés.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper house, non-legislative in practice since the 2014 reform.","mode_designation_en":"50 senators appointed by the parliaments of the federated entities + 10 co-opted."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime, cadre législatif vérifiés.","Coalition Arizona : première fois qu'un flamand nationaliste (N-VA) dirige un gouvernement fédéral belge, cohabitant avec des partis francophones et socialistes.","Fédéralisme complexe : 6 entités fédérées ; compétences importantes déléguées."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.79,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Belgique","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=BE&ceid=BE:fr","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2023,"annee_bascule_note":"Le solde naturel est devenu négatif en 2023 pour la première fois hors crise sanitaire.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.3,"age_median":42.3,"indice_fecondite":1.44,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bel","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":109864,"deces_2025":113447,"solde_naturel_2025":-3583},"retraites":{"age_legal":66,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition","duree_cotisation_ans":45,"taux_cotisation_pct":16.36,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":66,"description":"Âge légal montant : 66 ans en 2025, 67 ans en 2030. Cotisation 16,36% (8,86% employeur + 7,5% salarié). Retraite anticipée possible dès 60 ans avec 44 années de carrière.","source":{"nom":"SFPD / OCDE","url":"https://www.sfpd.fgov.be/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution","description_en":"Legal age amount: 66 years in 2025, 67 years in 2030. Contribution 16.36% (8.86% employer + 7.5% employee). Early retirement possible from age 60 with 44 years of career."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":725,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":61002,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":106.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BEL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"25 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"13 June 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"28 April 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/BEL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":17.7},{"pays":"France","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":12.9},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":17.2},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":13},{"pays":"France","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.5}],"top_categories_export":["Produits chimiques et pharmaceutiques","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Automobile","Machines","Diamants (Anvers)"],"top_categories_import":["Produits chimiques","Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Machines","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pharmacie (Janssen, UCB)","rang_europeen":2},{"produit":"Diamants taillés (Anvers)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Historiquement le hub mondial du diamant."},{"produit":"Bière artisanale et trappiste","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Chocolat","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Belgium","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bel","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":49.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":54.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle / Grondwettelijk Hof","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.const-court.be/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Loi spéciale du 6 janvier 1989","url":"https://www.const-court.be/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi sur liste double proposée alternativement par la Chambre et le Sénat. Parité linguistique (6 francophones, 6 néerlandophones). Moitié « politiques » (anciens parlementaires), moitié « juristes ».","source":{"nom":"Loi spéciale 1989","url":"https://www.const-court.be/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.const-court.be/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-06-09","type":"legislative","participation_pct":88.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"be.nva","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition « Arizona » N-VA + MR + Vooruit + CD&V + Les Engagés (81/150) sous Bart De Wever, investie le 3 février 2025 (record : 240 jours de formation).","notes":"Vote obligatoire.","source":{"nom":"SPF Intérieur","url":"https://elections.fgov.be/","date_donnee":"2024-06-09","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2019-05-26","type":"legislative","participation_pct":88.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"be.nva","gouvernement_issu":"Cabinet De Croo (Vivaldi : 7 partis) après 493 jours de négociations.","source":{"nom":"SPF Intérieur","url":"https://elections.fgov.be/","date_donnee":"2019-05-26","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":24500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":5400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":7.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":76,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 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PIB défense pour 2035 — plan STAR 2023 annonce 30 Md€ investissements 2024-2030."],"notes_speciales_en":["2018 CaMo (Motorized Capacity) program: exclusive partnership with France — Griffon/Jaguar/Serval allocation identical to the French army.","F-35A replaces the F-16 from 2025 — order for 34 units.","NATO nuclear sharing: ~10-15 American B61 warheads at Kleine Brogel, F-35A vectors from 2027.","Return to 2% defense GDP for 2035 — STAR 2023 plan announces €30 billion investments 2024-2030."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","NATO (founder)","PESCO","BeNeLux"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":66,"zee_km2":3454,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":200,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.02,"notes":"Anvers-Bruges 2ᵉ port UE (12,9 M EVP + 271 Mt cargo). 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Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SAARC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1985,"source":{"nom":"SAARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BIMSTEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"BIMSTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Roi (Druk Gyalpo)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2006-12-09","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bt.pdp","sieges":30,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Bhutanese National Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-01-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bhoutan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-01-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bhoutan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire depuis 2008. Le Roi conserve un rôle symbolique et modérateur, l'exécutif est dirigé par le Premier ministre issu de la National Assembly (Tshogdu). Deux tours électoraux : primaire (tous partis) puis final (deux premiers).","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary constitutional monarchy since 2008. The King retains a symbolic and moderating role, the executive is headed by the Prime Minister from the National Assembly (Tshogdu). Two electoral rounds: primary (all parties) then final (first two)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Tshogdu (National Assembly)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":47,"mode_designation":"Élection directe dans 47 circonscriptions, système à deux tours (primary + general).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Uninominal majoritaire à deux tours","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-01-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bt.dtl","sieges":30,"voix_pct":55},{"parti_id":"bt.btp","sieges":17,"voix_pct":45}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election in 47 constituencies, two-round system (primary + general)."},{"nom":"Gyelyong Tshogde (National Council)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":25,"mode_designation":"20 sièges élus non-partisans (un par dzongkhag) + 5 nommés par le Roi.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Uninominal majoritaire à un tour, candidats sans étiquette","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"20 non-partisan elected seats (one per dzongkhag) + 5 appointed by the King."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême du Bhoutan","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi sur recommandation du Conseil judiciaire national.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans, renouvelables","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":4394,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":7.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":103.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BTN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":79},{"pays":"Bangladesh","part_pct":6},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":3.5},{"pays":"Népal","part_pct":2.4},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":1.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":84},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":3.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":2.2},{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":1.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":1.5}],"top_categories_export":["Électricité hydroélectrique","Ferro-alliages","Ciment","Bois travaillé","Cardamome"],"top_categories_import":["Combustibles","Véhicules","Machines","Riz","Fer et acier"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Électricité hydraulique","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Bilan carbone négatif — le pays absorbe plus de CO2 qu'il n'en émet."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Bhoutan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/btn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":31.2,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"BTN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.1,"esperance_vie_femmes":75.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":71.6,"indice_fecondite":1.4,"naissances_2025":9959,"deces_2025":4860,"solde_naturel_2025":5099,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/btn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"},"age_median":29.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Projection ONU tendance actuelle."},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Public par répartition (NPPF)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"National Pension and Provident Fund : cotisation 11% employeur + 11% employé sur le secteur formel. Grande majorité de la population rurale non couverte formellement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bhoutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoutan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public by distribution (NPPF)","description_en":"National Pension and Provident Fund: 11% employer contribution + 11% employee in the formal sector. Large majority of the rural population not formally covered."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.52,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale récente (2008), monarchie constitutionnelle.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recent electoral democracy (2008), constitutional monarchy."},"notes_speciales":["Monarchie constitutionnelle depuis 2008 — passage volontaire du Roi Jigme Singye Wangchuck qui a abdiqué au profit de son fils.","Indicateur du Bonheur National Brut (BNB) — cadre officiel des politiques publiques depuis 1972.","Pays enclavé, entre l'Inde et la Chine ; frontière contestée avec la Chine (secteur Doklam).","Politique climatique : bilan carbone négatif, forêt couvre 70% du territoire (constitutionnel)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Kuensel Online","url_rss":"https://kuenselonline.com/feed/","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Google Actualités — Bhutan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=BT&ceid=BT:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":7000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":1000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"rang_puissance":{},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Small arms + véhicules légers","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Inde"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 407, Chetak (petit parc)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Inde/USA"}],"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char (armée légère)","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Constitutional monarchy since 2008 — voluntary transition of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck who abdicated for the benefit of his son.","Gross National Happiness Indicator (GNH) — official public policy framework since 1972.","Landlocked country, between India and China; disputed border with China (Doklam sector).","Climate policy: negative carbon footprint, forest covers 70% of the territory (constitutional)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-01-09","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti démocratique populaire (PDP, 30 sièges sur 47)","gouvernement_issu":"Tshering Tobgay (PDP) PM depuis janv. 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Bhutanese National Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-18","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (DNT, 30 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Lotay Tshering PM 2018-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"BY","iso3":"BLR","slug":"bielorussie","nom_courant_fr":"Biélorussie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Biélorussie","nom_officiel_local":"Рэспубліка Беларусь / Республика Беларусь","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Minsk","source":{"nom":"Belstat","url":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":9085991,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/blr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":207600,"source":{"nom":"Belstat","url":"https://www.belstat.gov.by/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Alliée militaire de la Russie (État de l'Union, OTSC). Armes nucléaires russes stationnées depuis 2023.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Military ally of Russia (Union State, CSTO). Russian nuclear weapons stationed since 2023."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Seul pays européen non membre (avec le Kosovo et le Vatican). Statut de « pays candidat spécial » depuis 1993, jamais concrétisé.","source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Only non-member European country (with Kosovo and the Vatican). “Special candidate country” status since 1993, never materialized."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Aleksandr Loukachenko","source":{"nom":"President.gov.by","url":"https://president.gov.by/en","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":"by.bnp","sans_etiquette":false,"notes":"Sans parti officiel mais chef incontesté du régime autoritaire biélorusse depuis 1994.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1994-07-20","notes":"Au pouvoir depuis 31 ans. Réélu en janvier 2025 avec 87% des voix (élection non compétitive, opposition en prison ou en exil).","source":{"nom":"President.gov.by","url":"https://president.gov.by/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"In power for 31 years. Re-elected in January 2025 with 87% of the votes (non-competitive election, opposition in prison or exile)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection présidentielle formelle. **Élections non compétitives : opposants systématiquement disqualifiés ou emprisonnés.**","source":{"nom":"Constitution biélorusse","url":"https://pravo.by/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Alexandre Tourchine","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement biélorusse","url":"https://www.government.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-10","source":{"nom":"Government.by","url":"https://www.government.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ancien président du Conseil des ministres de Minsk. Succède à Roman Golovtchenko (nommé président de la Banque nationale).","notes_en":"Former Chairman of the Minsk Council of Ministers. Succeeds Roman Golovchenko (appointed president of the National Bank)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec accord de la Chambre des représentants.","source":{"nom":"Constitution biélorusse","url":"https://pravo.by/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"by.belaya_rus","sieges":110,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1994-07-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bielorussie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bielorussie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"1999-07-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bielorussie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bielorussie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle formelle, en réalité régime personnel autoritaire de Loukachenko depuis 1994. Bicamérisme fictif — les deux chambres ne jouent aucun rôle politique. Alignement militaire, économique et politique complet avec la Russie.","explication_concrete_en":"Formal presidential republic, in reality Lukashenko's authoritarian personal rule since 1994. Fictitious bicameralism — both chambers play no political role. Full military, economic and political alignment with Russia."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Palata Predstavitelej (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse fictive.","sieges_total":110,"mode_designation":"Élection uninominale majoritaire à un tour. Élections non compétitives depuis 1996.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Fictional lower house.","mode_designation_en":"Single-member majority election in one round. Non-competitive elections since 1996.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-02-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"by.belaya_rus","sieges":51},{"parti_id":"by.indep_by","sieges":53},{"parti_id":"by.kpb","sieges":6}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Belarusian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Belarusian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Scrutin sans candidats d'opposition (partis d'opposition bannis). Belaya Rus (parti loukachenkiste) obtient 51 sièges, 53 indépendants pro-régime, 6 sièges petits partis. Aucune contestation possible."}},{"nom":"Sovet Respubliki (Conseil de la République)","role":"Chambre haute fictive.","sieges_total":64,"mode_designation":"56 élus par les conseils locaux, 8 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Fictional upper house.","mode_designation_en":"56 elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the President."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**V-Dem classe la Biélorussie comme « autocratie fermée »** (closed autocracy). Freedom House : « Not Free » (score 8/100).","Loukachenko au pouvoir depuis 1994 — plus vieux dirigeant en poste d'Europe.","Élection présidentielle de janvier 2025 : Loukachenko réélu à 87% dans un scrutin non compétitif.","Chef d'accusation international : coopération avec la Russie dans l'invasion de l'Ukraine (transit militaire depuis février 2022), déportation d'enfants ukrainiens.","**Détenteur du pouvoir effectif = Président** (règle générale pour régime présidentiel autoritaire)."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.05,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Biélorussie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ru&gl=BY&ceid=BY:ru","langue":"ru"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1993,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1993. Aggravation depuis 2020 (COVID, émigration politique après répression).","esperance_vie_femmes":79.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.7,"age_median":41.7,"indice_fecondite":1.22,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/blr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":63884,"deces_2025":119354,"solde_naturel_2025":-55470},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition (soviétique modifié)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":35,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":42,"description":"Réforme 2016 : montée progressive à 63 ans (H) et 58 ans (F) d'ici 2027. Cotisation 35% (28% employeur + 1% salarié + 6% État).","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail belarusse","url":"https://mintrud.gov.by/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (Soviet modified)","description_en":"2016 reform: gradual increase to 63 years (M) and 58 years (F) by 2027. Contribution 35% (28% employer + 1% employee + 6% State)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":93,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":10209,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":6.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BLR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"SD","perspective":"N/A","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ca","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"En défaut sélectif suite aux sanctions occidentales 2022+."},"fitch":{"valeur":"RD","perspective":"N/A","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":65.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Ukraine","part_pct":3.2},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":2.8},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":2.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":58.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":2.8},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":2.6},{"pays":"Ukraine","part_pct":2.1}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pétroliers raffinés","Engrais potassiques","Machines","Produits laitiers","Textiles"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Ordinateurs","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Potasse (Belaruskali)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"~20% de la production mondiale. Sanctions occidentales depuis 2021."},{"produit":"Tracteurs (MTZ)","rang_europeen":3},{"produit":"Camions (BelAZ)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Leader mondial des tombereaux miniers géants."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Belarus","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/blr","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":38.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"BYN","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Канстытуцыйны Суд (Cour constitutionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle biélorusse","url":"https://kc.gov.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Constitution biélorusse, art. 116","url":"https://pravo.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"6 nommés par le Président, 6 par le Conseil de la République (chambre haute).","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 116","url":"https://pravo.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"11 ans, retraite obligatoire à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://pravo.by/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Sans indépendance effective — n'a jamais invalidé de loi présidentielle.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-01-26","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":85.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":null,"gouvernement_issu":"Loukachenko réélu pour un 7e mandat, score officiel 86,8%. Turchin nommé PM le 10 mars 2025.","notes":"**Élection non compétitive** — opposition emprisonnée ou exilée depuis 2020. OSCE non invitée. Aucun observateur international indépendant.","source":{"nom":"CEC Belarus / analyses OSCE","url":"https://rec.gov.by/","date_donnee":"2025-01-26","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"}},{"date":"2020-08-09","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":84.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":null,"gouvernement_issu":"Score officiel Loukachenko 80,1%. Manifestations massives, répression, réfugiés politiques (Tikhanovskaïa).","notes":"**Élection non reconnue par l'UE**. Sviatlana Tikhanovskaïa (opposition) revendique la victoire.","source":{"nom":"BBC / analyses OSCE","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53736180","date_donnee":"2020-08-09","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":63000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":289500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":110000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":2.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":51,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTSC","État de l'Union avec la Russie"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B / T-72B3 (mod. Russie)","quantite":465,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-80U","quantite":92,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Omsktransmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30SM (livrés 2020)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-29 (upgradé)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Su-25","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"Polonez (MLRS 300mm)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Biélorussie/Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC + Beloruskaya Aviacia","pays_fabricant":"Biélorussie/Chine"},{"nom":"2S19 Msta-S","quantite":132,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uraltransmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"9K57 Uragan (MLRS)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"NPO Splav","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-400 Triumf (livrés Russie 2022)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"S-300PS/PMU","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Buk-MB","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"URSS/Biélorussie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey + Alevkurp","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Biélorussie"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["CSTO","State of the Union with Russia"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive, regime and legislative framework verified.","**V-Dem classifies Belarus as a “closed autocracy”**. Freedom House: “Not Free” (score 8/100).","Lukashenko in power since 1994 — Europe's oldest leader.","January 2025 presidential election: Lukashenko re-elected by 87% in a non-competitive election.","International charge: cooperation with Russia in the invasion of Ukraine (military transit since February 2022), deportation of Ukrainian children.","**Holder of effective power = President** (general rule for authoritarian presidential regime)."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"MM","iso3":"MMR","slug":"birmanie","nom_courant_fr":"Birmanie (Myanmar)","nom_officiel_fr":"République de l'Union du Myanmar","nom_officiel_local":"Pyi-daung-zu Thanmăda Myanmar Nàing-ngan-dàw","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Naypyidaw","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":54850648,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mmr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":676578,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"notes":"Statut de participation limitée depuis 2021.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Limited participation status since 2021."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 countries, entered into force January 2022. Largest global free trade area (30% GDP, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Min Aung Hlaing","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président du Conseil d'administration de l'État (junte)","parti_id":"mm.junta","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-02-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Chef d'état-major de la Tatmadaw depuis 2011. Autoproclamé « PM » puis « Président par intérim » en 2024.","notes_en":"Chief of Staff of the Tatmadaw since 2011. Self-proclaimed “PM” then “Acting President” in 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Coup d'État militaire du 1er février 2021.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Min Aung Hlaing (cumul)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"mm.junta","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-08-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Autoproclamation.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mm.nld","sieges":396,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"mm.junta","sieges":33,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":235,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-02-01","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of birmanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_birmanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-02-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of birmanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_birmanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Régime militaire depuis coup d'État 1er février 2021** contre le gouvernement démocratiquement élu (NLD/Aung San Suu Kyi). Guerre civile généralisée. Gouvernement d'unité nationale (NUG) opposition en exil.","explication_concrete_en":"**Military rule since coup d'état February 1, 2021** against the democratically elected government (NLD/Aung San Suu Kyi). Generalized civil war. National Unity Government (NUG) opposition in exile."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assemblée dissoute)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":664,"mode_designation":"Chambres dissoutes depuis février 2021.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-11-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mm.nld","sieges":396,"voix_pct":65.5},{"parti_id":"mm.junta","sieges":33,"voix_pct":33.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":235,"voix_pct":1.3}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Chambers dissolved since February 2021."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle (dysfonctionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":82,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1502,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":51.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-4.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"CCC","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":26.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":24.7},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":4.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":38.1},{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":20.9},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":4.4}],"top_categories_export":["Gaz naturel","Vêtements","Jade et pierres précieuses","Riz","Poisson"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Textile (matières)"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Jade","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~90% du jade impérial mondial (mine de Hpakant)."},{"produit":"Rubis","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Opium","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"2e après reprise post-coup 2021."},{"produit":"Riz","rang_mondial":12}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Birmanie (Myanmar)","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mmr","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.3,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"MMK","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":16.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2055,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":70.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":64,"age_median":30.2,"indice_fecondite":2.1,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mmr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":903061,"deces_2025":503310,"solde_naturel_2025":399751},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Système public — largement inopérant","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":4,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système Système public — largement inopérant. Cotisation 4%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public system — largely ineffective","description_en":"System Public system — largely inoperative. Contribution 4%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.05,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Coup d'État militaire 1er février 2021** — arrestation d'Aung San Suu Kyi (27 ans de prison cumulés).","Guerre civile généralisée depuis 2021 — armée en recul face à alliance ethniques + Forces de défense populaires.","Opération 1027 (octobre 2023) : alliance Trois Fraternités reprend de vastes territoires — la junte contrôle moins de 50% du pays fin 2024.","Migration massive : ~1 M de déplacés internes, ~1 M de réfugiés vers Thaïlande/Bangladesh.","Génocide des Rohingyas (2017) — ~1 M de réfugiés au Bangladesh.","Aung San Suu Kyi (Prix Nobel 1991) emprisonnée depuis 2021."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Birmanie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=MM&ceid=MM:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":406000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":107000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":4.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":39,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN","ASEAN (suspension 2021)","Coopération Russie, Chine, Inde"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72S (Russie/Ukraine)","quantite":139,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Type 69-II (chinois)","quantite":260,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"T-72S/M1 (Russie 2001+)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Type 69-II (Chine)","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"M4 Sherman (musée)","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1955,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Motors","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30SME (livrés 2022)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-29B/UB","quantite":31,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"JF-17M Thunder Block II","quantite":11,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"PAC + CAC","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan/Chine"},{"nom":"MiG-29B/UB","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Russie / Bélarus","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-30SME (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2019-2024)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Utilisés bombardements civils."},{"nom":"JF-17 Thunder (contrat 2015)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Pakistan / Chine","fabricant":"PAC Kamra / CAC","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan / Chine"},{"nom":"F-7 (J-7)","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Yak-130 (entraînement / attaque)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Kyan Sittha","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Birmanie","fabricant":"Myanma Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Birmanie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Anawrahta","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Birmanie","fabricant":"Myanma Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Birmanie"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Aung Zeya (F-11)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Birmanie / Chine","fabricant":"Sinodefence","pays_fabricant":"Birmanie"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Kyansittha","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Birmanie","fabricant":"Myanmar Naval Dockyard","pays_fabricant":"Birmanie"},{"nom":"OPV classe Anawrahta","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Birmanie","fabricant":"Myanmar Naval Dockyard","pays_fabricant":"Birmanie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-3U (Ukraine 2010)","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Kharkiv Morozov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"MT-LB (URSS)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kharkiv","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"Panhard AML-90","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SH-1 (Chine, achats 2013)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Grad BM-21","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-24/35","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Utilisés attaques civils."},{"nom":"W-3 Sokół (Pologne)","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"PZL Świdnik","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marin classe Kilo (occasion Inde 2020)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie / Inde (occasion)","fabricant":"Admiralty Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Sous-marin classe Ming (Chine, 2021)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"drones":[{"nom":"CH-3A (Chine)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Wing Loong II (contrat annoncé 2020)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — guerre civile","mission":"Guerre civile depuis coup février 2021 — Tatmadaw vs PDF (Forces de défense du peuple) + EAO ethniques","effectifs":300000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Autonome — guerre civile","mission_en":"Civil war since coup February 2021 — Tatmadaw vs PDF (People's Defense Forces) + ethnic EAO","cadre_en":"Autonomous — civil war"},{"pays":"État Rakhine","mission":"Guerre contre l'Arakan Army (AA) — pertes majeures 2024","effectifs":25000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"War against the Arakan Army (AA) — major losses 2024","cadre_en":"Autonomous"},{"pays":"Frontière chinoise","mission":"Guerre contre l'Alliance des trois frères (MNDAA, TNLA, AA) — pertes majeures 2023-2024","effectifs":40000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"War against the Three Brothers Alliance (MNDAA, TNLA, AA) — major losses 2023-2024","cadre_en":"Autonomous"}],"notes_speciales":["Coup militaire du 1er février 2021 — chute Aung San Suu Kyi, prise pouvoir Min Aung Hlaing (Tatmadaw).","Guerre civile totale depuis mai 2021 — Forces de défense du peuple (PDF) + EAO ethniques vs Tatmadaw. ~50 000 morts, 3 M déplacés.","Perte de contrôle territorial massif 2023-2024 : Opération 1027 (Alliance des trois frères, octobre 2023) prend Lashio (5 000 km²), Chine bloque effort taliban septembre 2024.","Effondrement moral Tatmadaw : ~30 000 défections + décès en 2024, recrutement forcé imposé février 2024.","Fournisseurs isolés : Russie (Su-30SME utilisés contre civils), Chine (JF-17, drones), Inde (sous-marin Kilo occasion) — sanctions occidentales strictes."],"notes_speciales_en":["Military coup of February 1, 2021 - fall of Aung San Suu Kyi, takeover of Min Aung Hlaing (Tatmadaw).","All-out civil war since May 2021 — People's Defense Forces (PDF) + ethnic EAO vs Tatmadaw. ~50,000 dead, 3M displaced.","Massive loss of territorial control 2023-2024: Operation 1027 (Three Brothers Alliance, October 2023) takes Lashio (5,000 km²), China blocks Taliban effort September 2024.","Tatmadaw moral collapse: ~30,000 defections + deaths in 2024, forced recruitment imposed February 2024.","Isolated suppliers: Russia (Su-30SME used against civilians), China (JF-17, drones), India (used Kilo submarine) — strict Western sanctions."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ASEAN","ASEAN (2021 suspension)","Cooperation Russia, China, India"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1930,"zee_km2":511557,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":3,"notes":"Rangoun, Sittwe (accord Chine 2024). Guerre civile 2021+ perturbe trafics.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Military coup February 1, 2021** — arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi (cumulative 27 years in prison).","Generalized civil war since 2021 - army in retreat facing ethnic alliances + Popular Defense Forces.","Operation 1027 (October 2023): Three Brotherhoods alliance retakes vast territories — the junta controls less than 50% of the country at the end of 2024.","Massive migration: ~1M internally displaced people, ~1M refugees to Thailand/Bangladesh.","Rohingya genocide (2017) — ~1M refugees in Bangladesh.","Aung San Suu Kyi (Nobel Prize 1991) imprisoned since 2021."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-11-08","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Ligue nationale pour la démocratie (NLD, Aung San Suu Kyi, 396 sièges sur 476)","gouvernement_issu":"Résultat invalidé par le coup d'État militaire du 1er février 2021. Junte militaire (Tatmadaw, Min Aung Hlaing) au pouvoir depuis.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Myanmar general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Myanmar_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2015-11-08","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"NLD (Aung San Suu Kyi, 390 sièges sur 476)","gouvernement_issu":"Aung San Suu Kyi Conseillère d'État 2016-2021 (fonction créée sur mesure, la Constitution lui interdisait la présidence).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Myanmar general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Myanmar_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BO","iso3":"BOL","slug":"bolivie","nom_courant_fr":"Bolivie","nom_officiel_fr":"État plurinational de Bolivie","nom_officiel_local":"Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Sucre (constitutionnelle) / La Paz (siège gouv.)","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":12581843,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bol","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1098581,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Mercosur","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2015,"notes":"Membre associé depuis 2012.","source":{"nom":"Mercosur","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Associate member since 2012."},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rodrigo Paz Pereira","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"bo.pdc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-11-08","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"PDC (chrétien-démocrate centriste). Élu au 2e tour le 19 octobre 2025 (54,5%) face à Jorge Quiroga (Alianza Libre). **Fin de 20 ans de règne MAS**.","notes_en":"PDC (Centrist Christian Democrat). Elected in the 2nd round on October 19, 2025 (54.5%) against Jorge Quiroga (Alianza Libre). **End of 20 years of MAS reign**."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rodrigo Paz Pereira (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-11-08","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bo.mas","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-08-17","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"bo.cc","sieges":32,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-08-17","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"bo.creemos","sieges":25,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-08-17","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":33,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-08-17","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-11-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bolivie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bolivie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-11-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bolivie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bolivie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle plurinationale (Constitution 2009). Reconnaissance des peuples autochtones. Fin du long règne MAS d'Evo Morales (2006-2019) puis Luis Arce (2020-2025).","explication_concrete_en":"Plurinational presidential republic (2009 Constitution). Recognition of indigenous peoples. End of the long MAS reign of Evo Morales (2006-2019) then Luis Arce (2020-2025)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Diputados","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":130,"mode_designation":"Mixte : 70 uninominaux + 60 proportionnels + 7 sièges autochtones.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-08-17","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bo.mas","sieges":40,"voix_pct":27.5},{"parti_id":"bo.cc","sieges":32,"voix_pct":19.2},{"parti_id":"bo.creemos","sieges":25,"voix_pct":20.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":33,"voix_pct":32.9}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-08-17","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Mixed: 70 single-member seats + 60 proportional seats + 7 indigenous seats."},{"nom":"Cámara de Senadores","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":36,"mode_designation":"4 par département (9 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World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BOL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BOL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":84.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BOL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-11.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BOL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"23 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"CCC","perspective":null,"source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"16 January 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"30 June 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":12.7},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":18.2},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Pérou","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Gaz naturel (Brésil, Argentine)","Étain","Soja","Zinc"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Machines","Automobile","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Lithium (Salar de Uyuni — plus grandes réserves mondiales)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Non encore exploité à grande échelle."},{"produit":"Étain","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Gaz naturel (exportateur Brésil/Argentine)","rang_mondial":25}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — 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2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bol","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":264546,"deces_2025":90237,"solde_naturel_2025":174309},"retraites":{"age_legal":58,"age_taux_plein":58,"systeme_type":"Système public (Gestora Pública)","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":12.7,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système Système public (Gestora Pública). Cotisation 12.7%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public system (Gestora Pública)","description_en":"System Public system (Gestora Pública). Contribution 12.7%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.42,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Chute post-crise 2019 puis stabilisation.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Post-crisis fall in 2019 then stabilization."},"notes_speciales":["**Alternance historique octobre 2025** : Rodrigo Paz Pereira (PDC, centriste) élu — fin de 20 ans MAS. Evo Morales interdit de candidature.","Crise économique 2024-2025 : pénurie de dollars, dévaluation, inflation.","Salar de Uyuni : plus grandes réserves de lithium au monde (~21% des réserves globales).","Constitution 2009 plurinationale : reconnaissance des 36 peuples autochtones.","Juges de la Cour constitutionnelle élus au suffrage universel — modèle unique post-2011."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Bolivie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=BO&ceid=BO:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":39000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":37100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.65,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":71,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OEA","CELAC","ALBA","Non-aligné","Coopération militaire Cuba, Venezuela, Chine, Russie"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"K-8VB Karakorum","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"Hongdu Aviation + PAC","pays_fabricant":"Chine/Pakistan"},{"nom":"K-8VB Karakorum","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Hongdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"AT-33 Silver Star (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Canada / États-Unis","fabricant":"Canadair","pays_fabricant":"Canada","notes":"Retirés."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"EE-11 Urutu","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"MOWAG Roland","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-101 105mm","quantite":70,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-1H Huey","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS332 Super Puma","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"H145M (annoncé 2024)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France / Allemagne"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":10,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Frontière chilienne / péruvienne","mission":"Sécurisation frontière (contentieux territorial historique)","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security (historical territorial dispute)","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["État plurinational — armée avec quotas ethniques (aymara, quechua) depuis 2009.","Sortie de UNASUR 2020, retour 2024. Rejoint BRICS+ (partenaire 2024).","Coopération militaire russe (K-8VB) et chinoise (formation officiers)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Plurinational state — army with ethnic quotas (Aymara, Quechua) since 2009.","Exit from UNASUR 2020, return 2024. Joins BRICS+ (partner 2024).","Russian (K-8VB) and Chinese military cooperation (officer training)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OEA","CELAC","ALBA","Unaligned","Military cooperation Cuba, Venezuela, China, Russia"]},"notes_speciales_en":["**Historic alternation October 2025**: Rodrigo Paz Pereira (PDC, centrist) elected — end of 20 years MAS. Evo Morales banned from candidacy.","Economic crisis 2024-2025: shortage of dollars, devaluation, inflation.","Salar de Uyuni: largest lithium reserves in the world (~21% of global reserves).","2009 plurinational constitution: recognition of the 36 indigenous peoples.","Judges of the Constitutional Court elected by universal suffrage — unique post-2011 model."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-10-19","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Rodrigo Paz (Alianza PDC, 54.6% au 2ᵉ tour vs Jorge Quiroga 45.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Rodrigo Paz, président 2025-2030 — première alternance depuis 20 ans, fin du MAS au pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Bolivian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bolivian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-10-18","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Luis Arce (MAS, 55.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Luis Arce, président 2020-2025 (retour du MAS après la crise de 2019).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Bolivian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Bolivian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"BA","iso3":"BIH","slug":"bosnie-herzegovine","nom_courant_fr":"Bosnie-Herzégovine","nom_officiel_fr":"Bosnie-Herzégovine","nom_officiel_local":"Bosna i Hercegovina / Босна и Херцеговина","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Sarajevo","source":{"nom":"Agence de statistique BiH","url":"https://www.bhas.gov.ba/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3140095,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bih","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":51197,"source":{"nom":"BHAS","url":"https://www.bhas.gov.ba/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Statut de candidat depuis décembre 2022. Négociations ouvertes en mars 2024.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidate status since December 2022. Negotiations opened in March 2024."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Plan d'action bloqué par la Republika Srpska.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Action plan blocked by Republika Srpska."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2002,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Denis Bećirović (présidence tournante — membre bosniaque)","source":{"nom":"Présidence tripartite BiH","url":"https://www.predsjednistvobih.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Présidence tripartite : Bosniaque + Croate + Serbe","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"3 membres élus séparément : Denis Bećirović (SDP, bosniaque), Željko Komšić (DF, croate), Željka Cvijanović (SNSD, serbe). Présidence tournante tous les 8 mois.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-03-16","source":{"nom":"Présidence BiH","url":"https://www.predsjednistvobih.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Présidence tournante tous les 8 mois entre les 3 membres (Bećirović bosniaque SDP, Cvijanović serbe SNSD, Komšić croate DF). Législatives générales prévues octobre 2026.","notes_en":"Rotating presidency every 8 months between the 3 members (Bosnian Bećirović SDP, Serbian Cvijanović SNSD, Croatian Komšić DF). General legislative elections scheduled for October 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"3 membres élus au suffrage universel direct simultanément — 1 bosniaque et 1 croate en Fédération BiH, 1 serbe en Republika Srpska. Mandat 4 ans.","source":{"nom":"Accords de Dayton 1995","url":"https://www.osce.org/bih","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Borjana Krišto","source":{"nom":"Conseil des ministres BiH","url":"https://www.vijeceministara.gov.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsjedavajuća Vijeća ministara BiH","parti_id":"ba.hdz_bih","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-01-25","source":{"nom":"Conseil des ministres","url":"https://www.vijeceministara.gov.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Coalition SNSD + HDZ BiH + Trojka (SDP + NiP + NS + Naša stranka). Première femme cheffe du gouvernement de BiH.","notes_en":"Coalition SNSD + HDZ BiH + Trojka (SDP + NiP + NS + Naša stranka). First female head of government of BiH."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par la Présidence, doit obtenir la confiance de la Chambre des représentants.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.predsjednistvobih.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"collegial","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ba.snsd","sieges":6,"source":{"nom":"CEC BiH","url":"https://www.izbori.ba/","date_donnee":"2022-10-02","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ba.hdz_bih","sieges":4,"source":{"nom":"CEC BiH","url":"https://www.izbori.ba/","date_donnee":"2022-10-02","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ba.trojka","sieges":12,"source":{"nom":"CEC BiH","url":"https://www.izbori.ba/","date_donnee":"2022-10-02","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-01-25","notes":"Formation du Conseil des ministres présidé par Borjana Krišto (HDZ BiH) le 25 janvier 2023, après les élections générales d'octobre 2022 et 4 mois de négociations post-électorales.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-10-06","notes":"Échéance normale du Conseil des ministres avec la tenue des prochaines élections générales prévues le 4 octobre 2026 (mandat de 4 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"État consociatif issu des Accords de Dayton (1995) : 2 entités (Fédération BiH + Republika Srpska), 3 « peuples constitutifs » (Bosniaques, Croates, Serbes), présidence tripartite tournante, veto ethnique possible. Haut représentant international (Christian Schmidt) avec pouvoirs de « Bonn » (peut imposer/annuler des lois).","explication_concrete_en":"Consociational state resulting from the Dayton Accords (1995): 2 entities (BiH Federation + Republika Srpska), 3 “constituent peoples” (Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs), rotating tripartite presidency, possible ethnic veto. High international representative (Christian Schmidt) with powers from “Bonn” (can impose/cancel laws)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Predstavnički dom (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":42,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel : 28 sièges Fédération + 14 sièges Republika Srpska.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting: 28 Federation seats + 14 Republika Srpska seats.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-10-02","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ba.snsd","sieges":6},{"parti_id":"ba.hdz_ba","sieges":4},{"parti_id":"ba.sda","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"ba.sdp_ba","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"ba.nib","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"ba.nasa_stranka","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"ba.autres","sieges":16}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Bosnian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bosnian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Borjana Krišto (HDZ BiH) présidente du Conseil des ministres depuis janv. 2023."}},{"nom":"Dom naroda (Chambre des peuples)","role":"Chambre haute — représentation ethnique.","sieges_total":15,"mode_designation":"5 Bosniaques et 5 Croates élus par la Fédération, 5 Serbes par la Republika Srpska.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Upper house — ethnic representation.","mode_designation_en":"5 Bosnians and 5 Croats elected by the Federation, 5 Serbs by the Republika Srpska."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ustavni sud Bosne i Hercegovine","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.ustavnisud.ba/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution BiH art. 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Émigration massive : ~2 millions de Bosniens à l'étranger (~60% de la population du pays).","esperance_vie_femmes":81.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.6,"age_median":43.5,"indice_fecondite":1.49,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bih","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":24242,"deces_2025":42460,"solde_naturel_2025":-18218},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (systèmes séparés par entité)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":23,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":42,"description":"Systèmes distincts en Fédération BiH et Republika Srpska. Âge légal 65 (H) / 65 (F). Cotisation ~23% (Fédération) ou 18,5% (RS).","source":{"nom":"OCDE / ministères","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (systems separated by entity)","description_en":"Separate systems in Federation BiH and Republika Srpska. Legal age 65 (M) / 65 (F). Contribution ~23% (Federation) or 18.5% (RS)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.36,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Ni pleinement démocratique, ni autoritaire — système consociatif figé.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Neither fully democratic nor authoritarian — a fixed consociational system."},"notes_speciales":["**Système consociatif Dayton** : État très complexe (2 entités + District de Brčko), présidence tripartite, veto ethnique. Réformes difficiles.","Haut représentant international avec pouvoirs de « Bonn » (peut annuler des lois) — Christian Schmidt depuis 2021.","Republika Srpska (Milorad Dodik) menace régulièrement de sécession — condamné pour non-respect de décisions du Haut représentant.","Statut candidat UE depuis décembre 2022, négociations ouvertes mars 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — BiH","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=bs&gl=BA&ceid=BA:bs","langue":"bs"},{"nom":"Klix.ba","url_rss":"https://www.klix.ba/rss","langue":"bs"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":10500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":5000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.29,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":118,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["candidate UE"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M-84 (yougoslave)","quantite":130,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Yougoslavie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M-80, BOV, AMV-Patria (livrés récemment)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun (parc chasseur inactif)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","origine":"N/A"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-1 Huey II, Mi-8, HH-53","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["EU candidate"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":20,"zee_km2":500,"pib_maritime_pct":0.5,"notes":"Neum seul accès mer (20 km).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Dayton consociational system**: Very complex state (2 entities + District of Brčko), tripartite presidency, ethnic veto. Difficult reforms.","High international representative with powers from “Bonn” (can cancel laws) — Christian Schmidt since 2021.","Republika Srpska (Milorad Dodik) regularly threatens secession - condemned for non-compliance with decisions of the High Representative.","EU candidate status since December 2022, negotiations open March 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-10-02","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"3 présidents élus séparément par entité : Željka Cvijanović (Serbes), Denis Bećirović (Bosniaques), Željko Komšić (Croates)","gouvernement_issu":"Borjana Krišto PM du Conseil des ministres depuis janv. 2023 (HDZ BiH).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Bosnian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bosnian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-07","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Zoran Tegeltija PM (HDZ BiH) fin 2019.","gouvernement_issu":"Zoran Tegeltija PM 2019-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Bosnian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Bosnian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BW","iso3":"BWA","slug":"botswana","nom_courant_fr":"Botswana","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Botswana","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Botswana","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Gaborone","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Botswana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":2562122,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bwa","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":581730,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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Botswana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"bw.udc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-11-01","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Botswana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale après victoire écrasante de l'UDC (novembre 2024) — 1ère alternance depuis 1966.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Botswana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bw.udc","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Botswana general 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pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_botswana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-11-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_botswana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire type Westminster. Alternance historique 2024 après 58 ans du BDP au pouvoir.","explication_concrete_en":"Westminster type parliamentary republic. Historic alternation 2024 after 58 years of the BDP in power."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":69,"mode_designation":"61 élus uninominal + 4 par le Président + Président + Attorney General + Speaker.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-30","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bw.udc","sieges":36,"voix_pct":37.2},{"parti_id":"bw.bcp","sieges":15,"voix_pct":20.9},{"parti_id":"bw.bpf","sieges":5,"voix_pct":6.5},{"parti_id":"bw.bdp","sieges":4,"voix_pct":30.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":9,"voix_pct":5.5}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Botswana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"8 sièges ex-officio (Président, Attorney General, Speaker, 5 nommés par le Président) inclus dans _autres.","notes_en":"8 ex-officio seats (President, Attorney General, Speaker, 5 appointed by the President) 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mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":30.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":3.4},{"pays":"Chili","part_pct":2.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":24.3},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":16.6},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":3.5}],"top_categories_export":["Soja (1er mondial)","Minerai de fer (Vale)","Pétrole brut","Sucre","Bœuf (1er exportateur mondial)"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Machines","Automobile","Semi-conducteurs","Engrais"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Soja","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~40% production mondiale."},{"produit":"Café","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~35% production mondiale."},{"produit":"Sucre","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Bœuf (production + exports)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Minerai de 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2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bra","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":2582053,"deces_2025":1504158,"solde_naturel_2025":1077895},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (INSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":20,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système Répartition (INSS). Cotisation 20%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (INSS)","description_en":"Distribution System (INSS). 20% contribution."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"notes_speciales":["Lula 3e mandat depuis janvier 2023 (précédents : 2003-2010).","**Présidentielle octobre 2026** : Lula candidat à la réélection. Bolsonaro déclaré inéligible jusqu'en 2030 (TSE 2023).","Chambre extrêmement fragmentée (22 partis). Coalition dite « Centrão » — négociations permanentes.","Amazonie : politique environnementale relancée sous Lula (déforestation −33% en 2024).","BRICS+ : présidence brésilienne 2025 (sommet Rio août 2025).","Économie : croissance stable, inflation contenue. Pré-sel offshore."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Brésil","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=pt&gl=BR&ceid=BR:pt","langue":"pt"},{"nom":"Folha de S.Paulo","url_rss":"https://feeds.folha.uol.com.br/poder/rss091.xml","langue":"pt"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":368000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1340000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":395000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":21.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":12,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["BRICS","Mercosur","G20","UNASUR (dormante)","Accord de coopération militaire USA (2019)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 1A5 BR","quantite":220,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS","quantite":84,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Leopard 1A5BR","quantite":220,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"EE-T1 Osório","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil","notes":"Prototype rare."},{"nom":"M60A3 Patton","quantite":91,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M113 (modernisé BR)","quantite":604,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"États-Unis / Brésil","fabricant":"BAE Systems / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VBTP-MR Guarani","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Brésil/Italie","fabricant":"Iveco Defence Vehicles + Fiat","pays_fabricant":"Brésil/Italie"},{"nom":"EE-11 Urutu / EE-9 Cascavel","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"VBTP-MR Guarani 6×6","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Brésil / Italie","fabricant":"Iveco Defence Vehicles","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"EE-9 Cascavel","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"EE-11 Urutu","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"JAS 39 Gripen E/F (Brasília F-39E — livraison en cours)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Suède/Brésil","fabricant":"Saab + Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Suède/Brésil","notes":"36 exemplaires commandés — production locale Gavião Peixoto"},{"nom":"AMX A-1M (attaque)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Italie/Brésil","fabricant":"Alenia Aermacchi + Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Italie/Brésil"},{"nom":"F-5EM (retrait)","quantite":42,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"USA/Brésil","fabricant":"Northrop + Embraer (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Brésil"},{"nom":"F-39E/F Gripen E/F","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Suède / Brésil","fabricant":"Saab / Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Suède / Brésil","notes":"Licence, production locale à São José dos Campos."},{"nom":"AMX A-1 (International)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Brésil / Italie","fabricant":"Alenia / Embraer / Aeritalia","pays_fabricant":"Italie / Brésil"},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":33,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"F-5EM/FM Tiger II (modernisé)","quantite":43,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis / Brésil","fabricant":"Northrop / Embraer","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis / Brésil"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"KC-390 Millennium","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"C-130 Hercules","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-390 Millennium","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CASA C-105A Amazonas (CN-235)","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"CASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-hélicoptères NAM Atlântico (ex-HMS Ocean UK)","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"VSEL Barrow (BAE Systems)","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Niterói (Vosper Thornycroft)","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft + Arsenal de Marinha","pays_fabricant":"UK/Brésil"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Tamandaré (MEKO A-100)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Allemagne/Brésil","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems + Emgepron","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Brésil","notes":"Livraison en cours"},{"nom":"Porte-hélicoptères Atlântico (ex-HMS Ocean)","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Royaume-Uni (occasion)","fabricant":"Kvaerner Govan","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Frégates Tamandaré (MEKO A-100)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Allemagne / Brésil","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems / Emgepron","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Brésil","notes":"Livraisons 2024-2028."},{"nom":"Frégates classe Niterói","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Barroso","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Arsenal de Marinha","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marin nucléaire Álvaro Alberto (PROSUB)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2033,"origine":"Brésil/France","fabricant":"Naval Group + Itaguaí Construções Navais","pays_fabricant":"Brésil/France","notes":"**Programme PROSUB — 1er SNA hors puissances établies**"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Riachuelo (Scorpène)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France/Brésil","fabricant":"Naval Group + Itaguaí Construções","pays_fabricant":"Brésil/France"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Tupi (Type 209)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque Álvaro Alberto (SN-BR, en construction)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2032,"origine":"France / Brésil","fabricant":"Naval Group / Itaguaí","pays_fabricant":"France / Brésil","notes":"Mise en service prévue 2032 — 1er SNA sud-américain."}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"ASTROS II MLRS SS-40/60/80","quantite":88,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1983,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Avibras","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"M109A5 155mm","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Belgique","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M114 155mm","quantite":226,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AS532 Cougar (H225M Caracal)","quantite":34,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"AS565 Panther / AS550 Fennec","quantite":51,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"HB350B Esquilo (AS350)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France / Brésil","fabricant":"Airbus / Helibras","pays_fabricant":"France / Brésil"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Gepard 1A2 (canon anti-aérien)","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"RBS-70 / Bolide","quantite":92,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Suède"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Elbit Hermes 900 (Caçador)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël / Brésil","fabricant":"Elbit Systems / AEL","pays_fabricant":"Israël / Brésil"},{"nom":"Heron 1","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"notes_speciales":["**PROSUB** (Programme de sous-marins) : partenariat Brésil-France 2008 pour 4 sous-marins conventionnels Scorpène + 1 SNA (Álvaro Alberto — 1er hors puissances établies, livraison 2033).","Base d'Alcântara (Maranhão) : centre de lancement spatial équatorial, accord avec USA 2019.","Amazonie : SIVAM (Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia) — surveillance électronique + aviation.","FAB dépendante Gripen E/F (F-39E) — remplacement de la flotte vieillissante F-5EM/AMX.","1ère armée d'Amérique latine — 366 000 actifs, budget 22 Md USD.","Programme sous-marin nucléaire à propulsion (Álvaro Alberto, SN-BR) en coopération avec la France — premier sous-marin nucléaire brésilien attendu 2032.","Chasseur F-39 Gripen E/F co-produit avec Saab (Suède), transfert de technologie total.","Doctrine de défense amazonienne : SIVAM (surveillance électronique), présence humaine permanente.","Débat récurrent sur la nucléarisation (protocole additionnel de l'AIEA signé mais pas ratifié)."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL Maritime Task Force — commandement rotatif brésilien","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL Maritime Task Force — Brazilian rotating command","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA (police et logistique)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA (police and logistics)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Antarctique","mission":"Station Comandante Ferraz (recherche + soutien militaire)","effectifs":40,"depuis":"1984","cadre":"Traité sur l'Antarctique","mission_en":"Station Comandante Ferraz (research + military support)","cadre_en":"Antarctic Treaty"},{"pays":"Frontière Amazonie","mission":"Commande militaire de l'Amazonie (CMA) — 5 brigades","effectifs":25000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national — SIPAM/SIVAM","mission_en":"Amazon Military Command (CMA) — 5 brigades","cadre_en":"National territory — SIPAM/SIVAM"},{"pays":"Haïti","mission":"MINUSTAH — commandement brésilien 2004-2017","effectifs":1200,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSTAH — Brazilian command 2004-2017","cadre_en":"UN"}],"notes_speciales_en":["**PROSUB** (Submarine Program): Brazil-France partnership 2008 for 4 Scorpène conventional submarines + 1 SNA (Álvaro Alberto — 1st excluding established powers, delivery 2033).","Alcântara Base (Maranhão): equatorial space launch center, agreement with USA 2019.","Amazon: SIVAM (Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia) — electronic surveillance + aviation.","FAB dependent Gripen E/F (F-39E) — replacement for the aging F-5EM/AMX fleet.","1st Latin American Army — 366,000 assets, budget 22 billion USD.","Propulsion nuclear submarine program (Álvaro Alberto, SN-BR) in cooperation with France — first Brazilian nuclear submarine expected 2032.","F-39 Gripen E/F fighter co-produced with Saab (Sweden), full technology transfer.","Amazonian defense doctrine: SIVAM (electronic surveillance), permanent human presence.","Recurring debate on nuclearization (additional IAEA protocol signed but not ratified)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["BRICS","Mercosur","G20","UNASUR (dormant)","USA military cooperation agreement (2019)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":7491,"zee_km2":3660955,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"pib_maritime_md_usd":40,"flotte_marchande_navires":1400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.7,"notes":"Amazonie bleue : ZEE + plateau continental (500 000 km² supplémentaires revendiqués). Pétrole offshore (pré-sel) : 3,5 Mb/j. Programme sous-marin nucléaire.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Lula 3rd term since January 2023 (previous: 2003-2010).","**Presidential election October 2026**: Lula candidate for re-election. Bolsonaro declared ineligible until 2030 (TSE 2023).","Extremely fragmented chamber (22 parties). Coalition known as “Centrão” — permanent negotiations.","Amazon: environmental policy relaunched under Lula (deforestation −33% in 2024).","BRICS+: Brazilian presidency 2025 (Rio summit August 2025).","Economy: stable growth, contained inflation. Offshore pre-salt."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-10-30","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":79.3,"vainqueur":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT, 50.9% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Lula, 3ᵉ mandat (2023-2026), remportée face à Jair Bolsonaro (49.1%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Brazilian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-28","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Jair Bolsonaro (PSL, 55.1% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Bolsonaro, président 2019-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Brazilian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BN","iso3":"BRN","slug":"brunei","nom_courant_fr":"Brunei","nom_officiel_fr":"Brunei Darussalam","nom_officiel_local":"Negara Brunei Darussalam","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bandar Seri Begawan","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":466330,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/brn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":5765,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1984,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1984,"source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 countries, entered into force January 2022. Largest global free trade area (30% GDP, 30% pop)."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — agreement succeeding the TPP after USA withdrawal (2017). UK joins July 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hassanal Bolkiah","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Sultan","parti_id":"bn.bolkiah","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1967-10-05","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"**Plus long règne d'un souverain vivant** (58 ans en 2025).","notes_en":"**Longest reign of a living sovereign** (58 years in 2025)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (dynastie Bolkiah depuis 1405 — plus vieille dynastie régnante du monde).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hassanal Bolkiah (cumul)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"bn.bolkiah","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1984-01-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Cumule 6 fonctions (Sultan, PM, ministre de la Défense, MoF, MFA, chef religieux).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bn.bolkiah","sieges":33,"source":{"nom":"Politics of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1967-10-05","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_brunei","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"sans_echeance","notes":"Régime sans échéance constitutionnelle (monarchie absolue, mandat à vie, ou régime autoritaire).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_brunei","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_absolue","explication_concrete":"Le Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah cumule chef de l'État, chef du gouvernement, ministre de la Défense, ministre des Finances, ministre des Affaires étrangères, chef religieux. Conseil législatif (33 membres) intégralement nommé, rôle consultatif. Aucun parti politique.","source":{"nom":"Constitutions nationales + Freedom House / Economist Democracy Index 2025","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores","date_verif":"2026-09-21"},"explication_concrete_en":"Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah is head of state, head of government, minister of defense, minister of finance, minister of foreign affairs and religious leader. Legislative Council (33 members) fully appointed, advisory role. No political party."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis Mesyuarat Negara (Conseil législatif)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":33,"mode_designation":"Nommés par le Sultan.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the Sultan.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2017-01-31","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bn.bolkiah","sieges":33}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Legislative_Council_of_Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil législatif (33 membres) intégralement nommé par le sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. Aucun parti politique effectif."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Sultan.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":16,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":34678,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":-0.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-13.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":24.1},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":23.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":20.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.4},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":7.8},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","GNL","Produits chimiques","Aliments","Vêtements"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole et gaz","rang_mondial":45,"notes":"~90% des recettes de l'État."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Brunei","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/brn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"BND","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":13.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2065,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":77.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":73.5,"age_median":32.7,"indice_fecondite":1.73,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/brn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":6215,"deces_2025":2488,"solde_naturel_2025":3727},"retraites":{"age_legal":55,"age_taux_plein":55,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation (TAP + SCP)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Capitalisation (TAP + SCP). Cotisation 10%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalization (TAP + SCP)","description_en":"Capitalization System (TAP + SCP). Contribution 10%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.06,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Sultan Bolkiah au pouvoir depuis 1967 — 58 ans, record mondial.","Charia intégrale depuis 2019 : peines par lapidation, amputation (théoriquement).","Petit pays très riche grâce au pétrole (fortune Sultan ~30 Md$).","Système social très généreux (santé, éducation gratuits, pas d'impôt sur le revenu)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Brunei","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=BN&ceid=BN:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":7000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.42,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":129,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs Darussalam-class, Ijtihad-class","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Allemagne/Divers"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Scorpion 90, VAB, Sultan APC","quantite":90,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"UK/France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 212, MBB Bo-105, S-70i Black Hawk","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Allemagne"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["ASEAN"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":161,"zee_km2":25708,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"notes":"Muara port. Champs pétroliers offshore Champion, Ampa.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Sultan Bolkiah in power since 1967 — 58 years, world record.","Full Sharia law since 2019: penalties by stoning, amputation (theoretically).","Small country very rich thanks to oil (Sultan fortune ~$30 billion).","Very generous social system (free health, education, no income tax)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2004-09-06","type":"reforme_constitutionnelle","vainqueur":"Amendement constitutionnel — le Legislative Council devient partiellement élu (jamais appliqué)","gouvernement_issu":"Monarchie absolue. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah depuis 1967 (règne le plus long au monde d'un souverain vivant). PM lui-même depuis l'indépendance en 1984.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"1962-08-30","type":"legislative_derniere","vainqueur":"Parti du peuple de Brunei (BPP, 54 sièges sur 55)","gouvernement_issu":"Résultat annulé — Rébellion de Brunei décembre 1962. Aucune élection législative depuis 63 ans.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 1962 Bruneian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Bruneian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BG","iso3":"BGR","slug":"bulgarie","nom_courant_fr":"Bulgarie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Bulgarie","nom_officiel_local":"Република България","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Sofia","source":{"nom":"NSI Bulgarie","url":"https://www.nsi.bg/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":6433302,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bgr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":110879,"source":{"nom":"NSI Bulgarie","url":"https://www.nsi.bg/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2026,"notes":"Adhésion à l'euro le 1er janvier 2026 (parité fixe depuis 1997 via currency board).","source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membership of the euro on January 1, 2026 (fixed parity since 1997 via currency board)."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"notes":"Frontières terrestres levées le 1er janvier 2025.","source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Land borders lifted on January 1, 2025."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Négociations d'adhésion depuis 2022.","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membership negotiations since 2022."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Iliana Iotova","source":{"nom":"Présidence bulgare","url":"https://www.president.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Президент на България","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-01-23","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Vice-présidente promue après démission de Rumen Radev en janvier 2026 (démission liée à son passage à la politique partisane).","notes_en":"Vice-president promoted after the resignation of Rumen Radev in January 2026 (resignation linked to his move to partisan politics)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans, renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution bulgare","url":"https://www.parliament.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rumen Radev","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement bulgare","url":"https://www.government.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Министър-председател","parti_id":"bg.progressive","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-05-08","source":{"nom":"Government.bg","url":"https://www.government.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-président devenu PM après élections d'avril 2026. Son parti « Bulgarie progressiste » a raflé 130 sièges sur 240. Cas rare de passage direct présidence → PM.","notes_en":"Ex-president became PM after elections in April 2026. His “Progressive Bulgaria” party won 130 seats out of 240. Rare case of direct transition from presidency → PM."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parliament.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bg.progressive","sieges":130,"source":{"nom":"CIK","url":"https://www.cik.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-04-27","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-05-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bulgarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bulgarie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-05-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of bulgarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_bulgarie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel avec rôle limité. Instabilité politique chronique : 7 élections législatives entre 2021 et 2024.","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary republic. President elected by universal suffrage with limited role. Chronic political instability: 7 legislative elections between 2021 and 2024."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Народно събрание (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":240,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 4%.","seuil_electoral_pct":4,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-04-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bg.progressive","sieges":130,"voix_pct":42.5},{"parti_id":"bg.gerb","sieges":40,"voix_pct":14.8},{"parti_id":"bg.ppdb","sieges":25,"voix_pct":9.7},{"parti_id":"bg.vazrazhdane","sieges":20,"voix_pct":8.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":25,"voix_pct":24.9}],"source":{"nom":"CIK Bulgarie","url":"https://www.cik.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-04-27","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting with threshold of 4%."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Конституционен съд","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle bulgare","url":"https://constcourt.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 147","url":"https://www.parliament.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"4 par l'Assemblée nationale, 4 par le Président, 4 par les cours suprêmes.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 147","url":"https://www.parliament.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parliament.bg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":131,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":20921,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BGR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"10 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"10 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"3 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.95,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/BGR.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":13.4},{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":9.3},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.1},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":7},{"pays":"Grèce","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.8}],"top_categories_export":["Métaux (cuivre, aluminium)","Machines","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Vêtements","Blé"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cuivre (Aurubis)","rang_europeen":3},{"produit":"Externalisation IT (Sofia hub)","rang_europeen":6},{"produit":"Vin et tabac","rang_europeen":12},{"produit":"Tourisme (mer Noire, montagne)","rang_europeen":15}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Bulgaria","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bgr","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":39.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":42.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"BGN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":15.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1990,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1990. Le déclin démographique bulgare (population passée de 9 M à 6,4 M en 30 ans) est parmi les plus rapides d'Europe.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":72.2,"age_median":44.8,"indice_fecondite":1.72,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bgr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":53396,"deces_2025":100360,"solde_naturel_2025":-46964},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II obligatoire","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":19.8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans (montée progressive H/F). Cotisation 19,8% (14,8% employeur + 5% salarié). Pilier II capitalisé obligatoire pour < 60 ans depuis 2000.","source":{"nom":"NOI","url":"https://www.nssi.bg/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution + Mandatory Pillar II","description_en":"Legal age 65 (gradual rise M/F). Contribution 19.8% (14.8% employer + 5% employee). Pillar II capitalized compulsory for < 60 years since 2000."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.51,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Score en baisse — corruption, capture des institutions.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Score falling — corruption, capture of institutions."},"notes_speciales":["**Instabilité chronique** : 7 élections législatives entre avril 2021 et octobre 2024.","**Adhésion à l'euro** le 1er janvier 2026 (parité fixe depuis 1997).","Adhésion Schengen terrestre le 1er janvier 2025.","Vazrazhdane (extrême droite pro-russe) devient 3e force en 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Bulgarie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=bg&gl=BG&ceid=BG:bg","langue":"bg"},{"nom":"BNR (Radio nationale bulgare)","url_rss":"https://bnr.bg/rss/news","langue":"bg"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":36900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":16000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":62,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 70 (livraison en cours)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"MiG-29A","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Su-25","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"MiG-29A/UB (retrait progressif)","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-25K Frogfoot","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 70 (contrat 2019+2022 — livraisons 2025-2027)","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"2,7 Md USD."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Stryker (commande 2020)","quantite":183,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"BMP-1","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"BMP-23 (nat.)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"Bulgarie","fabricant":"TEREM","pays_fabricant":"Bulgarie"},{"nom":"BMP-1P / BMP-23 (indigène)","quantite":214,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Bulgarie / URSS","fabricant":"Terem / VMZ","pays_fabricant":"Bulgarie"},{"nom":"BTR-60 / BTR-80","quantite":850,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas Machine Plant","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Stryker (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2025-2028)","quantite":183,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics LSC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"1,5 Md USD."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AS-532AL Cougar","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Mi-24V Hind","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AS532 AL Cougar","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Bell 206 (entraînement)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B (modernisé)","quantite":90,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Union soviétique / Bulgarie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod / VMZ","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-72M1","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"2S1 Gvozdika 122mm","quantite":48,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS / Pologne","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-20 152mm","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Wielingen (E71 ex-Belgique)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Belgique (occasion)","fabricant":"Cockerill / Boelwerf","pays_fabricant":"Belgique"},{"nom":"Corvettes Multipurpose Modular Patrol Vessel (contrat 2020 — livraisons 2025-2026)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Allemagne / Bulgarie","fabricant":"NVL Group / MTG Dolphin","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Bulgarie"},{"nom":"Chasseurs de mines classe Tripartite (ex-Belgique)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Belgique (occasion)","fabricant":"Interconstructions Belgique","pays_fabricant":"Belgique"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU (retirés/donnés à Ukraine 2023)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SA-6 Kub","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SA-2/3/6 (systèmes réserve)","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent bulgare)","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (Bulgarian contingent)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2005","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Iraq Mission","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — rotation","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — rotation","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Frontière turco-bulgare / grecque","mission":"Sécurisation frontière (route migratoire)","effectifs":1500,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security (migratory route)","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Mer Noire","mission":"Coopération flottille bulgare-roumaine — surveillance post-2022","effectifs":800,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN + national","mission_en":"Bulgarian-Romanian flotilla cooperation — post-2022 monitoring","cadre_en":"NATO + national"}],"notes_speciales":["Sortie complète des équipements soviétiques en cours (2020-2030) — F-16, Stryker remplacent MiG-29 et BTR.","Contrats majeurs 2019-2023 : F-16 (2,7 Md USD), Stryker (1,5 Md USD).","Position charnière mer Noire — coopération étroite Roumanie et Turquie.","Aide militaire à Ukraine limitée politiquement, mais transferts significatifs de munitions."],"notes_speciales_en":["Complete release of Soviet equipment in progress (2020-2030) — F-16, Stryker replace MiG-29 and BTR.","Major contracts 2019-2023: F-16 (2.7 billion USD), Stryker (1.5 billion USD).","Pivotal position Black Sea — close cooperation Romania and Türkiye.","Military aid to Ukraine limited politically, but significant munitions transfers."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":354,"zee_km2":33540,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"flotte_marchande_navires":30,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.008,"notes":"Varna, Bourgas. Route pétrolière historique via Bosphore.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Chronic instability**: 7 legislative elections between April 2021 and October 2024.","**Accession to the euro** on January 1, 2026 (fixed parity since 1997).","Land Schengen accession on January 1, 2025.","Vazrazhdane (pro-Russian far right) becomes 3rd force in 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-10-27","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"GERB-SDS (Boyko Borissov, 26.4%, 69 sièges sur 240)","gouvernement_issu":"Rossen Zhelyazkov PM (GERB) depuis janv. 2025 — 7ᵉ élection en 4 ans.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election (October)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election_(October)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2024-06-09","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"GERB-SDS (24.7%, 69 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Dimitar Glavchev PM par intérim (juin-nov. 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election (June)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election_(June)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"BF","iso3":"BFA","slug":"burkina-faso","nom_courant_fr":"Burkina Faso","nom_officiel_fr":"Burkina Faso","nom_officiel_local":"Burkina Faso","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Ouagadougou","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":24074580,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bfa","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":272967,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"AES","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"AES","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ibrahim Traoré","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président de la transition","parti_id":"bf.mpsr","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-10-06","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Capitaine arrivé au pouvoir par coup d'État — plus jeune chef d'État au monde.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bf.mpsr","sieges":71,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rimtalba Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-06","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-10-06","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of burkina-faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_burkina_faso","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-10-06","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of burkina-faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_burkina_faso","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime militaire transitoire depuis le double coup d'État de janvier + septembre 2022. Élections reportées sine die en 2024.","explication_concrete_en":"Transitional military regime since the double coup of January + September 2022. Elections postponed sine die to 2024."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée législative de transition (ALT)","role":"Assemblée transitoire non élue.","sieges_total":71,"mode_designation":"Nommés par la junte militaire.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Unelected transitional assembly.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the military junta.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-10-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bf.mpsr","sieges":71}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Transitional_Legislative_Assembly_(Burkina_Faso)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Legislative_Assembly_(Burkina_Faso)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée législative de transition (71 membres) désignés par la charte de transition suivant le coup d'État du 30 sept. 2022 (Ibrahim Traoré)."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil constitutionnel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président et le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_priori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_priori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":27,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1126,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":-0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":52,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/BFA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 January 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":34.5},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":29.8},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":3.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.4},{"pays":"Côte d'Ivoire","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Ghana","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Coton","Bétail","Anacardes"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Ciment","Céréales","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":15,"notes":"5ᵉ producteur africain d'or."},{"produit":"Coton","rang_mondial":13,"notes":"1er producteur africain de coton."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Burkina Faso","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bfa","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":21.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":26,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XOF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":35.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.6,"esperance_vie_femmes":61.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":60.6,"indice_fecondite":4.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/burkina-faso","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":754401,"deces_2025":190550,"solde_naturel_2025":563851,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":17.9},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNSS + CARFO)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":16,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Système à faible couverture, âge relevé à 63 ans en 2024. Réforme majeure limitant les cumuls.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burkina Faso","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina Faso","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (CNSS + CARFO)","description_en":"Low coverage system, age raised to 63 years in 2024. Major reform limiting accumulations."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.17,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime militaire depuis 2022, retrait CEDEAO.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Military regime since 2022, ECOWAS withdrawal."},"notes_speciales":["Deux coups d'État en 2022 : Damiba (janvier) puis Traoré (septembre). Traoré, capitaine, est le plus jeune chef d'État au monde.","Rupture accord de défense avec la France (janvier 2023) — retrait des forces françaises.","Partenariat militaire russe (Africa Corps depuis 2024) — membre de l'AES.","Guerre contre JNIM et État islamique au Sahel : 40 % du territoire non contrôlé ; 2,1 M déplacés internes (2025)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Le Faso","url_rss":"https://lefaso.net/spip.php?page=backend","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":12500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":65000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["AES"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":108,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national","mission":"Guerre contre JNIM et EIGS — 40% du territoire non contrôlé, 2,1 M déplacés","effectifs":80000,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"War against JNIM and EIGS — 40% of territory uncontrolled, 2.1M displaced","cadre_en":"Autonomous"}],"notes_speciales":["Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie (VDP) — miliciens paramilitaires estimés 50 000+.","Achats drones Bayraktar TB-2 turcs, hélicoptères Mi-24/35 russes.","Présence Africa Corps russe depuis 2024 (200-300 hommes)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland (VDP) — paramilitary militia estimated at 50,000+.","Purchases Turkish Bayraktar TB-2 drones, Russian Mi-24/35 helicopters.","Russian Africa Corps presence since 2024 (200-300 men)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["AES"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char (armée légère)","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Panhard M3, EE-9 Cascavel, MRAP Bastion","quantite":150,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat propre","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17, Mi-35P (livrés depuis 2019)","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Two coups d'état in 2022: Damiba (January) then Traoré (September). Traoré, captain, is the youngest head of state in the world.","Termination of defense agreement with France (January 2023) — withdrawal of French forces.","Russian military partnership (Africa Corps since 2024) — member of the AES.","War against JNIM and Islamic State in the Sahel: 40% of territory uncontrolled; 2.1 M internally displaced persons (2025)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-09-30","type":"coup_militaire","vainqueur":"Mouvement patriotique pour la sauvegarde et la restauration (Ibrahim Traoré)","gouvernement_issu":"Ibrahim Traoré président de transition depuis oct. 2022 (renversant Paul-Henri Damiba, qui avait renversé Kaboré en janvier 2022). Apollinaire Kyélem PM (jusqu'à déc. 2024) puis Rimtalba Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d'état","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-11-22","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (MPP, 57.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Kaboré 2ᵉ mandat (renversé janvier 2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Burkinabé general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Burkinabé_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"BI","iso3":"BDI","slug":"burundi","nom_courant_fr":"Burundi","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Burundi","nom_officiel_local":"Republika y'Uburundi","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Gitega (politique) / Bujumbura (économique)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":14390003,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/bdi","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":27834,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Évariste Ndayishimiye","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"bi.cndd_fdd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-06-18","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct (68,7% en 2020).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"bi.cnddfdd","sieges":86,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Burundian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Burundian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Gervais Ndirakobuca","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"bi.cndd_fdd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-06-18","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_burundi","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-06-18","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_burundi","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. CNDD-FDD au pouvoir depuis 2005, régime autoritaire.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential Republic. CNDD-FDD in power since 2005, authoritarian regime."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":123,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle avec quotas ethniques.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-05-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"bi.cndd_fdd","sieges":86,"voix_pct":70},{"parti_id":"bi.cnl","sieges":32,"voix_pct":26},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"voix_pct":4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Burundi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional with ethnic quotas."},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":43,"mode_designation":"Suffrage indirect + quotas ethniques (Hutu/Tutsi/Twa).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"Indirect suffrage + ethnic quotas 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Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 countries, entered into force January 2022. Largest global free trade area (30% GDP, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Norodom Sihamoni","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2004-10-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Sélection dans la famille royale par le Conseil du trône.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hun Manet","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"kh.cpp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-08-22","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Formé à West Point (USA). 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naval base).","Rivalry with Vietnam for influence in Laos.","Cyberscams (“pig butchering”) based in Cambodia – major international problem."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-07-23","type":"legislative","participation_pct":84.6,"vainqueur":"Parti du peuple cambodgien (CPP, 120 sièges sur 125, principal parti d'opposition dissous)","gouvernement_issu":"Hun Manet (fils de Hun Sen) PM depuis août 2023, succession dynastique après 38 ans de règne de Hun Sen.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Cambodian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cambodian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-07-29","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"CPP (125 sièges sur 125, opposition CNRP dissoute)","gouvernement_issu":"Hun Sen PM (au pouvoir depuis 1985), dernier mandat.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Cambodian general 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Biya","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"cm.rdpc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1982-11-06","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997, 2004, 2011, 2018. Au pouvoir depuis 1982 — 43 ans. Prochaine présidentielle octobre 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cm.rdpc","sieges":152,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Cameroonian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Joseph Ngute","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"cm.rdpc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-01-04","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1982-11-06","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cameroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cameroun","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"1989-11-06","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cameroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cameroun","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Biya au pouvoir depuis 1982, plus longue durée en Afrique parmi les chefs d'État en fonction.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential Republic. Biya in power since 1982, longest tenure in Africa among heads of state in office."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":180,"mode_designation":"Mixte : uninominal + proportionnel régional.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-02-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cm.rdpc","sieges":152,"voix_pct":81.7},{"parti_id":"cm.udc","sieges":5,"voix_pct":2.5},{"parti_id":"cm.sdf","sieges":5,"voix_pct":2.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":18,"voix_pct":13.3}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Mixed: single member + regional proportional."},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":100,"mode_designation":"70 élus + 30 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"70 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Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_priori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_priori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":59,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1984,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"22 March 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 July 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Nigeria","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":4.4}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Cacao","Gaz","Bois","Aluminium"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Pétrole raffiné","Céréales","Véhicules","Poisson congelé"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cacao","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":36}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Cameroun","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cmr","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XAF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":33.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.5,"esperance_vie_femmes":63.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":60.3,"indice_fecondite":4.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cameroun","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":996297,"deces_2025":210111,"solde_naturel_2025":786186,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":18.7},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNPS)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":12,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 12%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cameroun","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroun","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (CNPS)","description_en":"Contribution 12%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime dynastique de facto — Biya au pouvoir depuis 1982.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"De facto dynastic regime — Biya in power since 1982."},"notes_speciales":["Régime dynastique de facto — Biya, 92 ans en 2025, au pouvoir depuis 1982 (43 ans).","Prochaine présidentielle octobre 2025 — Biya candidat à 92 ans, opposition affaiblie.","Crise anglophone au Nord-Ouest et Sud-Ouest depuis 2016 — guerre civile larvée (>6 000 morts, 700 000 déplacés).","Insurrection Boko Haram à l'Extrême-Nord (~2013+)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Cameroon Tribune","url_rss":"https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/feed","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":40000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":9000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CEEAC"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":71,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Extrême-Nord","mission":"Boko Haram — Force multinationale mixte","effectifs":6000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Multinational","mission_en":"Boko Haram — Multinational Joint Force","cadre_en":"Multinational"},{"pays":"Nord-Ouest & Sud-Ouest","mission":"Crise anglophone — guerre civile larvée depuis 2016","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Anglophone crisis – latent civil war since 2016","cadre_en":"Autonomous"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":700,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"UN"}],"notes_speciales":["Bataillon d'intervention rapide (BIR) — force d'élite forte notoriété (accusations violations droits humains).","Coopération sécuritaire USA/France/Israël."],"notes_speciales_en":["Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR) — elite force with high profile (accused of human rights violations).","USA/France/Israel security cooperation."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CEEAC"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55, Type 63A","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"V-150 Commando, EE-9, ERC-90 Sagaie, MRAP","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Alpha Jet, MB-326","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France/Italie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":402,"zee_km2":15400,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"notes":"Douala port régional CEEAC. Kribi terminal pétrolier.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["De facto dynastic regime — Biya, 92 years old in 2025, in power since 1982 (43 years).","Next presidential election October 2025 — Biya candidate at 92, opposition weakened.","Anglophone crisis in the North-West and South-West since 2016 — latent civil war (>6,000 dead, 700,000 displaced).","Boko Haram insurgency in the Far North (~2013+)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-10-12","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Paul Biya (RDPC, 8ᵉ mandat)","gouvernement_issu":"Paul Biya reconduit à 92 ans — au pouvoir depuis 1982.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Cameroonian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cameroonian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-07","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Paul Biya (RDPC, 71.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Biya 7ᵉ mandat 2018-2025. Joseph Dion Ngute PM depuis 2019.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Cameroonian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cameroonian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CA","iso3":"CAN","slug":"canada","nom_courant_fr":"Canada","nom_officiel_fr":"Canada","nom_officiel_local":"Canada","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Ottawa","source":{"nom":"Statistique Canada","url":"https://www.statcan.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":41651653,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/can","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":9984670,"source":{"nom":"Statistique Canada","url":"https://www.statcan.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"2e plus grand pays du monde après la Russie.","notes_en":"2nd largest country in the world after Russia."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"USMCA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2020,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Successeur de l'ALENA/NAFTA (1994) — entré en vigueur juillet 2020.","notes_en":"Successor to NAFTA/NAFTA (1994) — entered into force July 2020."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — agreement succeeding the TPP after USA withdrawal (2017). UK joins July 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III","source":{"nom":"Gouverneure générale du Canada","url":"https://www.gg.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi du Canada (représenté par la Gouverneure générale Mary Simon)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","source":{"nom":"Monarchie canadienne","url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/monarchy.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Souverain du Commonwealth. Mary Simon, 1re représentante autochtone.","notes_en":"Sovereign of the Commonwealth. Mary Simon, 1st indigenous representative."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (Commonwealth). Gouverneure générale nommée par le Roi sur recommandation du PM.","source":{"nom":"Loi constitutionnelle 1867","url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mark Carney","source":{"nom":"Premier ministre du Canada","url":"https://www.pm.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"ca.lib","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-14","source":{"nom":"BBC News","url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/mark-carney-canada-pm","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-gouverneur BoC et BoE. Succède à Trudeau démissionnaire (janvier 2025). Réélu aux élections d'avril 2025 face à Pierre Poilievre (PCC). Contexte : tensions commerciales USA-Canada sous Trump II.","notes_en":"Ex-governor BoC and BoE. Succeeds Trudeau who resigned (January 2025). Re-elected in the April 2025 elections against Pierre Poilievre (PCC). Context: USA-Canada trade tensions under Trump II."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par la Gouverneure générale (leader du parti disposant de la confiance des Communes).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ca.lib","sieges":169,"source":{"nom":"Élections Canada","url":"https://www.elections.ca/","date_donnee":"2025-04-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-03-14","notes":"Mark Carney (Libéral) PM depuis le 14 mars 2025 succédant à Justin Trudeau. Reconduit après victoire libérale aux législatives d'avril 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_canada","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-10-20","notes":"Fin normale de la 45ᵉ législature (mandat maximum de 4 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_canada","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle fédérale de type Westminster. 10 provinces + 3 territoires. Bilinguisme français-anglais officiel. Chambre des communes élue au scrutin uninominal à un tour. Sénat non-élu (nommé par le gouverneur général sur recommandation du PM).","explication_concrete_en":"Federal constitutional monarchy of the Westminster type. 10 provinces + 3 territories. Official French-English bilingualism. House of Commons elected by first past the post. Unelected Senate (appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the PM)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des communes / House of Commons","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":343,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour (FPTP) dans 343 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-04-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ca.lib","sieges":169,"voix_pct":43.7},{"parti_id":"ca.cpc","sieges":144,"voix_pct":41.3},{"parti_id":"ca.bq","sieges":22,"voix_pct":6.3},{"parti_id":"ca.ndp","sieges":7,"voix_pct":6.3},{"parti_id":"ca.grn","sieges":1,"voix_pct":1.3}],"source":{"nom":"Élections Canada","url":"https://www.elections.ca/","date_donnee":"2025-04-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"First past the post (FPTP) in 343 constituencies."},{"nom":"Sénat / Senate","role":"Chambre haute non élue.","sieges_total":105,"mode_designation":"Nommés par la Gouverneure générale sur recommandation du PM (siège à vie jusqu'à 75 ans).","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Unelected upper house.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the PM (life seat until age 75)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême du Canada / Supreme Court","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://www.scc-csc.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi sur la Cour suprême","url":"https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur avis du PM. 3 sièges réservés au Québec (traditionnel).","source":{"nom":"Loi sur la Cour 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"29 July 2002","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"18 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"3 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.54,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/CAN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":75.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":3.9},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":2.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":2.1},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":1.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":48.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":2.7}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Automobiles","Or","Bois d'œuvre","Blé et céréales"],"top_categories_import":["Automobiles","Machines","Ordinateurs et électronique","Pétrole raffiné","Produits pharmaceutiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole (sables bitumineux Alberta)","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Potasse (Saskatchewan)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Uranium","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Bois d'œuvre","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Sirop d'érable","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~75% de la production mondiale."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Canada","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/can","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":42,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://www.canada.ca/fr/ministere-finances.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.6,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://www.canada.ca/fr/ministere-finances.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"CAD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2032,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel positif mais en réduction. Immigration soutient largement la croissance démographique (~500 000 nouveaux résidents/an).","esperance_vie_femmes":84.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":80,"age_median":41.1,"indice_fecondite":1.25,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/can","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":370700,"deces_2025":329048,"solde_naturel_2025":41652},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Trois piliers : Sécurité de la vieillesse (OAS universel) + RPC/RRQ (contributif obligatoire) + REER volontaires","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":11.9,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"OAS versée dès 65 ans (test sur revenus). Régime de pensions du Canada (RPC/CPP hors Québec, RRQ au Québec) contributif : 5,95% employeur + 5,95% salarié. Régime enregistré d'épargne-retraite (REER) fiscalement avantagé.","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement du Canada","url":"https://www.canada.ca/fr/services/pensions-retraite.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Three pillars: Old Age Security (universal OAS) + CPP/QPP (mandatory contributor) + voluntary RRSPs","description_en":"OAS paid from age 65 (income test). Canada Pension Plan (CPP/CPP outside Quebec, QPP in Quebec) contributory: 5.95% employer + 5.95% employee. Tax-advantaged registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.82,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Mark Carney (PLC) devient PM le 14 mars 2025 après démission de Trudeau, réélu le 28 avril 2025 dans un contexte de tensions commerciales avec les États-Unis (tarifs Trump II).","Bilinguisme constitutionnel français-anglais.","Sénat non-élu et non-représentatif de la population — débat récurrent sur sa réforme.","Fédération de 10 provinces + 3 territoires ; le Québec dispose d'un statut particulier (droit civil, langue officielle française)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Canada (fr)","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=CA&ceid=CA:fr","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"CBC News","url_rss":"https://www.cbc.ca/webfeed/rss/rss-topstories","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Radio-Canada","url_rss":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/rss/4159","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":72000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":30000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":33.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":27,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","NORAD","5-Eyes","OTAN (membre fondateur)","NORAD (avec USA)","Five Eyes","AUKUS observateur"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A4M CAN / A6M CAN","quantite":82,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Allemagne/Canada","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann + KMW Munster","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4/A4M CAN/A6M CAN","quantite":82,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Allemagne / Canada","fabricant":"KMW / General Dynamics Canada","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard C2 (Leopard 1A5)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Retrait progressif."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (commande 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Canada (London ON)","pays_fabricant":"Canada"},{"nom":"TAPV Coyote","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Canada","fabricant":"Textron Systems Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada"},{"nom":"M113A3 (retirés)","quantite":289,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"FMC / United Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"LAV 6.0 (Stryker/Piranha III)","quantite":550,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Canada / Suisse","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada"},{"nom":"TAPV (Textron)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Textron Marine & Land","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Coyote Reconnaissance","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Canada","fabricant":"GDLS Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M777 Howitzer 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Chinook","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CH-148 Cyclone (S-92)","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"USA/Canada","fabricant":"Sikorsky (Lockheed Martin)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CH-146 Griffon (Bell 412)","quantite":82,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"USA/Canada","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada/USA"},{"nom":"CH-148 Cyclone (Sikorsky S-92 dérivé)","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis / Canada","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CH-146 Griffon (Bell 412CF)","quantite":82,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Canada","fabricant":"Bell Textron Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-17A Globemaster 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livraisons 2028-2033)","quantite":11,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Programme RPAS annoncé décembre 2023."},{"nom":"CU-172 Heron TP","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Location opérationnelle Latvia 2023-2024."}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Opération REASSURANCE — commandement multinational eFP, 2 200 hommes (montée en puissance vers brigade permanente 2026)","effectifs":2200,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Operation REASSURANCE — eFP multinational command, 2,200 men (build-up to permanent brigade 2026)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Ukraine (Pologne)","mission":"Opération UNIFIER — formation forces armées ukrainiennes (déplacé au Royaume-Uni depuis 2022)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Operation UNIFIER — training Ukrainian armed forces (moved to the United Kingdom since 2022)","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Moyen-Orient","mission":"Opération IMPACT — coalition anti-Daech, Iraq/Syrie/Jordanie","effectifs":900,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Coalition anti-Daech","mission_en":"Operation IMPACT — anti-Daesh coalition, Iraq/Syria/Jordan","cadre_en":"Anti-Daesh Coalition"},{"pays":"Golan / Israël","mission":"MFO (Sinaï) + UNTSO","effectifs":15,"depuis":"1976","cadre":"ONU / MFO","mission_en":"MFO (Sinai) + UNTSO","cadre_en":"UN/MFO"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO — officiers d'état-major","effectifs":6,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO — staff officers","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Arctique","mission":"Opération NANOOK / NEVUS — souveraineté arctique, exercices annuels","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Operation NANOOK / NEVUS — Arctic sovereignty, annual exercises","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Mer des 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Actuel : 1,4% (2025).","Programme F-35 signé 2023 : 88 unités, 19 Md USD sur 25 ans — remplace la flotte CF-18.","Programme CSC (Canadian Surface Combatant) : 15 frégates classe River (Type 26 dérivé) — 60+ Md USD, plus grand programme naval de l'histoire canadienne.","NORAD modernization : 38,6 Md USD sur 20 ans (2022+), remplacement radars North Warning System.","Commandement de l'eFP Lettonie depuis 2017 — montée en brigade permanente (5 000 hommes) d'ici 2026."],"notes_speciales_en":["Defense budget on the rise: objective 2% GDP in 2032 (announced 2024). Current: 1.4% (2025).","F-35 program signed 2023: 88 units, USD 19 billion over 25 years — replaces the CF-18 fleet.","CSC (Canadian Surface Combatant) program: 15 River class frigates (Type 26 derivative) — 60+ billion USD, largest naval program in Canadian history.","NORAD modernization: USD 38.6 billion over 20 years (2022+), replacement of North Warning System radars.","Command of eFP Latvia since 2017 — rise to permanent brigade (5,000 men) by 2026."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","NORAD","5-Eyes","NATO (founding member)","NORAD (with USA)","Five Eyes","AUKUS observer"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"passage-nord-ouest","nom":"Passage du Nord-Ouest","type":"route","role":"Pays riverain (CA, US)","importance_globale":"Route arctique alternative à NSR (côté canadien). Reliant Atlantique nord (Baffin) au Pacifique via l'archipel arctique canadien. Fonte de la banquise ouvre progressivement le passage — utilisable été 2007+. Statut juridique contesté : Canada revendique eaux intérieures, USA soutient détroit international.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":30,"tonnage_mt_an":1},"menace_principale":"Contentieux juridique Canada-USA (Beaufort Sea). Contentieux Hans Island Canada-Danemark résolu 2022. Souveraineté russe/nord-coréenne remise en cause par fonte des glaces."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":202080,"zee_km2":5599077,"pib_maritime_pct":1.7,"pib_maritime_md_usd":34,"flotte_marchande_navires":550,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.9,"notes":"1re côte mondiale par longueur (202 080 km avec Grands Lacs). Passage NW arctique. Homard/crabe/pétoncle Atlantique. Programme CSC 15 frégates.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Mark Carney (PLC) becomes PM on March 14, 2025 after resignation of Trudeau, re-elected on April 28, 2025 in a context of trade tensions with the United States (Trump II tariffs).","French-English constitutional bilingualism.","Unelected Senate and unrepresentative of the population - recurring debate on its reform.","Federation of 10 provinces + 3 territories; Quebec has a special status (civil law, French official language)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-04-28","type":"legislative","participation_pct":68.5,"vainqueur":"Parti libéral du Canada (169 sièges sur 343)","gouvernement_issu":"Mark Carney, PM (minoritaire) après avoir succédé à Justin Trudeau en mars 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Canadian_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-09-20","type":"legislative","participation_pct":62.3,"vainqueur":"Parti libéral du Canada (160 sièges sur 338)","gouvernement_issu":"Justin Trudeau, gouvernement libéral minoritaire (2021-2025).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CV","iso3":"CPV","slug":"cap-vert","nom_courant_fr":"Cap-Vert","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Cap-Vert","nom_officiel_local":"República de Cabo Verde","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Praia","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cap-Vert","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Vert","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":527326,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cpv","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":4033,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cap-Vert","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Vert","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CPLP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"CPLP","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Maria 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pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cap-vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cap_vert","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2021-04-22","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cap-vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cap_vert","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire. 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23,5% (15%+8,5%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cap-Vert","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Vert","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"INPS","description_en":"Contribution 23.5% (15%+8.5%)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.7,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Une des démocraties les plus solides d'Afrique — alternances régulières.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"One of the strongest democracies in Africa — regular alternations."},"notes_speciales":["Archipel de 10 îles, ~500 000 habitants — plus grande diaspora que population résidente.","Démocratie parmi les plus solides d'Afrique (indice V-Dem 0,70).","Économie tirée par le tourisme (~25% du PIB) et les remises de la diaspora.","Monnaie CVE arrimée à l'euro (accord Portugal 1998)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"A Nação","url_rss":"https://anacao.cv/feed/","langue":"pt"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.02,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Petit parc terrestre + patrouilleurs maritimes","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs côtiers","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Petit parc de police","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":965,"zee_km2":800561,"pib_maritime_pct":8.5,"notes":"Archipel — ZEE grande. Praia, Mindelo. Hub Atlantique.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Archipelago of 10 islands, ~500,000 inhabitants — larger diaspora than resident population.","Democracy among the strongest in Africa (V-Dem index 0.70).","Economy driven by tourism (~25% of GDP) and remittances from the diaspora.","CVE currency pegged to the euro (Portugal agreement 1998)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-10-17","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"José Maria Neves (PAICV, 51.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Neves président depuis nov. 2021. Ulisses Correia e Silva PM (MpD).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Cape Verdean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cape_Verdean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-04-18","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"MpD (Movimento para a Democracia, 50.2%, 38 sièges sur 72)","gouvernement_issu":"Ulisses Correia e Silva PM (MpD) reconduit.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Cape Verdean parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cape_Verdean_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CF","iso3":"CAF","slug":"centrafrique","nom_courant_fr":"République centrafricaine","nom_officiel_fr":"République centrafricaine","nom_officiel_local":"Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bangui","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":5513282,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/caf","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":622984,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEEAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1983,"source":{"nom":"CEEAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEMAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"CEMAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Faustin-Archange Touadéra","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"cf.mcu","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-03-30","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct, réélu 2020 (53,9%), référendum 2023 permet 3ᵉ mandat.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cf.mcu","sieges":90,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Central African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Central_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Félix Moloua","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"cf.mcu","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-02-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2016-03-30","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of centrafrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_centrafrique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2021-03-30","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of centrafrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_centrafrique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Régime affaibli par les groupes armés et l'appui militaire russe (Wagner/Africa Corps).","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-presidential republic. Regime weakened by armed groups and Russian military support (Wagner/Africa Corps)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":140,"mode_designation":"Uninominal à deux tours.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-12-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cf.mcu","sieges":39,"voix_pct":27.9},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":101,"voix_pct":72.1}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Two-round single-nominal vote."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par Président, Parlement et magistrats.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"7 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":579,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":61.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CAF","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":32.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"France","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Cameroun","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Bois","Diamants","Or","Coton","Café"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Pétrole raffiné","Céréales","Véhicules","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Diamants","rang_mondial":null},{"produit":"Bois tropical","rang_mondial":null}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — République centrafricaine","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/caf","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":12.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":14.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XAF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":34.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":12.2,"esperance_vie_femmes":55.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":51.4,"indice_fecondite":5.8,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/centrafrique","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":254675,"deces_2025":51709,"solde_naturel_2025":202966,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":17.6},"retraites":{"age_legal":55,"age_taux_plein":55,"systeme_type":"Répartition (OCSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":19,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 19%, très faible couverture.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République centrafricaine","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République centrafricaine","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (OCSS)","description_en":"Contribution 19%, very low coverage."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.2,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"État fragile, régime hybride.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Fragile state, hybrid regime."},"notes_speciales":["Guerre civile 2012-2019 (Séléka vs anti-Balaka) — présidence Touadéra depuis 2016 avec appui russe.","Africa Corps russe (ex-Wagner) présent depuis 2018 — ~1 500 hommes en 2025.","État en faillite : capitale Bangui contrôlée, mais 80% du territoire sous influence de groupes armés ou Wagner.","Mission MINUSCA (ONU) 15 000 hommes depuis 2014."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"RJDH","url_rss":"https://rjdh.org/feed/","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8150,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"notes_speciales":["Africa Corps russe (ex-Wagner) présent depuis 2018 — ~1 500 hommes.","MINUSCA (ONU) — 15 000 casques bleus depuis 2014.","Armée nationale (FACA) en cours de reconstruction avec appui russe et EU."],"notes_speciales_en":["Russian Africa Corps (ex-Wagner) present since 2018 — ~1,500 men.","MINUSCA (UN) — 15,000 peacekeepers since 2014.","National Army (FACA) undergoing reconstruction with Russian and EU support."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55 (parc dépendant du soutien Wagner)","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VBL, BRDM-2, Panhard","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France/Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17, Mi-24 (soutien russe)","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Civil war 2012-2019 (Séléka vs anti-Balaka) — Touadéra presidency since 2016 with Russian support.","Russian Africa Corps (ex-Wagner) present since 2018 — ~1,500 men in 2025.","Failed state: capital Bangui controlled, but 80% of the territory under the influence of armed groups or Wagner.","MINUSCA mission (UN) 15,000 men since 2014."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-12-27","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Faustin-Archange Touadéra (MCU, 53.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Touadéra 2ᵉ mandat 2021-2026. Félix Moloua PM depuis 2022. Présence militaire russe (Wagner).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Central African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Central_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2015-12-30","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Faustin-Archange Touadéra (62.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Touadéra 1er mandat 2016-2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Central African general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Central_African_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"CL","iso3":"CHL","slug":"chili","nom_courant_fr":"Chili","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Chili","nom_officiel_local":"República de Chile","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Santiago","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":19859921,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/chl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":756096,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Alliance du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2012,"source":{"nom":"Alliance du Pacifique","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"CPTPP","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Antonio Kast (élu 2e tour 14 décembre 2025)","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président (entrée fonction 11 mars 2026)","parti_id":"cl.rep","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-03-11","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"**Alternance à droite** — a battu Jeannette Jara (PC + Frente Amplio) au 2e tour du 14 décembre 2025 (53,3%). Fin du gouvernement Boric (2022-2026).","notes_en":"**Alternation to the right** — defeated Jeannette Jara (PC + Frente Amplio) in the 2nd round of December 14, 2025 (53.3%). End of the Boric government (2022-2026)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 4 ans NON renouvelable consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Antonio Kast (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"cl.rep","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-03-11","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cl.rep","sieges":32,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cl.udi","sieges":25,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cl.rn","sieges":22,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cl.ppd","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cl.cs","sieges":12,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-03-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chili","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-03-11","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chili","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle unitaire. Constitution 1980 (Pinochet, amendée). Deux référendums constitutionnels perdus 2022 + 2023 → statu quo.","explication_concrete_en":"Unitary presidential republic. Constitution 1980 (Pinochet, amended). Two constitutional referendums lost 2022 + 2023 → status quo."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Diputados","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":155,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par circonscription (D'Hondt).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-11-16","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cl.rep","sieges":32,"voix_pct":20.3},{"parti_id":"cl.udi","sieges":25,"voix_pct":15.5},{"parti_id":"cl.rn","sieges":22,"voix_pct":12.9},{"parti_id":"cl.ppd","sieges":15,"voix_pct":8.5},{"parti_id":"cl.cs","sieges":12,"voix_pct":7.8},{"parti_id":"cl.pc","sieges":9,"voix_pct":5.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":40,"voix_pct":29.5}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-11-16","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting by constituency (D'Hondt)."},{"nom":"Senado","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":50,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par région.","duree_mandat_ans":8,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting by region."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Tribunal Constitucional","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 4 par le Congrès (2+2), 3 par la Cour suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":355,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":17735,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":41.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"24 March 2021","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"26 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"15 September 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":5.46,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/CHL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":40},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":4.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":26.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":20.2},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":4.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.4}],"top_categories_export":["Cuivre (1er mondial)","Fruits (raisins, cerises)","Vin","Saumon","Lithium"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Automobile","Machines","Ordinateurs","Téléphones"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cuivre","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~28% production mondiale. Codelco = 1re minière cuprifère."},{"produit":"Lithium (Salar de Atacama)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"SQM + Albemarle."},{"produit":"Vin","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Cerises (1er exportateur vers Chine)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Saumon d'élevage","rang_mondial":2}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Chili","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/chl","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":23.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.5,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"CLP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"esperance_vie_femmes":83.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.5,"age_median":36.5,"indice_fecondite":1.14,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/chl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":173238,"deces_2025":130678,"solde_naturel_2025":42560},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation individuelle obligatoire (AFP)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système Capitalisation individuelle obligatoire (AFP). Cotisation 10%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Mandatory individual capitalization (AFP)","description_en":"Compulsory individual capitalization system (AFP). Contribution 10%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.7,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie stable ; alternance régulière.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Stable democracy; regular alternation."},"notes_speciales":["**Alternance à droite décembre 2025** : Kast (Rép. — extrême droite modérée) élu, remplace Boric mars 2026.","Deux référendums constitutionnels perdus (2022 + 2023) — Constitution Pinochet amendée reste.","1er producteur mondial de cuivre. 2e de lithium (triangle Argentine-Bolivie).","Migration vénézuélienne massive : ~450 000 depuis 2015.","Système de retraites AFP (capitalisation) très critiqué — réforme centrale du débat."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Chili","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=CL&ceid=CL:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":77000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":40000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":44700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":42,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Alliance du Pacifique","CPTPP","Non-aligné","Major Non-NATO Ally USA (2003)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A4 CHL (occasion Allemagne)","quantite":132,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 1V CHL","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Retrait progressif"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4CHL","quantite":172,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 1V","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 50 (première Amérique du Sud)","quantite":46,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-5E Tiger III (upgradé Israël)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"USA/Israël","fabricant":"Northrop + IAI (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Israël"},{"nom":"Embraer A-29 Super Tucano","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 50/52+","quantite":46,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger III (retrait 2019)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"F-16AM/BM MLU (ex-Pays-Bas)","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion Pays-Bas)","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Almirante Latorre (M-class NL occasion)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Royal Schelde","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Almirante Williams (Type 22/23 UK occasion)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Almirante Latorre (ex-M-Karel Doorman)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"Damen Schelde","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Almirante Williams (ex-Type 23)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Royaume-Uni (occasion)","fabricant":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"LST Sargento Aldea (ex-Foudre)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"France (occasion)","fabricant":"DCN","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"OPV classe Fassmer 80","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Chili / Allemagne","fabricant":"ASMAR / Fassmer","pays_fabricant":"Chili"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe O'Higgins (Scorpène)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"DCN / Navantia","pays_fabricant":"France / Espagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Thomson (Type 209)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Marder 1A3","quantite":280,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Piranha III","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"M113A2","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MOWAG Roland","quantite":120,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A3/A5 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CAT 105mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Talleres Álaba","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"LAR-160 MLRS","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IMI Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"KC-130R (ravitailleur)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-295W","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"KC-707 (ravitailleur)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"MI-17V-5","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"S-70 Black Hawk","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS332 Cougar","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk XXI","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mistral","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Spyder-SR (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"drones":[{"nom":"IAI Hermes 900","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"IAI Searcher","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"notes_speciales":["Achat historique F-16 Block 50 (2006) — 1re Amérique du Sud à avoir des F-16 modernes.","Loi 13.196 (« Ley Reservada del Cobre ») : jusqu'en 2019, 10% des ventes de cuivre (Codelco) → armée. Réforme en cours.","Frontière contestée avec Bolivie (accès à la mer perdu 1879).","Service militaire volontaire depuis 2018.","Force la mieux équipée d'Amérique du Sud, budget défense ~1,7% PIB (financement lié aux exportations de cuivre Codelco via Loi 13 196 — abrogée 2019).","Contrat F-16 modernisation V+ (~600 M USD) en cours 2024-2028.","Programme sous-marin de 4e génération : études en cours, remplacement des Thomson d'ici 2035.","Industrie de défense : FAMAE (armes légères, munitions), ASMAR (chantiers navals), ENAER (aviation).\""],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":15,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Chypre","mission":"UNFICYP (petit contingent)","effectifs":15,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNFICYP (small contingent)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"MFO (contingent chilien)","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Multilatéral","mission_en":"MFO (Chilean contingent)","cadre_en":"Multilateral"},{"pays":"Haïti (retrait 2017)","mission":"MINUSTAH","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSTAH","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Antarctique","mission":"Bases militaires — 9 bases dont 3 permanentes","effectifs":200,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Traité Antarctique","mission_en":"Military bases — 9 bases including 3 permanent","cadre_en":"Antarctic Treaty"},{"pays":"Île de Pâques","mission":"Garnison militaire","effectifs":500,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Military garrison","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Historic F-16 Block 50 purchase (2006) — 1st South America to have modern F-16s.","Law 13.196 (“Ley Reservada del Cobre”): until 2019, 10% of copper sales (Codelco) → army. Reform in progress.","Disputed border with Bolivia (access to the sea lost 1879).","Voluntary military service since 2018.","Best equipped force in South America, defense budget ~1.7% GDP (funding linked to Codelco copper exports via Law 13,196 — repealed 2019).","F-16 modernization V+ contract (~600 M USD) in progress 2024-2028.","4th generation submarine program: studies in progress, replacement of the Thomson by 2035.","Defense industry: FAMAE (small arms, ammunition), ASMAR (shipyards), ENAER (aviation).\""],"alliances_militaires_en":["Alliance du Pacifique","CPTPP","Unaligned","Major Non-NATO Ally USA (2003)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"magellan","nom":"Détroit de Magellan","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (CL, AR)","importance_globale":"Passage Atlantique-Pacifique alternatif au canal de Panama et au cap Horn. Route historique avant l'ouverture de Panama en 1914. Navigation abritée mais dangereuse (vents jusqu'à 150 km/h, brumes, courants). Contrôle chilien exclusif (Ushuaia, Punta Arenas).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":1200,"tonnage_mt_an":24},"menace_principale":"Conditions météorologiques extrêmes plutôt que menace militaire. Contentieux frontalier Chili-Argentine résolu 1984 (médiation vaticane)."},{"id":"drake","nom":"Passage de Drake","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (CL, AR)","importance_globale":"Passage océanique entre le cap Horn (Chili) et la péninsule Antarctique. Route la plus fréquentée vers l'Antarctique (recherche scientifique + tourisme). Mers les plus dangereuses du monde : vents 40-60 nœuds, vagues 8-15 m fréquentes.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":300},"menace_principale":"Conditions extrêmes. Enjeu géopolitique croissant : Antarctique et revendications territoriales (Chili, Argentine, UK, Australie, France…)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":6435,"zee_km2":3648532,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":200,"peche_annuelle_mt":2.7,"notes":"6ᵉ plus grande ZEE mondiale (avec Île de Pâques). Valparaíso, San Antonio. Aquaculture saumon 2ᵉ mondial.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Alternation to the right December 2025**: Kast (Rep. — moderate far right) elected, replaces Boric March 2026.","Two lost constitutional referendums (2022 + 2023) — Amended Pinochet Constitution remains.","1st world producer of copper. 2nd lithium (Argentina-Bolivia triangle).","Massive Venezuelan migration: ~450,000 since 2015.","Much criticized AFP pension system (funding) – central reform of the debate."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-12-19","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":55.6,"vainqueur":"Gabriel Boric (Apruebo Dignidad, 55.9% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Gabriel Boric, président 2022-2026 (le plus jeune président de l'histoire du Chili à 36 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Chilean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chilean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-11-19","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Sebastián Piñera (Chile Vamos, 54.6% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Sebastián Piñera, 2ᵉ mandat (2018-2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Chilean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Chilean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CN","iso3":"CHN","slug":"chine","nom_courant_fr":"Chine","nom_officiel_fr":"République populaire de Chine","nom_officiel_local":"Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Pékin","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1406585000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/chn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":9596960,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Membre fondateur (siège permanent CS depuis 1971 pour la RPC).","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Founding member (permanent CS seat since 1971 for the PRC)."},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2009,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 countries, entered into force January 2022. Largest global free trade area (30% GDP, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Xi Jinping","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président et Secrétaire général du PCC","parti_id":"cn.ccp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-03-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Concentration inédite depuis Mao. « Pensée Xi Jinping » inscrite dans la Constitution en 2018.","notes_en":"Concentration unprecedented since Mao. “Xi Jinping Thought” enshrined in the Constitution in 2018."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale populaire. Réforme constitutionnelle 2018 supprime le plafond de 2 mandats. 3e mandat depuis mars 2023.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Li Qiang","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"cn.ccp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-03-11","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-secrétaire du parti de Shanghai. Fidèle de Xi.","notes_en":"Former party secretary of Shanghai. Faithful to Xi."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec approbation de l'ANP.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cn.ccp","sieges":2094,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"cn.satellite","sieges":552,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":331,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-03-10","notes":"Xi Jinping réélu Président de la RPC le 10 mars 2023 pour un 3ᵉ mandat de 5 ans (limitation à 2 mandats abolie en 2018).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of chine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-03-10","notes":"Fin normale du 3ᵉ mandat présidentiel. Xi peut se représenter en 2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of chine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République populaire à parti unique dirigée par le PCC (99 M de membres). Régime autoritaire fort. Le Comité permanent du Bureau politique (7 membres) est l'organe décisionnel suprême. « Rêve chinois » de Xi : superpuissance en 2049.","explication_concrete_en":"One-party People's Republic led by the CCP (99 million members). Strong authoritarian regime. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau (7 members) is the supreme decision-making body. Xi’s “Chinese Dream”: superpower in 2049."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale populaire (ANP)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":2977,"mode_designation":"Élus indirects par les congrès provinciaux (candidats validés par le PCC).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-03-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cn.ccp","sieges":2094,"voix_pct":70.3},{"parti_id":"cn.satellite","sieges":552,"voix_pct":18.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":331,"voix_pct":11.1}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Indirectly elected by provincial congresses (candidates validated by the PCC)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour populaire suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":340,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'ANP sur proposition du président de la Cour. Toujours membres du PCC.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":19626,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":13968,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":99.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-7.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"21 September 2017","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"3 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 April 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":1.75,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/CHN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":14.7},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":4.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Taïwan","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Électronique (téléphones, ordinateurs)","Machines","Textile et vêtements","Véhicules électriques (BYD, NIO)","Panneaux solaires"],"top_categories_import":["Semi-conducteurs","Pétrole brut","Minerai de fer","Machines","Voitures"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Fabrication industrielle","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"28% de la production manufacturière mondiale."},{"produit":"Véhicules électriques","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"60% de la production mondiale (BYD 1er constructeur)."},{"produit":"Panneaux solaires","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"80% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Terres rares","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"70% de la production mondiale + 90% du raffinage."},{"produit":"Ports maritimes (Shanghai, Ningbo)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Riz","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Charbon","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Acier","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Chine","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/chn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":26.2,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.5,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"CNY","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2022,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2022. Population passée de 1,412 Md (2021) à 1,408 Md (2025). Chute historique. Fécondité 1,05 — parmi les plus basses au monde.","esperance_vie_femmes":81,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.2,"age_median":40.2,"indice_fecondite":1.01,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/chn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":9522580,"deces_2025":10915100,"solde_naturel_2025":-1392520},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition urbaine + rurale + fonctionnaires — réforme âge en cours","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":28,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Système Répartition urbaine + rurale + fonctionnaires — réforme âge en cours. Cotisation 28%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Urban + rural distribution + civil servants — age reform in progress","description_en":"System Urban + rural distribution + civil servants — age reform in progress. Contribution 28%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.08,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul continu depuis 2013 (arrivée de Xi).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Continuous decline since 2013 (arrival of Xi)."},"notes_speciales":["Xi Jinping : 3e mandat depuis mars 2023 — rupture de la norme des 2 mandats.","Population en déclin depuis 2022 — dépassée par l'Inde en 2023 comme pays le plus peuplé.","Croissance ralentie (~4-5%/an) — crise immobilière (Evergrande, Country Garden), déflation, chômage jeunes.","Guerre commerciale et technologique avec USA depuis 2018 — durcissement 2024-2025 sous Trump II.","Contrôle strict de Hong Kong depuis loi sur la sécurité nationale 2020.","Menaces récurrentes sur Taïwan.","Nouvelles routes de la soie (BRI) — investissements dans ~150 pays."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Chine","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=zh-CN&gl=CN&ceid=CN:zh-CN","langue":"zh-CN"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":2035000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":510000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":660000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":314,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":3,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":600,"alliances_militaires":["OCS","BRICS","Traité amitié Corée du Nord"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Type 99A / 99A2","quantite":1000,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Type 99","quantite":600,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Type 96A / B","quantite":2500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Type 15 (char léger montagne)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Type 88 / 85 / 79","quantite":1400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"J-20 Mighty Dragon (5e génération)","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group (AVIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"J-16","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (AVIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"J-10C","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group (AVIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"J-11B / D (Su-27 sous licence)","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Chine (URSS)","fabricant":"Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (AVIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"H-6K / N (bombardier)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Chine (Tu-16)","fabricant":"Xi'an Aircraft Industrial (AVIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"J-7 (MiG-21)","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"Chine (URSS)","fabricant":"Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-avions Type 003 Fujian","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Jiangnan Shipyard (CSSC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Porte-avions Type 002 Shandong","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Dalian Shipbuilding (CSIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Porte-avions Type 001 Liaoning","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2012,"origine":"URSS mod. Chine","fabricant":"Dalian Shipbuilding (rénovation URSS)","pays_fabricant":"URSS mod. Chine"},{"nom":"Destroyers Type 055 Renhai","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Jiangnan / Dalian Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Destroyers Type 052D Luyang III","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Jiangnan / Dalian Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Frégates Type 054A Jiangkai II","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Hudong-Zhonghua / Huangpu Wenchong","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"SNLE Type 094A Jin","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Bohai Shipyard (CSIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"SNA Type 093A/B Shang","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Bohai Shipyard (CSIC)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Sous-marins conventionnels Type 039A/B Yuan","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Wuchang Shipbuilding / Jiangnan","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VN-17 (IFV moderne)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"ZBD-04A (IFV)","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"ZTQ-15 Black Panther (char léger — voir chars)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"ZBD-05 (amphibie)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PLZ-05 (SPH 155mm)","quantite":700,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"PHL-16 (MLRS 370mm)","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"PHL-03 (MLRS 300mm — Smerch licence)","quantite":175,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Z-10 (attaque)","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CAIC (AVIC Changhe)","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Z-19 (reconnaissance/attaque légère)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Harbin","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Z-20 (Black Hawk-like)","quantite":150,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Harbin","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Mi-17 (importés Russie)","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"Y-20 Kunpeng","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Xi'an Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Y-9","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Shaanxi Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Il-76MD (importés Russie)","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Aviastar-SP","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"HQ-9B / HQ-9BE (S-300 chinois)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"HQ-19 (anti-BM)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"HQ-22 / FK-3","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"S-400 (livraisons Russie 2018-2020)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Wing Loong II","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"CH-5 Rainbow","quantite":80,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"CH-7 (furtif HALE, prototype)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"WZ-8 (drone hypersonique reco)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Djibouti","effectifs":2000,"mission":"Base de soutien logistique APL — Douraleh","depuis":"2017","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"APL Logistics Support Base — Douraleh","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Soudan (déploiements navals)","effectifs":300,"mission":"Escortes anti-piraterie golfe d'Aden","depuis":"2008","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"Anti-piracy escorts Gulf of Aden","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Cambodge (Ream)","effectifs":300,"mission":"Base navale rénovée par la Chine","depuis":"2024","cadre":"Bilatéral (contesté)","mission_en":"Naval base renovated by China","cadre_en":"Bilateral (contested)"}],"notes_speciales":["Marine chinoise (PLAN) = 1re au monde en nombre de navires depuis 2022 (~340 unités).","Fujian (Type 003) premier porte-avions à catapultes électromagnétiques hors USA.","Doctrine « Antiaccess/Area Denial » — sanctuarisation mer de Chine + 1re/2e chaîne d'îles.","Modernisation stratégique nucléaire : arsenal en croissance rapide (200 têtes 2020 → 600 en 2025 selon estimations DoD)."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"Doctrine historique de **« No First Use » (NFU) réaffirmée** (Livre blanc défense 2024) mais avec ambiguïté croissante. Cible : dissuasion minimale crédible. Croissance rapide de l'arsenal : de 200 têtes (2020) à ~600 (2025), estimation DoD 1500 en 2035. Modernisation : DF-41 (ICBM), DF-26 (IRBM anti-navire « tueur de porte-avions »), JL-3 (SLBM sur Type 094A), H-20 (bombardier furtif en développement). Développement composante spatiale/hypersonique (FOBS testé 2021).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Historical doctrine of **“No First Use” (NFU) reaffirmed** (Defense White Paper 2024) but with increasing ambiguity. Target: minimum credible deterrence. Rapid growth of the arsenal: from 200 warheads (2020) to ~600 (2025), DoD estimate 1500 in 2035. Modernization: DF-41 (ICBM), DF-26 (anti-ship IRBM “aircraft carrier killer”), JL-3 (SLBM on Type 094A), H-20 (stealth bomber in development). Space/hypersonic component development (FOBS tested 2021).","notes_speciales_en":["Chinese Navy (PLAN) = 1st in the world in number of ships since 2022 (~340 units).","Fujian (Type 003) first aircraft carrier with electromagnetic catapults outside the USA.","“Antiaccess/Area Denial” doctrine — China Sea sanctuary + 1st/2nd chain of islands.","Strategic nuclear modernization: arsenal growing rapidly (200 warheads in 2020 → 600 in 2025 according to DoD estimates)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OCS","BRICS","North Korea Friendship Treaty"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"formose","nom":"Détroit de Formose (partie sud Taïwan)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TW, CN)","importance_globale":"Prolongement méridional du détroit de Taïwan. Route commerciale Est-Ouest majeure (Corée, Japon → Malacca).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":88000},"menace_principale":"Idem détroit de Taïwan — voir entrée dédiée."},{"id":"taiwan-strait","nom":"Détroit de Taïwan","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TW, CN)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale majeure Est-Ouest (Corée du Sud, Japon → Asie SE, Europe via Malacca). 60% des semi-conducteurs mondiaux fabriqués à Taïwan (TSMC) passent par ce détroit. Chine considère détroit comme « eaux intérieures », désaccord USA/Japon.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":88000,"pct_commerce_mondial":22,"pct_semiconducteurs_mondial":60},"menace_principale":"Blocus / invasion chinoise possible — exercices d'encerclement de la PLA depuis 2022 (Nancy Pelosi visit) intensifiés 2024-2025. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOP) USA/UK/France/Japon/Canada — provoquent réactions PLA."},{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":14500,"zee_km2":3000000,"pib_maritime_pct":9.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":1550,"flotte_marchande_navires":6300,"flotte_marchande_rang":1,"peche_annuelle_mt":65.3,"peche_annuelle_rang":1,"ports_top10_mondial":7,"notes":"Puissance maritime globale émergente. Belt & Road Initiative maritime (Route de la Soie). 1re flotte de pêche mondiale (DWF 3000+ navires). Chantiers navals : 60% construction mondiale.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Xi Jinping: 3rd term since March 2023 — breaking the norm of 2 terms.","Population declining since 2022 — overtaken by India in 2023 as most populous country.","Slowed growth (~4-5%/year) — real estate crisis (Evergrande, Country Garden), deflation, youth unemployment.","Trade and technological war with the USA since 2018 - toughening 2024-2025 under Trump II.","Strict control of Hong Kong since national security law 2020.","Recurring threats to Taiwan.","New Silk Roads (BRI) — investments in ~150 countries."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-03-10","type":"legislative_reelection_president","vainqueur":"Xi Jinping réélu président (2 952 voix sur 2 952, unanimité)","gouvernement_issu":"Xi Jinping, 3ᵉ mandat présidentiel 2023-2028 (limitation à 2 mandats abolie en 2018). Li Qiang PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Chinese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-10-16","type":"congres_parti","vainqueur":"Parti communiste chinois (20ᵉ Congrès national)","gouvernement_issu":"Xi Jinping reconduit Secrétaire général du PCC pour un 3ᵉ mandat, consolidation de son pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CY","iso3":"CYP","slug":"chypre","nom_courant_fr":"Chypre","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Chypre","nom_officiel_local":"Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία / Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Nicosie","source":{"nom":"Cystat","url":"https://www.cystat.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1370754,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cyp","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":9251,"source":{"nom":"Cystat","url":"https://www.cystat.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Superficie totale de l'île. Le contrôle effectif ne couvre que la partie sud (~2/3), la RTCN au nord (~1/3) n'est reconnue que par la Turquie.","notes_en":"Total area of ​​the island. Effective control only covers the southern part (~2/3), the TRNC in the north (~1/3) is only recognized by Turkey."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2008,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Adhésion prévue mais retardée par la partition.","source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accession planned but delayed by the partition."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Pas membre — tensions avec la Turquie.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Not a member — tensions with Turkey."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nikos Christodoulides","source":{"nom":"Présidence chypriote","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Πρόεδρος της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας","parti_id":"cy.dip","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-02-28","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-DISY, indépendant. Élu au 2e tour le 12 février 2023 (52%).","notes_en":"Ex-DISY, independent. Elected in the 2nd round on February 12, 2023 (52%)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois. Chypre est un régime présidentiel — le président est chef d'État ET du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution chypriote","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nikos Christodoulides (chef de l'exécutif — pas de PM)","source":{"nom":"Constitution chypriote","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Le Président est chef du gouvernement (régime présidentiel)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-02-28","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel : le Président nomme le Conseil des ministres. Pas de fonction de Premier ministre.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cy.disy","sieges":17,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Cypriot legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cypriot_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"cy.diko","sieges":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Cypriot legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cypriot_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-02-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of chypre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chypre","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-02-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of chypre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_chypre","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Un des rares régimes présidentiels d'Europe (avec la Turquie post-2018). Constitution de 1960 prévoyait un Président grec-chypriote + Vice-président turc-chypriote — non appliquée depuis 1963 (crise inter-communautaire). Chambre représentation communautaire suspendue.","explication_concrete_en":"One of the rare presidential regimes in Europe (with post-2018 Turkey). Constitution of 1960 provided for a Greek-Cypriot President + Turkish-Cypriot Vice-President — not applied since 1963 (inter-community crisis). Community representation chamber suspended."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre unique. 56 sièges effectivement pourvus (grecs-chypriotes). 24 sièges supplémentaires théoriquement réservés à la communauté turque-chypriote — vacants depuis 1963.","sieges_total":56,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel. 56 sièges effectivement pourvus (grecs-chypriotes) + 24 vacants (turcs-chypriotes).","seuil_electoral_pct":3.6,"duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-05-24","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cy.disy","sieges":17,"voix_pct":22.1},{"parti_id":"cy.akel","sieges":15,"voix_pct":19.4},{"parti_id":"cy.diko","sieges":8,"voix_pct":10.6},{"parti_id":"cy.elam","sieges":8,"voix_pct":11.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":8,"voix_pct":36.8}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Chypre","url":"https://elections.moi.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-05-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room. 56 seats actually filled (Greek-Cypriots). 24 additional seats theoretically reserved for the Turkish-Cypriot community — vacant since 1963.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting. 56 seats actually filled (Greek-Cypriots) + 24 vacant (Turkish-Cypriots)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο (Cour suprême)","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême chypriote","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"Constitution chypriote","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur proposition du Conseil suprême de la magistrature.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 68 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parliament.cy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Réforme 2022 : séparation entre Cour suprême et Cour constitutionnelle prévue.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":41,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":41730,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":55.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CYP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"20 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"21 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"22 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":12.6},{"pays":"Grèce","part_pct":11.6},{"pays":"Libye","part_pct":9.9},{"pays":"Liban","part_pct":5.9},{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Grèce","part_pct":21.7},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":10},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.1},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Israël","part_pct":5.9}],"top_categories_export":["Services financiers","Produits pétroliers (raffinage/reexport)","Fromages (halloumi)","Produits pharmaceutiques","Fruits (agrumes)"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Machines","Alimentation","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Services financiers offshore","rang_europeen":4,"notes":"Réformé après scandale « golden passports » 2020."},{"produit":"Tourisme (~4 M visiteurs/an)","rang_europeen":25},{"produit":"Halloumi (fromage AOP)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Gaz naturel offshore (Aphrodite, Cronos)","notes":"Réserves découvertes en 2011-2022, exploitation en négociation."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Cyprus","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cyp","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":42.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":38.1,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2040,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel encore légèrement positif, aidé par l'immigration jeune.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.8,"age_median":39.4,"indice_fecondite":1.38,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cyp","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":14416,"deces_2025":9617,"solde_naturel_2025":4799},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Fonds de prévoyance","duree_cotisation_ans":33,"taux_cotisation_pct":21.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":62,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans (indexé sur espérance de vie depuis 2018). Cotisation 21,5% (10,25% employeur + 10,25% salarié + 1% État).","source":{"nom":"Ministère du travail","url":"https://www.mlsi.gov.cy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution + Contingency fund","description_en":"Legal age 65 (indexed on life expectancy since 2018). Contribution 21.5% (10.25% employer + 10.25% employee + 1% State)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.72,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Île divisée depuis 1974** : République de Chypre (grecque-chypriote, membre UE) au sud, République turque de Chypre du Nord (RTCN, reconnue uniquement par la Turquie) au nord. Nicosie : dernière capitale divisée en Europe.","Scandale « Golden Passports » 2020 (passeports d'investisseur) — programme fermé sous pression UE.","Réserves gazières offshore importantes (Aphrodite, Calypso, Cronos) — tensions avec la Turquie.","Non-membre OTAN — tensions historiques avec la Turquie (membre OTAN)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Chypre","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=el&gl=CY&ceid=CY:el","langue":"el"},{"nom":"Cyprus Mail (English)","url_rss":"https://cyprus-mail.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":75000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":750,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":91,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["UE"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-80U (61)","quantite":61,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"},{"nom":"AMX-30B2","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-3, VAB, EE-3 Jararaca","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-35P, Bell 206, SA-342 Gazelle","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["EU"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":648,"zee_km2":98707,"pib_maritime_pct":7,"flotte_marchande_navires":1000,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.001,"notes":"11ᵉ pavillon mondial (pavillon de complaisance UE). Limassol hub méditerranéen. Contentieux Turquie sur ZEE.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Island divided since 1974**: Republic of Cyprus (Greek-Cypriot, EU member) to the south, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC, recognized only by Turkey) to the north. Nicosia: last divided capital in Europe.","2020 “Golden Passports” scandal (investor passports) — program closed under EU pressure.","Significant offshore gas reserves (Aphrodite, Calypso, Cronos) — tensions with Turkey.","Non-NATO member — historic tensions with Turkey (NATO member)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-02-05","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":72.4,"vainqueur":"Nikos Christodoulides (indépendant, 51.9% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Nikos Christodoulides président depuis mars 2023 — succède à Nicos Anastasiades.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Cypriot presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cypriot_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-01-28","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Nicos Anastasiades (DISY, 55.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Anastasiades 2ᵉ mandat 2018-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Cypriot presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cypriot_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CO","iso3":"COL","slug":"colombie","nom_courant_fr":"Colombie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Colombie","nom_officiel_local":"República de Colombia","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bogotá","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":53425635,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/col","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1141748,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2020,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Alliance du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2012,"source":{"nom":"Alliance du Pacifique","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Gustavo Petro","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"co.ph","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-08-07","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"1er président de gauche de l'histoire colombienne. Ex-guerillero M-19. Vice-présidente Francia Márquez (1re Afro-descendante VP).","notes_en":"1st left-wing president in Colombian history. Ex-guerrilla M-19. Vice President Francia Márquez (1st Afro-descendant VP)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. 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Constitution 1991. Conflit armé interne avec FARC officiellement clos (accord 2016) mais dissidences + ELN + narco.","explication_concrete_en":"Decentralized unitary presidential republic. Constitution 1991. Internal armed conflict with FARC officially closed (2016 agreement) but dissidence + ELN + narco."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Representantes","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":188,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par département + 3 sièges circonscriptions spéciales.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-03-13","distribution":[{"parti_id":"co.ph","sieges":27,"voix_pct":13.8},{"parti_id":"co.cd","sieges":16,"voix_pct":10.3},{"parti_id":"co.pl_co","sieges":32,"voix_pct":15.7},{"parti_id":"co.pcc","sieges":15,"voix_pct":8.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":98,"voix_pct":52}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-03-13","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting by department + 3 special constituency seats."},{"nom":"Senado","role":"Chambre 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renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":457,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":8623,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":5.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":59.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":14.01,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/COL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":26.5},{"pays":"Panama","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":23.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":5.3},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Charbon","Café","Or","Fleurs coupées (2e exportateur mondial)"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures raffinés","Céréales (maïs, blé)","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Arabica lavé","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Après Brésil et Vietnam."},{"produit":"Fleurs coupées (roses, œillets)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Charbon (Cerrejón)","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Émeraudes","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~55% production mondiale."},{"produit":"Cocaïne (production illicite)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~60% production mondiale."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Colombie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/col","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.6,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"COP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":13.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":80.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.2,"age_median":31.6,"indice_fecondite":1.63,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/col","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":707943,"deces_2025":292025,"solde_naturel_2025":415918},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":62,"systeme_type":"Régimes parallèles (Colpensiones répartition + AFP capitalisation)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":16,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":65,"description":"Système Régimes parallèles (Colpensiones répartition + AFP capitalisation). Cotisation 16%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Parallel plans (Colpensiones distribution + AFP capitalization)","description_en":"Parallel regimes system (Colpensiones distribution + AFP capitalization). Contribution 16%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.52,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"notes_speciales":["Gustavo Petro : 1er président de gauche de l'histoire colombienne.","Politique de « paix totale » : négociations avec ELN + dissidences FARC + narco-paramilitaires — résultats mitigés.","**Présidentielle mai 2026** : Petro non-réélligible. Successeurs : Cepeda (PH), Uribe (CD), figure indépendante possible.","Réforme judiciaire + réforme des retraites votées 2024.","Migration vénézuélienne : ~2,8 M de Vénézuéliens intégrés (loi ETPV).","Cocaïne : 60% production mondiale malgré éradication."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Colombie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=CO&ceid=CO:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":295000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":34600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":189000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":12.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":44,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower 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flotte hors USA"},{"nom":"Bell 407","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"UH-60L/M Black Hawk (Arpía)","quantite":82,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MD-500","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"MD Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bell UH-1H/N","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AH-60L Arpía (gunship)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis / Colombie","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"KFIR C10/C12 (upgradé)","quantite":21,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Israël/Colombie","fabricant":"IAI + upgrade FAC","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"A-29B Super Tucano","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"IAI Kfir C-10/12","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Modernisation continue, retrait prévu 2028."},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"AT-27 Tucano","quantite":22,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"OV-10 Bronco (retrait 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Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CN-235-100M","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"CASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"CASA C-295","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Almirante Padilla (FS-1500)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"Allemagne / Colombie","fabricant":"Howaldtswerke / COTECMAR","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Colombie"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Bahia","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Colombie","fabricant":"COTECMAR","pays_fabricant":"Colombie"},{"nom":"PES CPV (patrouilleurs riverains)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Colombie","fabricant":"COTECMAR","pays_fabricant":"Colombie","notes":"Guerre fluviale contre FARC/ELN."}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Pijao (Type 209)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins mini classe Intrépido","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Cosmos","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Barak-8 (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI / Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"drones":[{"nom":"IAI Heron","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"ScanEagle","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Insitu","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"notes_speciales":["**Allié majeur non-OTAN des USA** depuis 2022 (seul avec Argentine en Amérique du Sud).","Plan Colombie (2000-2016) : aide militaire US ~10 Md$ contre narco + guérillas.","Accord de paix FARC 2016 (Prix Nobel Santos) — dissidences actives.","Plus grande flotte de Black Hawk hors USA (~90 UH-60).","Militaire le plus expérimenté en contre-insurrection d'Amérique — 60 ans de guerre contre FARC, ELN, EPL, M-19, paramilitaires.","Accord de paix FARC 2016 mais ELN et dissidences FARC-EP toujours actifs — accord de paix ELN dans l'impasse depuis 2024.","Coopération USA majeure : Plan Colombia (2000-2015, ~10 Md USD) puis Peace Colombia — présence CIA/US SOF.","Major Non-NATO Ally (statut 2022) + OTAN Global Partner (2018) — seul pays sud-américain avec ce statut."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"MFO (contingent colombien important)","effectifs":275,"depuis":"1982","cadre":"Multilatéral","mission_en":"MFO (large Colombian contingent)","cadre_en":"Multilateral"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Territoire national — FARC/ELN","mission":"Guerre contre FARC (accord de paix 2016), ELN, dissidences FARC-EP","effectifs":220000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"War against FARC (2016 peace agreement), ELN, FARC-EP dissidences","cadre_en":"Autonomous"},{"pays":"Frontière vénézuélienne","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — migration + narco-trafics","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security – migration + drug trafficking","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales_en":["**Major non-NATO ally of the USA** since 2022 (only with Argentina in South America).","Plan Colombia (2000-2016): US military aid ~$10 billion against narco + guerrillas.","2016 FARC peace agreement (Santos Nobel Prize) — active dissidents.","Largest Black Hawk fleet outside the USA (~90 UH-60s).","America's most experienced counterinsurgency military — 60 years of war against FARC, ELN, EPL, M-19, paramilitaries.","FARC peace agreement 2016 but ELN and FARC-EP dissidences still active — ELN peace agreement deadlocked since 2024.","Major US cooperation: Plan Colombia (2000-2015, ~10 billion USD) then Peace Colombia — CIA/US SOF presence.","Major Non-NATO Ally (2022 status) + NATO Global Partner (2018) — only South American country with this status."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","NATO Partner","Pacific Alliance","Major Non-NATO Ally USA (2022)","NATO Global Partner (2018)","USA-Colombia military cooperation (Plan Colombia)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3208,"zee_km2":808158,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.2,"notes":"Buenaventura (Pacifique), Cartagène. Cocaine flux vers USA/Europe.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Gustavo Petro: 1st left-wing president in Colombian history.","“Total peace” policy: negotiations with ELN + FARC dissidences + narco-paramilitaries — mixed results.","**Presidential election May 2026**: Petro not re-electable. Successors: Cepeda (PH), Uribe (CD), possible independent figure.","Judicial reform + pension reform voted for 2024.","Venezuelan migration: ~2.8 million integrated Venezuelans (ETPV law).","Cocaine: 60% global production despite eradication."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-06-19","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":58.1,"vainqueur":"Gustavo Petro (Pacto Histórico, 50.4% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Gustavo Petro, président 2022-2026 (premier président de gauche de l'histoire moderne colombienne).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Colombian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-06-17","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Iván Duque (Centro Democrático, 54.0%)","gouvernement_issu":"Iván Duque, président 2018-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Colombian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Colombian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"KM","iso3":"COM","slug":"comores","nom_courant_fr":"Comores","nom_officiel_fr":"Union des Comores","nom_officiel_local":"Ittiḥādu l-Qumur","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Moroni","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":882847,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/com","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1862,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue%20arabe","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"COI","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1984,"source":{"nom":"COI","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COI","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Azali Assoumani","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"km.crc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-05-26","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Réélu 2019 (mandat contesté), 2024 (mandat contesté, 62,9%). Ancien putschiste 1999.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"km.crc","sieges":20,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Comorian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Comorian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Azali Assoumani","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"km.crc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-05-26","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Comores","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comores","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2016-05-26","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of comores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_comores","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2021-05-26","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of comores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_comores","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. 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2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CEEAC"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":128,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"UN"}],"alliances_militaires_en":["ECCAS"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55, T-54","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-60/152, Panhard, TAB-71","quantite":120,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/France/Roumanie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8, Mi-24","quantite":10,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":169,"zee_km2":41010,"pib_maritime_pct":25,"notes":"Pointe-Noire port pétrolier. 90% recettes hydrocarbures.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Dynastic regime: Sassou-Nguesso in power since 1979 (with brief interruption 1992-1997).","Civil war 1997-1999 then authoritarian stabilization.","Economy extremely dependent on oil (~90% of exports)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-03-21","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Denis Sassou-Nguesso (PCT, 88.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Sassou-Nguesso 4ᵉ mandat consécutif (au pouvoir 1979-1992 et depuis 1997). Anatole Collinet Makosso PM depuis 2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Republic of the Congo presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-03-20","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Sassou-Nguesso (60.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Sassou-Nguesso 3ᵉ mandat 2016-2021 (après référendum constitutionnel controversé 2015).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Republic of the Congo presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"KP","iso3":"PRK","slug":"coree-du-nord","nom_courant_fr":"Corée du Nord","nom_officiel_fr":"République populaire démocratique de Corée","nom_officiel_local":"Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Pyongyang","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":26571036,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/prk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":120540,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kim Jong-un","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président des Affaires d'État et Secrétaire général du PTC","parti_id":"kp.wpk","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2011-12-17","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Petit-fils de Kim Il-sung (fondateur 1948). Concentration du pouvoir totale.","notes_en":"Grandson of Kim Il-sung (founder 1948). Total concentration of power."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession dynastique — 3e génération Kim (Kim Il-sung → Kim Jong-il → Kim Jong-un).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kim Tok-hun","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"kp.wpk","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-13","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par l'Assemblée populaire suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"kp.wpk","sieges":687,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2019-03-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2011-12-17","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of coree-du-nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_coree_du_nord","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2016-12-17","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of coree-du-nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_coree_du_nord","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime totalitaire de parti unique (juche). Dynastie Kim depuis 1948 (77 ans). Culte de la personnalité. Économie fortement isolée, sous sanctions ONU pour programme nucléaire.","explication_concrete_en":"Totalitarian single-party regime (juche). Kim dynasty since 1948 (77 years). Cult of personality. Highly isolated economy, under UN sanctions for nuclear program."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Choego Inmin Hoeui (Assemblée populaire suprême)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":687,"mode_designation":"Élus au suffrage universel — candidatures uniques validées par le PTC.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2019-03-10","distribution":[{"parti_id":"kp.wpk","sieges":607},{"parti_id":"kp.other","sieges":80}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019_North_Korean_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korean_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée populaire suprême (687 sièges). Élection à candidat unique par circonscription : Front démocratique pour la réunification (PT Corée + 2 partis-satellites). Participation officielle 99,99%, approbation 100%. Aucune fonction politique réelle."},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Elected by universal suffrage — single candidacies validated by the PTC."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour centrale","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'Assemblée populaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1160,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":25,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PRK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":96},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":2.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":0.4},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":0.2},{"pays":"Pakistan","part_pct":0.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":95.5},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":3},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":0.6},{"pays":"Pakistan","part_pct":0.3},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":0.1}],"top_categories_export":["Charbon (sanctions ONU)","Fer","Textile","Poisson","Produits alimentaires"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Aliments (blé, riz)","Machines","Textile","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Charbon","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"Sanctions ONU en principe."},{"produit":"Missiles balistiques","rang_regional":1,"notes":"Tests réguliers. Arsenal nucléaire estimé 40-50 têtes."},{"produit":"Cyberattaques (Lazarus Group)","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Vols de cryptomonnaies ~2 Md$ estimés 2017-2024."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Corée du Nord","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/prk","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":25,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"KPW","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":75.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":71.6,"age_median":35.4,"indice_fecondite":1.78,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/prk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":341650,"deces_2025":261937,"solde_naturel_2025":79713},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Système étatique (dysfonctionnel)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":1,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système Système étatique (dysfonctionnel). Cotisation 1%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"State system (dysfunctional)","description_en":"System State system (dysfunctional). 1% contribution."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.03,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Pire score V-Dem au monde avec Érythrée.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Worst V-Dem score in the world with Eritrea."},"notes_speciales":["Dynastie Kim depuis 1948 — 3 générations (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un).","Programme nucléaire depuis 2006 (6 essais nucléaires, dernier 2017). Arsenal ~40-50 têtes estimé.","Sanctions ONU depuis 2006, renforcées 2016-2017.","**Alliance renforcée avec la Russie** depuis 2023 : troupes nord-coréennes en Ukraine, munitions contre technologies militaires.","Sœur Kim Yo-jong = 2e figure du régime.","Fermeture COVID (2020-2023) : isolement extrême.","Répression massive — camps de travail (kwanliso) ~150 000 détenus estimés."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Corée du Nord","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=KP&ceid=KP:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1280000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":600000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":189000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":15.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":34,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":50,"alliances_militaires":["Traité amitié Chine","Alliance stratégique Russie 2024","Traité d'assistance mutuelle Corée du Nord-Russie (juin 2024)","Alliance historique avec la Chine (1961)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M2020 (Chonma)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Pokpung-ho","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"T-62 / Chonma-ho","quantite":1500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS/Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"T-55 / Type 59","quantite":1500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS/Chine","fabricant":"divers (URSS/NORINCO)","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Chine"},{"nom":"Pokpung-ho (Chonma-216 modernisé)","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Ryu Kyong-su Tank Factory","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Chonma-ho (T-62 dérivé)","quantite":1200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Corée du Nord (T-62 licence)","fabricant":"Sinhung Tank Factory","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"T-62","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M2020 (nouveau char, révélé 2020)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Design inspiré T-14 Armata + M1 Abrams."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29 Fulcrum","quantite":35,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"MiG-23 Flogger","quantite":56,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"MiG-21 Fishbed / J-7","quantite":150,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"URSS/Chine","fabricant":"RSK MiG / Chengdu Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Chine"},{"nom":"MiG-29A","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-23ML/UB","quantite":46,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-21bis/PFM","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-25K Frogfoot","quantite":34,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"J-6 (MiG-19 chinois)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Shenyang","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"J-5 (MiG-17 chinois)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Shenyang","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"KN-25 (MLRS 600mm supersonique)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"KN-09 (MLRS 300mm)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"M-1978/M-1989 Koksan (170mm)","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Portée 40+ km — cible Séoul"},{"nom":"KN-09 300mm MLRS","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Portée 200 km, guidage GPS revendiqué."},{"nom":"KN-25 (600mm super-heavy MLRS)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Portée >400 km."},{"nom":"M-1985/1989 240mm MLRS","quantite":500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Koksan M1978 170mm (auto-portée)","quantite":500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Portée 60 km."},{"nom":"Hwasong-11 (KN-23, missile tactique)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK / Iskander dérivé","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Portée 800 km, exporté vers Russie 2023+."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Pyongae-5 / KN-06 (S-300 équivalent)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"Second Machine Industry Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"S-125 Pechora / S-200 Vega (URSS)","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1961,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"KN-06 (SAM longue portée, dérivé S-300)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"SA-2/SA-3/SA-5 (S-75/S-125/S-200)","quantite":850,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SA-13 Strela-10","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-60/80 (M1973 clone)","quantite":2500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"M1985 IFV (BMP-1 clone)","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"M2010 (VBTP 6×6 moderne)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8/17 Hip","quantite":50,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Mil Moscow","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Hughes 500D/E (obtenus clandestinement années 1980)","quantite":87,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis (obtenus clandestinement)","fabricant":"Hughes / MD Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mi-24 Hind","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Mil Moscow","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Najin","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Amnok (nouveau design 2014)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Nampo","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Sinpo-C (Hero Kim Kun Ok, SLBM)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK / Sinpo Naval Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Premier SNLE nord-coréen — capacité SLBM revendiquée."},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Romeo (Sang-o dérivé)","quantite":22,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Chine / Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK / Sinpo","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Sous-marins mini (Yugo/Yono)","quantite":45,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord","notes":"Utilisés pour infiltrations spéciales (Cheonan 2010)."}],"drones":[{"nom":"Saetbyol-4/9 (dérivés MQ-9/RQ-4 clones — révélés 2023)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"},{"nom":"Poktawi (loitering)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Nord","fabricant":"DPRK","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Nord"}]},"notes_speciales":["Programme nucléaire depuis 2006 — 6 essais nucléaires (dernier 2017). Miniaturisation présumée.","ICBM Hwasong-17 / -18 (portée USA continentale).","Alliance stratégique renforcée avec Russie 2024 : troupes déployées en Ukraine (~11 000 au Koursk), munitions.","Service militaire 8 ans (H) / 5 ans (F).","Puissance nucléaire depuis les essais de 2006 (Pyunggye-ri). ~50 têtes estimées (SIPRI 2025), en croissance rapide.","Traité d'assistance mutuelle Russie-Corée du Nord signé par Poutine et Kim (Pyongyang, juin 2024) — clause d'assistance militaire automatique.","Envoi de troupes nord-coréennes en Russie (10 000+ à Koursk et Donbass) automne 2024 — 1er déploiement combat de l'histoire de la RPDC.","Exportation d'obus, missiles Hwasong-11 (KN-23) et Poktawi vers la Russie 2023-2026 — capacité industrielle militaire majeure.","Effectifs actifs officiels : 1,28 million — 4ᵉ armée mondiale en effectifs après USA, Chine, Inde."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"**Doctrine offensive proclamée septembre 2022** (loi promulguée par Kim Jong-un) : usage nucléaire autorisé (1) en réponse nucléaire, (2) en anticipation d'attaque nucléaire adverse, (3) contre décideurs ennemis, (4) en cas d'attaque non-nucléaire menaçant régime, (5) en cas d'attaque contre installations stratégiques. **Refus explicite du NFU** — abandon volontaire jamais envisagé (statut inscrit dans la Constitution en 2023). Arsenal : ~50 têtes (FAS 2025). Vecteurs : Hwasong-17/-18 ICBM (portée USA), Hwasong-12 IRBM (Guam), missiles courte portée KN-23/-24/-25. Développement SLBM (Pukguksong).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"DMZ Corée","mission":"Zone démilitarisée — 1er/2ᵉ/5ᵉ corps face à la frontière sud, 70% des forces massées","effectifs":700000,"depuis":"1953","cadre":"Armistice de Panmunjeom","mission_en":"Demilitarized zone — 1st/2nd/5th corps facing the southern border, 70% of forces massed","cadre_en":"Panmunjeom Armistice"},{"pays":"Russie (Koursk, Donbass)","mission":"Envoi de troupes nord-coréennes en soutien à la Russie contre l'Ukraine — 10 000+ soldats déployés octobre 2024","effectifs":12000,"depuis":"2024-10","cadre":"Bilatéral Russie (traité juin 2024)","mission_en":"Sending North Korean troops in support of Russia against Ukraine — 10,000+ troops deployed October 2024","cadre_en":"Bilateral Russia (treaty June 2024)"}],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"**Offensive doctrine proclaimed September 2022** (law promulgated by Kim Jong-un): nuclear use authorized (1) in nuclear response, (2) in anticipation of an opposing nuclear attack, (3) against enemy decision-makers, (4) in the event of a non-nuclear attack threatening the regime, (5) in the event of an attack against strategic installations. **Explicit refusal of the NFU** — voluntary abandonment never considered (status enshrined in the Constitution in 2023). Arsenal: ~50 heads (FAS 2025). Vectors: Hwasong-17/-18 ICBM (USA range), Hwasong-12 IRBM (Guam), KN-23/-24/-25 short-range missiles. SLBM Development (Pukguksong).","notes_speciales_en":["Nuclear program since 2006 — 6 nuclear tests (last 2017). Alleged miniaturization.","ICBM Hwasong-17/-18 (continental USA range).","Strengthened strategic alliance with Russia 2024: troops deployed in Ukraine (~11,000 in Kursk), ammunition.","Military service 8 years (M) / 5 years (F).","Nuclear power since the 2006 tests (Pyunggye-ri). ~50 heads estimated (SIPRI 2025), growing rapidly.","Russia-North Korea Mutual Assistance Treaty signed by Putin and Kim (Pyongyang, June 2024) — automatic military assistance clause.","Sending North Korean troops to Russia (10,000+ to Kursk and Donbass) fall 2024 — 1st combat deployment in the history of the DPRK.","Export of shells, Hwasong-11 (KN-23) and Poktawi missiles to Russia 2023-2026 — major military industrial capacity.","Official active personnel: 1.28 million — 4th world army in terms of personnel after USA, China, India."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Traité amitié Chine","Russia 2024 Strategic Alliance","North Korea-Russia Mutual Assistance Treaty (June 2024)","Historic alliance with China (1961)"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Kim dynasty since 1948 — 3 generations (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un).","Nuclear program since 2006 (6 nuclear tests, last 2017). Arsenal ~40-50 heads estimated.","UN sanctions since 2006, reinforced 2016-2017.","**Strengthened alliance with Russia** since 2023: North Korean troops in Ukraine, munitions against military technologies.","Sister Kim Yo-jong = 2nd figure of the regime.","COVID closure (2020-2023): extreme isolation.","Massive repression — labor camps (kwanliso) ~150,000 detainees estimated."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2019-03-10","type":"legislative","participation_pct":99.99,"vainqueur":"Front démocratique pour la réunification de la patrie (parti unique, 687 sièges sur 687)","gouvernement_issu":"Assemblée populaire suprême renouvelée. Kim Jong-un maintenu chef d'État, chef de gouvernement, chef des armées.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 North Korean parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_North_Korean_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2014-03-09","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Front démocratique pour la réunification (parti unique)","gouvernement_issu":"Kim Jong-un reconduit dans toutes ses fonctions.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2014 North Korean parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_North_Korean_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2495,"zee_km2":116300,"peche_annuelle_mt":200000,"notes":"Pêche importante pour la sécurité alimentaire. ZEE contestée avec la Corée du Sud (frontière NLL).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/coree-du-nord","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"KR","iso3":"KOR","slug":"coree-du-sud","nom_courant_fr":"Corée du Sud","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Corée","nom_officiel_local":"Daehan Minguk","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Séoul","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":51684564,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":100210,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 countries, entered into force January 2022. Largest global free trade area (30% GDP, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Lee Jae-myung","source":{"nom":"Cheong Wa Dae","url":"https://english.president.go.kr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président par intérim","parti_id":"kr.dp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-06-04","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://english.president.go.kr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu au 1er tour le 3 juin 2025 (49,4%) après la destitution de Yoon Suk-yeol (Cour constitutionnelle, avril 2025) suite à la tentative de loi martiale du 3 décembre 2024.","notes_en":"Elected in the 1st round on June 3, 2025 (49.4%) after the dismissal of Yoon Suk-yeol (Constitutional Court, April 2025) following the attempted martial law of December 3, 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Fonction de PM assurant l'intérim après destitution du président Yoon Suk-yeol par la Cour constitutionnelle (janvier 2025).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kim Min-seok","source":{"nom":"Bureau du PM","url":"https://www.opm.go.kr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"kr.dp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-07-04","source":{"nom":"OPM","url":"https://www.opm.go.kr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-secrétaire général du Parti démocrate. Nommé par Lee Jae-myung.","notes_en":"Former Secretary General of the Democratic Party. Nominated by Lee Jae-myung."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec approbation de l'Assemblée.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"kr.dp","sieges":175,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-04-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"kr.ppp","sieges":108,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-04-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"kr.jsd","sieges":12,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-04-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-04-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-06-04","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of coree-du-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_coree_du_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-06-04","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of coree-du-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_coree_du_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Mandat 5 ans non renouvelable — règle stricte. Bipartisme fort DP vs PPP. **Crise institutionnelle historique décembre 2024** : Yoon tente d'imposer la loi martiale, destitué en 6 jours.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential Republic. 5-year non-renewable mandate — strict rule. Strong bipartisanship DP vs PPP. **Historic institutional crisis December 2024**: Yoon attempts to impose martial law, dismissed in 6 days."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Gukhoe (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":300,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 254 uninominaux + 46 proportionnels.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-04-10","distribution":[{"parti_id":"kr.dp","sieges":175,"voix_pct":50.5},{"parti_id":"kr.ppp","sieges":108,"voix_pct":45.1},{"parti_id":"kr.jsd","sieges":12,"voix_pct":3.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"voix_pct":0.8}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-04-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Mixed system: 254 single-nominal + 46 proportional."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 3 par l'Assemblée, 3 par le Président de la Cour suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1872,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":36227,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":52.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"8 August 2016","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 September 2012","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.08,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/KOR.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":18.9},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":4.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.2},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":11.3},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":4.6}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs (Samsung, SK Hynix)","Automobile (Hyundai, Kia)","Batteries lithium-ion","Navires (chantiers navals HD Hyundai)","Produits pétrochimiques"],"top_categories_import":["Semi-conducteurs (matériaux)","Pétrole brut","GNL","Automobile","Charbon"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs mémoire (DRAM, NAND)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Samsung + SK Hynix = ~65% DRAM mondial."},{"produit":"Navires (construction)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Batteries EV","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"LG, Samsung SDI, SK."},{"produit":"K-pop et K-culture","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"BTS, BLACKPINK, Squid Game — soft power mondial."},{"produit":"Chirurgie esthétique","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Corée du Sud","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/kor","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.4,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"KRW","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":4.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"**Fécondité 0,72 (2024) — la plus basse au monde**. Solde naturel négatif depuis 2020. Séoul : 0,55.","esperance_vie_femmes":86.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.8,"age_median":45.6,"indice_fecondite":0.75,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":242917,"deces_2025":361792,"solde_naturel_2025":-118875},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition (NPS) + capitalisation individuelle","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":9,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition (NPS) + capitalisation individuelle. Cotisation 9%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (NPS) + individual capitalization","description_en":"Distribution System (NPS) + individual capitalization. Contribution 9%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.7,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul en 2024 après tentative de loi martiale — cependant institutions démocratiques ont résisté.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Setback in 2024 after attempted martial law — however democratic institutions resisted."},"notes_speciales":["**Crise démocratique décembre 2024** : Yoon Suk-yeol impose la loi martiale le 3 décembre, révoquée en 6 heures par l'Assemblée. Destitué le 14 décembre. Cour constitutionnelle confirme janvier 2025.","Élection présidentielle anticipée juin 2025 — Lee Jae-myung (DP) grand favori.","Fécondité 0,72 — record mondial de faiblesse.","Alliance USA-Japon-Corée du Sud renforcée face à Chine et Corée du Nord.","Tensions frontière Corée du Nord — envois de ballons avec ordures 2024.","K-culture (K-pop, K-drama, cuisine, cosmétique) — soft power global de premier plan."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Corée du Sud","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ko&gl=KR&ceid=KR:ko","langue":"ko"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":500000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3100000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":47.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":5,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Alliance USA","Alliance USA (Traité 1953)","ROK–US Combined Forces Command (CFC)","Trilatérale USA-Japon-Corée (2023)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"K2 Black Panther","quantite":260,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Rotem","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K1A2","quantite":484,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Rotem","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K1A1","quantite":484,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Rotem","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KF-21 Boramae","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Corée du Sud","notes":"Production en cours","fabricant":"Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"F-15K Slam Eagle","quantite":59,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KF-16 Viper (upgradé)","quantite":130,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"USA/Corée","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (int. KAI)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Corée du Sud"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"K21 (IFV)","quantite":466,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K200A1 (APC)","quantite":1700,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K808 / K806 White Tiger (8x8)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Rotem","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9A1 Thunder","quantite":1170,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K239 Chunmoo (MLRS)","quantite":218,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KUH-1 Surion","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"LAH (Light Armed Helicopter)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"KAI + Airbus Helicopters (base H155)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud/France"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Destroyers classe Sejong the Great (KDX-III Aegis)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Heavy Industries + DSME","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Daegu (FFX Batch II)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"DSME + HHI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Chungnam (FFX Batch III)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"HD Hyundai Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Dosan Ahn Chang-ho (KSS-III AIP)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"DSME + HHI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Sohn Won-yil (Type 214)","quantite":9,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Allemagne/Corée du Sud","fabricant":"HDW + HHI (licence)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Chang Bogo (Type 209)","quantite":9,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Allemagne/Corée du Sud","fabricant":"HDW + Daewoo","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Corée du Sud"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KM-SAM Cheongung II (Iron Hawk)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"LIG Nex1 + Hanwha","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"L-SAM (grande portée national)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"LIG Nex1 + Hanwha + Doosan","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"THAAD (déployé USA — Seongju)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Opéré par USFK"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","mission":"Akh Unit — forces spéciales, formation et coopération","effectifs":150,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Akh Unit — special forces, training and cooperation","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (contingent Dongmyung)","effectifs":280,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL (Dongmyung contingent)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS (unité Hanbit — génie)","effectifs":280,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS (Hanbit – engineering unit)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Golfe d'Aden","mission":"Task Force Cheonghae (anti-piraterie, escorte)","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2009","cadre":"Coalition CTF-151","mission_en":"Task Force Cheonghae (anti-piracy, escort)","cadre_en":"CTF-151 Coalition"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","mission":"Opération Prosperity Guardian (protection navigation, 2024-)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Coalition menée par USA","mission_en":"Operation Prosperity Guardian (navigation protection, 2024-)","cadre_en":"Coalition led by USA"},{"pays":"Corée du Nord — DMZ","mission":"Zone démilitarisée coréenne (JSA — Joint Security Area)","effectifs":500,"depuis":"1953","cadre":"Armistice de Panmunjeom","mission_en":"Korean Demilitarized Zone (JSA — Joint Security Area)","cadre_en":"Panmunjeom Armistice"}],"notes_speciales":["Conscription universelle masculine (18-21 mois selon armée) — l'une des armées les plus jeunes et technophiles du monde.","Alliance stratégique avec les États-Unis : 28 500 GI sur le sol coréen sous US Forces Korea (USFK).","Développement massif de missiles balistiques (Hyunmoo-4/5 conventionnels de 3 000 km) depuis la levée du plafond RCTM en 2021.","Industrie de défense en explosion : ventes à la Pologne (K2, K9, FA-50), aux Émirats (M-SAM Cheongung), Norvège, Roumanie.","Programme sous-marin nucléaire à propulsion (KSS-III Batch III) débat récurrent depuis 2022."],"notes_speciales_en":["Universal male conscription (18-21 months depending on army) — one of the youngest and most technologically savvy armies in the world.","Strategic alliance with the United States: 28,500 GIs on Korean soil under US Forces Korea (USFK).","Massive development of ballistic missiles (Hyunmoo-4/5 conventional 3,000 km) since the lifting of the RCTM cap in 2021.","Exploding defense industry: sales to Poland (K2, K9, FA-50), the Emirates (M-SAM Cheongung), Norway, Romania.","Nuclear powered submarine program (KSS-III Batch III) recurring debate since 2022."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Alliance USA","USA Alliance (1953 Treaty)","ROK–US Combined Forces Command (CFC)","USA-Japan-Korea trilateral (2023)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"corée-tsushima","nom":"Détroit de Corée (Tsushima)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (KR, JP)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la mer de l'Est (mer du Japon) et la mer de Chine orientale. Route commerciale majeure Corée du Sud / Japon → Chine, Asie SE, Europe via Malacca. Bataille navale historique décisive : Tsushima 1905 (défaite russe face au Japon).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":42000,"tonnage_mt_an":1400},"menace_principale":"Menace nord-coréenne (missiles balistiques survolant régulièrement le Japon depuis 2017). Rivalité Corée du Sud-Japon (îles Takeshima/Dokdo — contentieux territorial)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2413,"zee_km2":348000,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":100,"flotte_marchande_navires":1800,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.4,"ports_top10_mondial":1,"notes":"Busan 5ᵉ port conteneurs mondial. Chantiers navals leaders mondiaux (Hyundai, DSME/Hanwha, Samsung Heavy). Ligne construction sous-marins nucléaires étudiée.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Democratic crisis December 2024**: Yoon Suk-yeol imposes martial law on December 3, revoked in 6 hours by the Assembly. Dismissed on December 14. Constitutional Court confirms January 2025.","Early presidential election June 2025 — Lee Jae-myung (DP) big favorite.","Fertility 0.72 — world record low.","USA-Japan-South Korea alliance strengthened against China and North Korea.","North Korea border tensions — balloon shipments with garbage 2024.","K-culture (K-pop, K-drama, cooking, cosmetics) — leading global soft power."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-06-03","type":"presidentielle_anticipee","participation_pct":79.4,"vainqueur":"Lee Jae-myung (Parti démocratique, 49.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Lee Jae-myung, président depuis juin 2025 après destitution de Yoon Suk-yeol (loi martiale décembre 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 South Korean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_South_Korean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-03-09","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Yoon Suk-yeol (People Power Party, 48.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Yoon Suk-yeol, président 2022-2025 (destitué avril 2025 après tentative d'imposition de la loi martiale).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 South Korean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CR","iso3":"CRI","slug":"costa-rica","nom_courant_fr":"Costa Rica","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Costa Rica","nom_officiel_local":"República de Costa Rica","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"San José","source":{"nom":"INEC Costa Rica","url":"https://www.inec.cr/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5152950,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cri","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":51100,"source":{"nom":"INEC","url":"https://www.inec.cr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2021,"notes":"Membre depuis 2021 — le plus récent en Amérique centrale.","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Member since 2021 — newest in Central America."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Laura Fernández","source":{"nom":"Présidence costaricaine","url":"https://www.presidencia.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"cr.pueblo","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-05-08","source":{"nom":"TSE Costa Rica","url":"https://www.tse.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-ministre du Tourisme sous Chaves. Élue au 1er tour le 1er février 2026 (~48%). Succède à Rodrigo Chaves. Continuité politique du chavisme institutionnel.","notes_en":"Former Minister of Tourism under Chaves. Elected in the 1st round on February 1, 2026 (~48%). Succeeds Rodrigo Chaves. Political continuity of institutional Chavism."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours (seuil 40% au 1er tour). Mandat 4 ans non renouvelable (mais possible après 8 ans).","source":{"nom":"Constitution costaricaine","url":"https://www.asamblea.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Laura Fernández","source":{"nom":"Présidence costaricaine","url":"https://www.presidencia.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"cr.pueblo","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-05-08","source":{"nom":"TSE Costa Rica","url":"https://www.tse.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-ministre du Tourisme sous Chaves. Élue au 1er tour le 1er février 2026 (~48%). Succède à Rodrigo Chaves. Continuité politique du chavisme institutionnel.","notes_en":"Former Minister of Tourism under Chaves. Elected in the 1st round on February 1, 2026 (~48%). Succeeds Rodrigo Chaves. Political continuity of institutional Chavism."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cr.psd","sieges":9,"notes":"Chaves gouverne sans majorité — Assemblée fragmentée.","source":{"nom":"TSE Costa Rica","url":"https://www.tse.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2022-02-06","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Chaves governs without a majority — Fragmented Assembly."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-05-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of costa-rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_costa_rica","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-05-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of costa-rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_costa_rica","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle monocamérale. Sans armée depuis 1948 (abolition constitutionnelle). Démocratie la plus stable d'Amérique centrale. Prochaine présidentielle : février 2026.","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral presidential republic. Without an army since 1948 (constitutional abolition). Most stable democracy in Central America. Next presidential election: February 2026."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Legislativa","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":57,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 7 provinces.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-02-06","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cr.pln","sieges":19,"voix_pct":24.8},{"parti_id":"cr.psd","sieges":9,"voix_pct":14.9},{"parti_id":"cr.pnr","sieges":7,"voix_pct":12.6},{"parti_id":"cr.pusc","sieges":9,"voix_pct":14.4},{"parti_id":"cr.frente","sieges":6,"voix_pct":8.7},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":7,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"TSE Costa Rica","url":"https://www.tse.go.cr/","date_donnee":"2022-02-06","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting in 7 provinces."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema (« Sala IV »)","source":{"nom":"Poder 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Démocratie stable depuis 1948.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Best score in Latin America with Uruguay and Chile. Stable democracy since 1948."},"notes_speciales":["**Sans armée depuis 1948** — abolition constitutionnelle après la guerre civile. Modèle unique en Amérique latine.","Démocratie la plus stable d'Amérique centrale.","**Membre OCDE depuis 2021** — le plus récent en Amérique centrale.","Chaves gouverne en confrontation avec l'Assemblée (9/57 sièges) et la presse — style populiste.","Prochaine présidentielle : février 2026.","Écotourisme : 25% du territoire en aires protégées."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Costa Rica","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=CR&ceid=CR:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Costa Rican Public Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Public_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Costa Rican Public Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Public_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":116,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{},"alliances_militaires":["Sans armée (abolie 1948)","OEA","SICA"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[],"notes_speciales":["Costa Rica sans armée depuis 1948 (Constitution) — force publique civile (~13 000 personnels) pour maintien de l'ordre.","Pays le plus démocratique et prospère d'Amérique centrale (IDH 0,809, revenu élevé).","Membre du Traité de Tlatelolco (dénucléarisation Amérique latine)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Costa Rica without an army since 1948 (Constitution) — civil public force (~13,000 personnel) to maintain order.","Most democratic and prosperous country in Central America (HDI 0.809, high income).","Member of the Treaty of Tlatelolco (denuclearization of Latin America)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Sans armée (abolie 1948)","AEO","SICA"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1290,"zee_km2":574725,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.03,"notes":"Puerto Limón (Atlantique), Caldera (Pacifique).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Without army since 1948** — constitutional abolition after the Civil War. 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Cotisation totale 14%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Côte d'Ivoire","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (CNPS + CGRAE)","description_en":"CNPS (private), CGRAE (civil servants). Total contribution 14%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.38,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, alternance de 2010-2011 douloureuse, stabilisation depuis.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Hybrid diet, painful alternation from 2010-2011, stabilization since."},"notes_speciales":["1ère économie francophone d'Afrique de l'Ouest — croissance moyenne 7 % 2012-2019.","Crise post-électorale 2010-2011 (guerre civile brève, ~3 000 morts) suivie de la stabilisation Ouattara.","1er producteur mondial de cacao (~45 % de la production mondiale).","Ouattara envisage un 4ᵉ mandat en 2025 — situation contestée par l'opposition et la société civile."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Fraternité Matin","url_rss":"https://www.fratmat.info/rss","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Abidjan.net","url_rss":"https://news.abidjan.net/rss/","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":25000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":84,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Frontière nord","mission":"Sécurisation contre djihadismes sahéliens (Comoé, Bounkani)","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Security against Sahelian jihadism (Comoé, Bounkani)","cadre_en":"Autonomous"},{"pays":"Territoire","mission":"Ex-hôte des Forces françaises en Côte d'Ivoire — transformées en Détachement de coopération de sécurité 2025","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1961","cadre":"Bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"Former host of the French Forces in Côte d'Ivoire — transformed into a Security Cooperation Detachment 2025","cadre_en":"Bilateral"}],"notes_speciales":["Ex-pilier de la présence militaire française — départ 43ème BIMa fin janvier 2025.","Réformes armée intensives post-guerre civile 2011."],"notes_speciales_en":["Former pillar of the French military presence — departure 43rd BIMa at the end of January 2025.","Intensive post-civil war 2011 armed reforms."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55, AMX-13","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VAB, Panhard AML, ERC-90","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-23, SIAI SF-260 (parc réduit)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Italie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":515,"zee_km2":174997,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.075,"notes":"Abidjan 2ᵉ port ouest-africain. San Pedro (cacao).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["1st French-speaking economy in West Africa — average growth 7% 2012-2019.","Post-electoral crisis 2010-2011 (brief civil war, ~3,000 deaths) followed by Ouattara stabilization.","1st world producer of cocoa (~45% of world production).","Ouattara is considering a 4th term in 2025 – a situation contested by the opposition and civil society."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-10-25","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Alassane Ouattara (RHDP, 4ᵉ mandat, opposition affaiblie)","gouvernement_issu":"Alassane Ouattara réélu pour un 4ᵉ mandat controversé.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Ivorian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Ivorian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-10-31","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Alassane Ouattara (RHDP, 94.3%, opposition boycott)","gouvernement_issu":"Ouattara 3ᵉ mandat controversé (Constitution modifiée pour ré-autoriser une candidature).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Ivorian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ivorian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"HR","iso3":"HRV","slug":"croatie","nom_courant_fr":"Croatie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Croatie","nom_officiel_local":"Republika Hrvatska","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Zagreb","source":{"nom":"DZS","url":"https://dzs.gov.hr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3876200,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hrv","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":56594,"source":{"nom":"DZS","url":"https://dzs.gov.hr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2013,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2009,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Négociations d'adhésion en cours.","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membership negotiations underway."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Zoran Milanović","source":{"nom":"Présidence croate","url":"https://www.predsjednik.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske","parti_id":"hr.sdp","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-02-18","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.predsjednik.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-PM (SDP, 2011-2016). Réélu en janvier 2025 (74% face à Dragan Primorac). Rôle politique actif malgré fonction protocolaire.","notes_en":"Ex-PM (SDP, 2011-2016). Re-elected in January 2025 (74% against Dragan Primorac). Active political role despite protocol function."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution croate","url":"https://www.sabor.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Andrej Plenković","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement croate","url":"https://vlada.gov.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsjednik Vlade","parti_id":"hr.hdz","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-10-19","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://vlada.gov.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"3e cabinet Plenković (mai 2024). Coalition HDZ + DP + minorités.","notes_en":"3rd Plenković cabinet (May 2024). Coalition HDZ + DP + minorities."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président. Doit obtenir la confiance du Sabor.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.sabor.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"hr.hdz","sieges":61,"source":{"nom":"DIP","url":"https://www.izbori.hr/","date_donnee":"2024-04-17","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"hr.dp","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"DIP","url":"https://www.izbori.hr/","date_donnee":"2024-04-17","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2016-10-19","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of croatie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_croatie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2021-10-19","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of croatie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_croatie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel avec pouvoirs limités mais rôle politique actif possible. HDZ domine depuis 2015.","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary republic. President elected by universal suffrage with limited powers but possible active political role. HDZ has dominated since 2015."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Sabor","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":151,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 10 circonscriptions + 3 sièges diaspora + 8 sièges minorités.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-04-17","distribution":[{"parti_id":"hr.hdz","sieges":61,"voix_pct":34.3},{"parti_id":"hr.sdp","sieges":42,"voix_pct":25.4},{"parti_id":"hr.dp","sieges":14,"voix_pct":9.6},{"parti_id":"hr.mozemo","sieges":10,"voix_pct":9.1},{"parti_id":"hr.most","sieges":11,"voix_pct":8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":13,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"DIP — Commission électorale","url":"https://www.izbori.hr/","date_donnee":"2024-04-17","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"D'Hondt proportional vote in 10 constituencies + 3 diaspora seats + 8 minority seats."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.usud.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 122","url":"https://www.sabor.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par le Sabor à la majorité des 2/3 sur proposition d'une commission parlementaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.sabor.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"8 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.sabor.hr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":106,"source":{"nom":"FMI World 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HRV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":55.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HRV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HRV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"14 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"7 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.55,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/HRV.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":13.9},{"pays":"Slovénie","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Bosnie-Herzégovine","part_pct":9.2},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":6.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":13.9},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Slovénie","part_pct":12.1},{"pays":"Hongrie","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.9}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pétroliers raffinés","Bois","Textiles","Machines","Produits pharmaceutiques"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Machines","Produits pharmaceutiques","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Tourisme (~30% du PIB direct + indirect)","rang_europeen":12,"notes":"~20 M de visiteurs/an pour 3,8 M d'habitants."},{"produit":"Rimac (hypercars électriques)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"Nevera : voiture électrique la plus rapide au monde. JV avec Bugatti."},{"produit":"Construction navale (Uljanik, 3. Maj — en crise)","rang_europeen":15},{"produit":"Vin et huile d'olive","rang_europeen":15}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Croatia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/hrv","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.3,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":48.1,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1998,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1998, aggravé par l'émigration massive vers l'Allemagne, l'Autriche et l'Irlande depuis 2013 (adhésion UE).","esperance_vie_femmes":81.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":76.1,"age_median":45.1,"indice_fecondite":1.46,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hrv","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":32172,"deces_2025":51166,"solde_naturel_2025":-18994},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II obligatoire (2002)","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":20,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":48,"description":"Âge légal égalisé H/F à 65 ans en 2030. Cotisation 20% salarié uniquement. Pilier II capitalisé (5% depuis 2002).","source":{"nom":"HZMO","url":"https://www.mirovinsko.hr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution + Mandatory Pillar II (2002)","description_en":"Legal age equalized M/F to 65 years in 2030. 20% employee contribution only. Pillar II capitalized (5% since 2002)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Score en léger recul — corruption, capture médiatique par le HDZ.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Score down slightly – corruption, media capture by the HDZ."},"notes_speciales":["Adhésion Zone euro + Schengen le 1er janvier 2023 — dernier pays à intégrer les deux simultanément.","Milanović vs Plenković : cohabitation conflictuelle depuis 2020.","Plenković : 3e mandat consécutif (rare en Croatie)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Croatie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=hr&gl=HR&ceid=HR:hr","langue":"hr"},{"nom":"HRT","url_rss":"https://www.hrt.hr/rss/vijesti/","langue":"hr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":16200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":20800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":79,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Rafale F3-R (occasion France, livrés 2024)","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"MiG-21 bisD","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Rafale F3-R (contrat 2021, occasion France — livraisons 2024-2025)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"France (occasion)","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"999 M€."},{"nom":"MiG-21bisD (retrait 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1991,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retrait complet 2024."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Patria AMV Panđur II","quantite":126,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"M-84A (IFV BVP M-80 mod)","quantite":105,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1982,"origine":"ex-Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"ex-Yougoslavie"},{"nom":"Bradley M2A2 ODS (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2024-2025)","quantite":89,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion Grèce)","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Donation Bradley ODS-SA."},{"nom":"Patria AMV 8×8","quantite":126,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Finlande / Croatie","fabricant":"Patria / DOK-ING","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"BOV VP","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"Croatie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"OH-58D Kiowa Warrior","quantite":16,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk (commande 2020)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk (contrat 2020 — livraisons 2022-2024)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mi-8/17","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"chars":[{"nom":"M-84A4 Sniper (M-84 modernisé)","quantite":74,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Yougoslavie / Croatie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković / SVA","pays_fabricant":"Croatie"},{"nom":"M-84A (donations Ukraine 2022 — cédés)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"Croatie","notes":"Certains cédés."}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PzH 2000 (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2027)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW / Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"M-84 152mm (D-20)","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"Croatie"},{"nom":"HIMARS (contrat 2024)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-27J Spartan (annoncé 2024)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"An-32 (retrait prochain)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1994,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Antonov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retiré."},{"nom":"Mistral 3","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Strela-10M (2K10)","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SPYDER-SR (contrat 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent croate)","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2009","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (Croatian contingent)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Lituanie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — sous commandement allemand","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — under German command","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Mission Iraq — instructors","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":50,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL","cadre_en":"UN"}],"notes_speciales":["Contrat Rafale occasion France 2021 (12 unités) — 999 M€, remplace MiG-21bisD.","Sortie complète des équipements soviétiques en cours (2020-2028) — Bradley remplace BOV, PzH 2000 remplace 2S1, HIMARS pour tir de saturation.","Retour du char : M-84A4 modernisation locale + Bradley IFV (89 unités) via donation US-Grèce 2023."],"notes_speciales_en":["Used Rafale contract France 2021 (12 units) — €999 million, replaces MiG-21bisD.","Complete release of Soviet equipment in progress (2020-2028) — Bradley replaces BOV, PzH 2000 replaces 2S1, HIMARS for saturation fire.","Return of the tank: M-84A4 local modernization + Bradley IFV (89 units) via US-Greece donation 2023."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":5835,"zee_km2":55961,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":140,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.07,"notes":"Rijeka, Split. Îles Dalmatie tourisme majeur.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Eurozone + Schengen membership on January 1, 2023 — last country to join both simultaneously.","Milanović vs Plenković: conflictual cohabitation since 2020.","Plenković: 3rd consecutive mandate (rare in Croatia)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-04-17","type":"legislative","participation_pct":62.3,"vainqueur":"HDZ (Andrej Plenković, 34.4%, 61 sièges sur 151)","gouvernement_issu":"Andrej Plenković reconduit PM (3ᵉ mandat) — coalition HDZ + DP + minorités.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Croatian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Croatian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-07-05","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"HDZ (37.3%, 66 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Andrej Plenković 2ᵉ mandat 2020-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Croatian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Croatian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CU","iso3":"CUB","slug":"cuba","nom_courant_fr":"Cuba","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Cuba","nom_officiel_local":"República de Cuba","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"La Havane","source":{"nom":"ONE Cuba","url":"http://www.onei.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":10937203,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cub","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":109884,"source":{"nom":"ONE","url":"http://www.onei.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"CELAC","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Suspendue 1962-2009, non réintégrée.","source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Suspended 1962-2009, not reinstated."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Miguel Díaz-Canel","source":{"nom":"Présidence cubaine","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"cu.pcc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-10-10","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"1er Président non-Castro depuis 1959. Confirmé pour 2e mandat en avril 2023. Aussi 1er secrétaire du PCC depuis 2021.","notes_en":"1st non-Castro President since 1959. Confirmed for 2nd term in April 2023. Also 1st PCC Secretary since 2021."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale (parti unique).","source":{"nom":"Constitution cubaine 2019","url":"http://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Manuel Marrero Cruz","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement cubain","url":"https://www.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Primer Ministro","parti_id":"cu.pcc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-12-21","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://www.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Nouvelle fonction créée par la Constitution 2019 (auparavant abolie 1976).","notes_en":"New function created by the 2019 Constitution (previously abolished 1976)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec approbation de l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cu.pcc","sieges":470,"notes":"Parti unique — les candidats sont approuvés par les Comités de défense de la Révolution (CDR). Élection à la majorité absolue pour être élu.","source":{"nom":"Cuba Debate","url":"http://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2023-03-26","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Single party — candidates are approved by the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR). Election by absolute majority to be elected."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-10-10","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cuba","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-10-10","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_cuba","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime marxiste-léniniste à parti unique. Constitution 2019 : rôle dirigeant du PCC constitutionnalisé. Ni élections libres ni pluralisme.","explication_concrete_en":"One-party Marxist-Leninist regime. Constitution 2019: leading role of the CCP constitutionalized. Neither free elections nor pluralism."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular","role":"Chambre unique — parti unique.","sieges_total":470,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour dans 168 circonscriptions. Candidats uniques par circonscription, validés par le PCC.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-03-26","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cu.pcc","sieges":470}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023_Cuban_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cuban_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée nationale (470 sièges). Élection à candidat unique par circonscription approuvé par le PCC. Participation 75,9%, tous les candidats élus."},"role_en":"Single chamber — single party.","mode_designation_en":"Single-member majority vote in 168 constituencies. Single candidates per constituency, validated by the PCC."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Tribunal Supremo Popular","source":{"nom":"TSP Cuba","url":"http://www.tsp.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":31,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique judiciaire","url":"http://www.tsp.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée nationale sur proposition du Conseil d'État.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"aucun","notes":"Pas d'indépendance judiciaire — sous contrôle du PCC.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"none"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":107,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation FMI ; les statistiques cubaines sont opaques."},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":9700,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation."},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Récession — crise énergétique, effondrement du tourisme, coupures d'électricité massives 2024-2025."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":29,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Inflation officielle très élevée — inflation réelle probablement bien supérieure."},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"ONE Cuba","url":"http://www.onei.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"notes":"Chiffre officiel — le sous-emploi structurel est massif."},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":112,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Dette externe : ~30 Md$, dont ~10 Md$ envers la Russie et le Club de Paris."},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-13,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook (octobre 2025)","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CUB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"En défaut sélectif chronique sur sa dette externe."},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Venezuela","part_pct":20.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":4},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Venezuela","part_pct":25},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.6},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":3.9}],"top_categories_export":["Nickel","Tabac (cigares Habanos)","Rhum","Services médicaux (missions à l'étranger)","Sucre"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures (Venezuela, Russie)","Alimentation","Machines","Produits chimiques","Automobile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Nickel","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Cigares premium (Habanos)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Services médicaux à l'étranger (~40 000 professionnels)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Source de devises majeure — controversée (conditions de travail dénoncées)."},{"produit":"Rhum (Havana Club)","rang_mondial":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Cuba","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cub","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":45,"source":{"nom":"MFP Cuba / estimations","url":"https://www.mfp.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":58,"source":{"nom":"MFP","url":"https://www.mfp.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"devise":"CUP (double taux)","annee_exercice":2024},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":10.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2017,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2017. **Émigration massive** : ~1 M de Cubains ont fui depuis 2022 (10% de la population). Population passée de 11,3 M en 2019 à ~11 M en 2025.","esperance_vie_femmes":80.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.9,"age_median":43.4,"indice_fecondite":1.45,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cub","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":94279,"deces_2025":113473,"solde_naturel_2025":-19194},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition étatique","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":12.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système étatique intégral. Âge légal : 60 (F) / 65 (H). Retraites très faibles en valeur réelle (~30$/mois).","source":{"nom":"MTSS Cuba","url":"https://www.mtss.gob.cu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"State distribution","description_en":"Integral state system. Legal age: 60 (F) / 65 (M). Very low pensions in real value (~$30/month)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.13,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"V-Dem : autocratie fermée. Freedom House : Not Free (13/100).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"V-Dem: closed autocracy. Freedom House: Not Free (13/100)."},"notes_speciales":["**Régime marxiste-léniniste à parti unique** depuis 1959 (Fidel Castro puis Raúl puis Díaz-Canel).","**Crise économique historique** 2024-2025 : coupures d'électricité massives, pénurie de carburant, alimentation, médicaments.","**Émigration record** : ~1 M de Cubains ont quitté le pays entre 2022 et 2025 (10% de la population).","Constitution 2019 : rôle dirigeant du PCC constitutionnalisé.","Embargo US toujours en vigueur (Ley Helms-Burton 1996). Trump II a durci les sanctions en 2025.","Manifestations populaires de juillet 2021 (les plus grandes depuis 1959) — réprimées, ~1 300 prisonniers politiques."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Cuba","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=CU&ceid=CU:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":50000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":39000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":26500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.11,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":89,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-62","quantite":380,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-55","quantite":340,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1958,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-72M","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"État de maintenance dégradé."},{"nom":"T-62","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-55","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"PT-76 (amphibie)","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29 / MiG-23 / MiG-21 (majorité au sol)","quantite":45,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"MiG-29 (limitée)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Maintenance limitée."},{"nom":"MiG-21bis","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-23ML","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-125 Pechora / S-75 Dvina","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1961,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"S-200 Vega","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"S-125 Neva/Pechora (modernisé)","quantite":150,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SA-2/3/6","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"9K33 Osa (SA-8)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BTR-60/70","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BTR-152","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"ZIL","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M-46 130mm","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"2S3 Akatsiya 152mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uraltransmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8/17","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS / Russie","fabricant":"Kazan / Mil","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-24/35 Hind","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}]},"alliances_militaires":["ALBA","Coopération militaire Russie, Chine, Vietnam, Corée du Nord (historique)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Angola (retrait 1991)","mission":"Intervention militaire — 40 000 soldats cumulés 1975-1991","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1975","cadre":"Solidarité internationaliste","status":"retire","mission_en":"Military intervention — 40,000 cumulative soldiers 1975-1991","cadre_en":"Internationalist solidarity"},{"pays":"Éthiopie (retrait 1989)","mission":"Intervention Ogaden 1977-1988 — 15 000 soldats","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1977","cadre":"Solidarité internationaliste","status":"retire","mission_en":"Ogaden intervention 1977-1988 — 15,000 soldiers","cadre_en":"Internationalist solidarity"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée héritée du bloc soviétique — équipement massif mais maintenance dégradée depuis 1991.","Effectifs déclarés 49 000 (dont conscrits), réserves ~40 000.","Coopération militaire historique avec la Russie — reprise 2020+ (radar Bejucal, base sous-marine ?).","Intervention historique Angola (1975-1991) et Éthiopie (1977-1988) — Cuba a été une puissance militaire globale à l'apogée."],"notes_speciales_en":["Army inherited from the Soviet bloc — massive equipment but degraded maintenance since 1991.","Declared workforce 49,000 (including conscripts), reserves ~40,000.","Historic military cooperation with Russia — resumption 2020+ (Bejucal radar, submarine base?).","Historical intervention Angola (1975-1991) and Ethiopia (1977-1988) — Cuba was a global military power at its peak."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ALBA","Military cooperation Russia, China, Vietnam, North Korea (historical)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"floride","nom":"Détroit de Floride","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (US, CU, BS)","importance_globale":"Passage entre le golfe du Mexique et l'Atlantique — sortie du Gulf Stream. Route commerciale majeure USA sud-est → Atlantique / Europe. Trafic petro-chimique du Texas / Louisiane vers marchés européens.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":63000,"tonnage_mt_an":900},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières Cuba-Floride (crise 2022-2023). Trafics narcotiques. Ouragans (saison juin-novembre)."},{"id":"yucatan","nom":"Détroit de Yucatán","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (MX, CU)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la mer des Caraïbes et le golfe du Mexique. Route pétrolière vers ports texans (Corpus Christi, Houston). Alternative au canal de Panama pour navires Atlantique → golfe.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":15000},"menace_principale":"Trafics narcotiques (route colombienne → USA via Yucatán). Migrations irrégulières."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3735,"zee_km2":350751,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"notes":"La Havane, Mariel (zone franche). Blocus USA depuis 1962.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Single-party Marxist-Leninist regime** since 1959 (Fidel Castro then Raúl then Díaz-Canel).","**Historic economic crisis** 2024-2025: massive power cuts, shortage of fuel, food, medicines.","**Record emigration**: ~1 million Cubans left the country between 2022 and 2025 (10% of the population).","Constitution 2019: leading role of the CCP constitutionalized.","US embargo still in force (Ley Helms-Burton 1996). Trump II toughened sanctions in 2025.","July 2021 popular protests (largest since 1959) — repressed, ~1,300 political prisoners."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-03-26","type":"legislative","participation_pct":75.9,"vainqueur":"Parti communiste de Cuba (parti unique, 470 sièges pour 470 candidats)","gouvernement_issu":"Miguel Díaz-Canel reconduit président par l'Assemblée le 19 avril 2023 pour un 2ᵉ mandat 2023-2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Cuban parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Cuban_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-03-11","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti communiste de Cuba (parti unique)","gouvernement_issu":"Miguel Díaz-Canel élu président en avril 2018 (1er mandat), succédant à Raúl Castro.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Cuban parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cuban_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"DK","iso3":"DNK","slug":"danemark","nom_courant_fr":"Danemark","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Danemark","nom_officiel_local":"Kongeriget Danmark","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Copenhague","source":{"nom":"Danmarks Statistik","url":"https://www.dst.dk/en","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":6009169,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/dnk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":42952,"notes":"Hors Groenland et îles Féroé.","source":{"nom":"Danmarks Statistik","url":"https://www.dst.dk/en","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Excluding Greenland and Faroe Islands."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1973,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Opt-out sur l'euro (référendum 2000). Couronne danoise ancrée à l'euro dans le MCE II.","source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Opt-out on the euro (2000 referendum). Danish crown pegged to the euro in the ERM II."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN — membres fondateurs","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Frederik X","source":{"nom":"Kongehuset","url":"https://www.kongehuset.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Danemark","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-14","notes":"Accession au trône après l'abdication de sa mère la reine Margrethe II.","source":{"nom":"Kongehuset","url":"https://www.kongehuset.dk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accession to the throne after the abdication of his mother Queen Margrethe II."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution danoise","url":"https://www.folketinget.dk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mette Frederiksen","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library / BBC","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10847","date_donnee":"2026-06-03","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Statsminister","parti_id":"dk.socialdemokraterne","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-06-03","source":{"nom":"Statsministeriet","url":"https://www.stm.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e mandat de Mette Frederiksen après législatives du 24 mars 2026. Nouvelle coalition minoritaire Socialdemokratiet + SF + Radikale Venstre + Moderaterne.","notes_en":"3rd term of Mette Frederiksen after the legislative elections of March 24, 2026. New minority coalition Socialdemokratiet + SF + Radikale Venstre + Moderaterne."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le monarque après consultations avec les leaders parlementaires.","source":{"nom":"Constitution danoise, § 14","url":"https://www.folketinget.dk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"dk.sd","sieges":38,"source":{"nom":"Folketinget","url":"https://www.ft.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"dk.sf","sieges":18,"source":{"nom":"Folketinget","url":"https://www.ft.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"dk.radikale","sieges":12,"source":{"nom":"Folketinget","url":"https://www.ft.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"dk.moderaterne","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"Folketinget","url":"https://www.ft.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-06-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of danemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_danemark","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-06-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of danemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_danemark","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire. Chambre unique (Folketinget). Coalitions généralement minoritaires soutenues au cas par cas — pratique politique consensualiste.","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary monarchy. Single room (Folketinget). Usually minority coalitions supported on a case-by-case basis — consensualist political practice."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Folketinget","role":"Chambre unique. 179 sièges (dont 2 pour le Groenland et 2 pour les îles Féroé).","sieges_total":179,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 2%.","seuil_electoral_pct":2,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-03-24","distribution":[{"parti_id":"dk.sd","sieges":38,"voix_pct":22.5},{"parti_id":"dk.sf","sieges":18,"voix_pct":11},{"parti_id":"dk.moderaterne","sieges":14,"voix_pct":8.2},{"parti_id":"dk.radikale","sieges":12,"voix_pct":7.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":97,"voix_pct":50.9}],"source":{"nom":"Danmarks Statistik","url":"https://www.dst.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room. 179 seats (including 2 for Greenland and 2 for the Faroe Islands).","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by proportional representation with a threshold of 2%."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","3 gouvernements Frederiksen : 2019, 2022, 2026.","Groenland et îles Féroé : autonomie interne, 2 sièges chacun au Folketinget."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.88,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Parmi les scores les plus élevés au monde.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Among the highest scores in the world."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Danemark","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=da&gl=DK&ceid=DK:da","langue":"da"},{"nom":"DR Nyheder","url_rss":"https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/service/feeds/allenyheder","langue":"da"},{"nom":"Politiken","url_rss":"https://politiken.dk/rss/senestenyt.rss","langue":"da"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2023,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel très légèrement négatif depuis 2023.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.4,"age_median":42.3,"indice_fecondite":1.47,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/dnk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":57087,"deces_2025":57087,"solde_naturel_2025":0},"retraites":{"age_legal":67,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Mixte (Folkepension universelle + ATP + fonds de pension)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":12,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":74,"description":"Âge indexé sur l'espérance de vie : 67 ans en 2024, 68 en 2030, 69 en 2035, 70 en 2040. Système hybride hautement flexible. Folkepension universelle sous condition de résidence + ATP obligatoire + fonds par branche.","source":{"nom":"Borger.dk / OCDE","url":"https://www.borger.dk/pension-og-efterloen","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Mixed (universal folk pension + ATP + pension fund)","description_en":"Age indexed to life expectancy: 67 years in 2024, 68 in 2030, 69 in 2035, 70 in 2040. Highly flexible hybrid system. Universal folk pension subject to residence conditions + compulsory ATP + funds per branch."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":462,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":77046,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DNK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"3 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"11 February 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":2.89,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/DNK.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":9.3},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":19.6},{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":12.2},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":7.8},{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pharmaceutiques","Machines","Turbines éoliennes (Vestas)","Agroalimentaire (porc, produits laitiers)","Meubles"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Produits chimiques","Automobile","Ordinateurs","Hydrocarbures"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pharmacie (Novo Nordisk — insuline, GLP-1)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Ozempic/Wegovy : capitalisation supérieure au PIB danois."},{"produit":"Turbines éoliennes (Vestas)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Transport maritime (Maersk)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après MSC."},{"produit":"Design et meubles (BoConcept, Bang & Olufsen)","rang_europeen":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Denmark","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/dnk","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":48.8,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":45.6,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"DKK","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Højesteret (Cour suprême) — pas de cour constitutionnelle distincte","source":{"nom":"Højesteret","url":"https://domstol.dk/hoejesteret/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":18,"source":{"nom":"Domstol.dk","url":"https://domstol.dk/hoejesteret/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par la Reine/le Roi sur recommandation du ministre de la Justice, après proposition du Conseil de nomination judiciaire indépendant.","source":{"nom":"Retsplejeloven","url":"https://www.retsinformation.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Retsplejeloven","url":"https://www.retsinformation.dk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","notes":"Le contrôle de constitutionnalité est rare (seulement une loi invalidée depuis 1849).","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2026-03-24","type":"legislative","participation_pct":82.1,"vainqueur_parti_id":"dk.socialdemokraterne","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition minoritaire Socialdemokraterne + SF + Radikale + Moderaterne (Frederiksen III), investie le 3 juin 2026.","notes":"Élection anticipée après crise de la coalition « SVM ».","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10847","date_donnee":"2026-03-24","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2022-11-01","type":"legislative","participation_pct":84.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"dk.socialdemokraterne","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition « SVM » (Socialdemokraterne + Venstre + Moderaterne).","source":{"nom":"Danmarks Statistik","url":"https://www.dst.dk/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":17400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":44200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":63,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","OTAN (fondateur)","JEF","UE (participation défense depuis 2022)","Groenland pilier stratégique arctique"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A5DK (livraison Ukraine partielle)","quantite":44,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A7DK (upgrade en cours)","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A5DK","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16AM MLU","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (livraisons 2021-2027)","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-16AM/BM MLU (retrait 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés 2024, 19 cédés à l'Ukraine."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CV9035DK (IFV)","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Piranha III/V","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS-MOWAG","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"CV9035DK Mk III","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Suède / Danemark","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Piranha III/V","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Suisse / Danemark","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Eagle IV/V (VAMTAC)","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Iver Huitfeldt (Aegis)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Odense Steel Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"},{"nom":"Frégates support classe Absalon","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Odense Steel Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Iver Huitfeldt","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Odense Steel Shipyard (dissous)","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"},{"nom":"Navires classe Absalon (LSF)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Odense Steel Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Knud Rasmussen (Arctique)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Karstensens Skibsværft","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Thetis (Arctique)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1991,"origine":"Danemark","fabricant":"Svendborg Værft","pays_fabricant":"Danemark"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"CAESAR 8×8 (contrat 2017 — livraisons 2019-2021)","quantite":19,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"ATMOS 2000 (contrat 2024 — livraisons 2025-2026)","quantite":19,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Remplace CAESAR cédés à l'Ukraine."}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CL-604 Challenger","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Canada","fabricant":"Bombardier","pays_fabricant":"Canada"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AW101 Merlin","quantite":14,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Italie / Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Leonardo AgustaWestland","pays_fabricant":"Italie / Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"MH-60R Seahawk","quantite":9,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS550 Fennec","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Stinger MANPADS","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"IRIS-T SLM (annoncé 2024 — livraisons 2027)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"SAMP/T NG (Aster 30, annoncé décembre 2024)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"France / Italie","fabricant":"Eurosam (MBDA / Thales / Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie","notes":"Contrat 2024 dans plan de 40 Md€."}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (annoncé 2024)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"RQ-11 Raven","quantite":45,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"AeroVironment","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — battlegroup canadien (Danemark 2ᵉ contributeur)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — Canadian battlegroup (Denmark 2nd contributor)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Estonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence (rotation)","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence (rotation)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent danois)","effectifs":35,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (Danish contingent)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq / Coalition anti-Daech","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"OTAN + Coalition","mission_en":"NATO Mission Iraq / Anti-Daesh Coalition","cadre_en":"NATO + Coalition"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (contingent danois via ONU)","effectifs":50,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL (Danish contingent via UN)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSMA (withdrawal 2023)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Groenland","mission":"Joint Arctic Command — souveraineté arctique et 4 bases USA (accord 1951)","effectifs":250,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Joint Arctic Command — Arctic sovereignty and 4 USA bases (1951 agreement)","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Îles Féroé","mission":"Commandement local","effectifs":50,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Local command","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Groenland — enjeu stratégique majeur : offre de Trump 2025 (« acheter le Groenland ») refusée. Accord bilatéral USA-Danemark (Thule/Pituffik).","Renforcement défense massif : budget passé à 2% PIB en 2024, plan de 40 Md€ sur 10 ans (décembre 2024).","Contrat SAMP/T NG (décembre 2024) — 1er client export du système Aster 30 nouvelle génération.","Contribution majeure à l'Ukraine : 19 F-16 cédés (livraisons 2024), CAESAR cédés (remplacement via ATMOS 2000), Leopard 1A5 cédés."],"notes_speciales_en":["Greenland – major strategic issue: Trump 2025 offer (“buy Greenland”) refused. USA-Denmark bilateral agreement (Thule/Pituffik).","Massive defense reinforcement: budget increased to 2% GDP in 2024, plan of €40 billion over 10 years (December 2024).","SAMP/T NG contract (December 2024) — 1st export customer of the new generation Aster 30 system.","Major contribution to Ukraine: 19 F-16s sold (deliveries 2024), CAESAR sold (replacement via ATMOS 2000), Leopard 1A5 sold."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","NATO (founder)","JEF","EU (defense participation since 2022)","Greenland Arctic strategic pillar"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"oresund","nom":"Détroit de l'Öresund","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (DK, SE)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Baltique — connecte au Kattegat puis au Skagerrak vers la mer du Nord. Route d'exportation pétrole russe historique (avant sanctions 2022) et exports Norvège / Suède / Finlande.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":30000},"menace_principale":"Sabotages sous-marins baltiques 2022-2024 (Nord Stream, Balticconnector, câbles)."},{"id":"detroit-danemark","nom":"Détroits danois (Skagerrak, Kattegat, Sund, Grand Belt)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (DK, SE, NO)","importance_globale":"Seul accès mer Baltique → mer du Nord. Route exportation pétrole russe (avant 2022) + Norvège. Convention de Copenhague 1857 garantit libre passage.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":55000,"pct_petrole_mondial":3},"menace_principale":null}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":7314,"zee_km2":105989,"pib_maritime_pct":8,"pib_maritime_md_usd":32,"flotte_marchande_navires":700,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.85,"notes":"Groenland (statut spécial, ZEE 2,1 M km²). Maersk 1er armateur mondial. Détroits danois stratégiques.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive and regime verified.","3 Frederiksen governments: 2019, 2022, 2026.","Greenland and Faroe Islands: internal autonomy, 2 seats each in the Folketinget."]},{"iso2":"DJ","iso3":"DJI","slug":"djibouti","nom_courant_fr":"Djibouti","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Djibouti","nom_officiel_local":"Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Djibouti","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1184076,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/dji","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":23200,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"Union africaine","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ismaïl Omar Guelleh","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"dj.upm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1999-05-08","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Neveu du président fondateur Gouled. 26 ans au pouvoir.","notes_en":"Nephew of the founding president Gouled. 26 years in power."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel. 5e mandat depuis 2021. Réforme constitutionnelle 2010 a supprimé le plafond.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"dj.upm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-04-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"dj.umr","sieges":58,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Djiboutian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Djiboutian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1999-05-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_djibouti","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2004-05-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_djibouti","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle formelle, régime autoritaire de facto sous Guelleh depuis 1999. Position stratégique : bases militaires française, américaine, chinoise, japonaise.","explication_concrete_en":"Formal semi-presidential republic, de facto authoritarian regime under Guelleh since 1999. Strategic position: French, American, Chinese, Japanese military bases."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":65,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par région.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-02-24","distribution":[{"parti_id":"dj.upm","sieges":58,"voix_pct":87.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":7,"voix_pct":12.5}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-02-24","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting by region."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":6,"source":{"nom":"Loi 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Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Éthiopie","part_pct":40.7},{"pays":"Somalie","part_pct":15.9},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":14.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Yémen","part_pct":3.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":43.4},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":3.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":3.5}],"top_categories_export":["Réexports (port pour Éthiopie)","Sel","Peaux d'animaux","Café (réexport éthiopien)","Aliments"],"top_categories_import":["Aliments","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Port de Doraleh (débouché maritime de l'Éthiopie)","rang_africain":5},{"produit":"Bases militaires étrangères","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"France, USA, Japon, Chine, Italie — plus grande concentration au monde."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Djibouti","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/dji","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":29.7,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"DJF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":68.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":63.7,"age_median":25.1,"indice_fecondite":2.62,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/dji","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":24784,"deces_2025":8865,"solde_naturel_2025":15919},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Système Répartition (CNSS). Cotisation 8%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (CNSS)","description_en":"Distribution System (CNSS). Contribution 8%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.12,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Guelleh au pouvoir depuis 1999 — 26 ans.","Plus grande concentration de bases militaires étrangères au monde (France, USA, Chine, Japon, Italie).","Port principal débouché maritime de l'Éthiopie (95% du commerce éthiopien).","Alliance stratégique avec Éthiopie et Chine (BRI)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Djibouti","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=DJ&ceid=DJ:fr","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":10450,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.11,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":137,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Panhard AML, VBL","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24, Mi-8","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs de la Garde côtière + bases étrangères (USA/France/Chine/Japon)","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bab-el-mandeb","nom":"Détroit de Bab-el-Mandeb","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (YE, DJ, ER)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Rouge, connectant l'océan Indien au canal de Suez. Route stratégique pour le pétrole du Golfe vers l'Europe et l'Est asiatique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":21000,"petrole_mb_j":6.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":12,"pct_gnl_mondial":8},"menace_principale":"Attaques houthies contre la marine marchande depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 attaques en 2024-2025. Trafic Suez chuté de 60% en 2024 (déroutements par cap de Bonne-Espérance)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":314,"zee_km2":4917,"pib_maritime_pct":15,"notes":"Djibouti port (accès Éthiopie enclavée). 5 bases étrangères (USA, France, Chine, Japon, Italie).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Guelleh in power since 1999 — 26 years.","Largest concentration of foreign military bases in the world (France, USA, China, Japan, Italy).","Ethiopia's main maritime outlet (95% of Ethiopian trade).","Strategic alliance with Ethiopia and China (BRI)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-04-09","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ismaïl Omar Guelleh (UMP, 98.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Guelleh 5ᵉ mandat (au pouvoir depuis 1999).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Djiboutian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Djiboutian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-04-08","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Guelleh (86.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Guelleh 4ᵉ mandat 2016-2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Djiboutian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Djiboutian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"EG","iso3":"EGY","slug":"egypte","nom_courant_fr":"Égypte","nom_officiel_fr":"République arabe d'Égypte","nom_officiel_local":"Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʿArabīyah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Le Caire","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":118365995,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/egy","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1001450,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Siège au Caire.","source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Headquarters in Cairo."},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"Union africaine","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdel Fattah al-Sissi","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"eg.pjn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2014-06-08","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-ministre de la Défense, coup d'État 2013 contre Morsi (Frères musulmans).","notes_en":"Former Minister of Defense, 2013 coup d'état against Morsi (Muslim Brotherhood)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel. 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Réforme constitutionnelle 2019 permet mandat jusqu'en 2030.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mostafa Madbouly","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"eg.pjn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-06-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"eg.pjn","sieges":316,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-24","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":280,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-11-24","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2014-06-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of egypte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_egypte","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2020-06-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of egypte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_egypte","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle autoritaire. 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":20.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":7.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":86.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-6.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EGY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"10 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"10 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.1},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":5.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.1}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole et produits raffinés","Or","Engrais","Vêtements","Fruits et légumes"],"top_categories_import":["Blé","Pétrole brut","Machines","Automobile","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Canal de Suez (~2% PIB direct)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~12% commerce maritime mondial."},{"produit":"Coton","rang_mondial":11},{"produit":"Blé (importateur)","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Égypte","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/egy","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":18.1,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.1,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"EGP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":74,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.7,"age_median":24.9,"indice_fecondite":2.74,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/egy","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":2475625,"deces_2025":651723,"solde_naturel_2025":1823902},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (National Organization for Social Insurance)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Système Répartition (National Organization for Social Insurance). Cotisation 25%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (National Organization for Social Insurance)","description_en":"Distribution System (National Organization for Social Insurance). 25% contribution."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.11,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Sissi président depuis 2014 (coup d'État 2013 contre Morsi). Réélu 2023 avec 89,6%.","Canal de Suez : ~10 Md$ de revenus/an. Attaques Houthis 2024 → baisse de 60% du trafic.","Programme FMI 8 Md$ (2024) après crise de change majeure.","Rôle de médiateur Israël-Hamas.","Mégaprojet Nouvelle Capitale administrative (Nouvelle Caire) — 58 Md$."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Égypte","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=EG&ceid=EG:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":438500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":479000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":397000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":4.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":19,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Ligue arabe","Union africaine","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","BRICS","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","UA","Coopération multi-fournisseurs (USA, France, Russie, Corée du Sud, Allemagne, Chine)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A1 Abrams (production locale)","quantite":1130,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"M60A3, T-80, T-72","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 40/52","quantite":220,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"Rafale (54 unités), MiG-29M2, Su-35 (24 en cours)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","origine":"France/Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates FREMM, MEKO-200, Gowind + porte-hélicoptères Mistral (2)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","origine":"France/Allemagne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Type 209/1400 (Allemagne, 4 unités)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M113, BMP-1/2, Fahd, Sherpa Light","quantite":5500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A2/A3","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"K9A1 Thunder (commande 2022)","quantite":216,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Égypte","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace (licence Egypt Tank Plant)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud/Égypte"},{"nom":"M109A5 155mm","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Égypte","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M-46 130mm","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SakR-30 122mm MLRS","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Égypte","fabricant":"Arab Organization for Industrialization","pays_fabricant":"Égypte"},{"nom":"K9 Thunder (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2024-2027)","quantite":216,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS / Égypte","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache, Mi-24, SA-342 Gazelle","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie/France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104F Patriot PAC-3","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"S-300VM (Antey-2500)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Buk-M2E","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Tor-M2E","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk XXI","quantite":80,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"IRIS-T SLM (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (contrat 2023)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"CH-4B","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Wing Loong I/II","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Bande de Gaza — Rafah","mission":"Sécurisation frontière Rafah — 40 000 hommes déployés octobre 2023","effectifs":40000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Territoire national + coopération Israël","mission_en":"Rafah border security — 40,000 men deployed October 2023","cadre_en":"National territory + cooperation Israel"},{"pays":"Frontière libyenne","mission":"Sécurisation contre trafics + soutien LNA (Haftar)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Security against trafficking + LNA support (Haftar)","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Frontière soudanaise","mission":"Sécurisation contre RSF + réfugiés (~500 000 en 2024)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Security against RSF + refugees (~500,000 in 2024)","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"Wilayat Sinai (ISIS) — opération Sinaï 2018+ (guerre contre-insurrection)","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Wilayat Sinai (ISIS) — Operation Sinai 2018+ (counter-insurgency war)","cadre_en":"Autonomous"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":1000,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"ATMIS (mission UA)","effectifs":260,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"UA / ONU","mission_en":"ATMIS (AU mission)","cadre_en":"AU/UN"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","mission":"Coopération anti-Houthis avec USA/UK 2024+","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Anti-Houthi cooperation with USA/UK 2024+","cadre_en":"Bilateral"}],"notes_speciales":["2ᵉ armée d'Afrique en effectifs (~450 000 actifs), 1er budget militaire du continent (~9 Md USD).","Multi-fournisseurs stratégique : USA (aide 1,3 Md USD/an depuis Camp David 1979), France (Rafale, FREMM, Gowind, Mistral), Russie (Ka-52, MiG-29M, S-300VM), Corée du Sud (K2, K9), Chine (drones), Allemagne (sous-marins Type 209, MEKO), Turquie (drones Bayraktar).","Contrat Rafale 2015 (24 unités) — 1er client export mondial, contrat étendu 2021 (30 supplémentaires).","Suspension des livraisons Su-35 (2020) suite menace sanctions CAATSA — coopération Russie ralentie.","Contrôle du canal de Suez — enjeu stratégique global, dépendance revenus (~10 Md USD/an), tensions Mer Rouge 2024-2025."],"notes_speciales_en":["2nd army in Africa in terms of personnel (~450,000 assets), 1st military budget on the continent (~9 billion USD).","Strategic multi-supplier: USA (aid 1.3 billion USD/year since Camp David 1979), France (Rafale, FREMM, Gowind, Mistral), Russia (Ka-52, MiG-29M, S-300VM), South Korea (K2, K9), China (drones), Germany (Type 209 submarines, MEKO), Turkey (Bayraktar drones).","Rafale 2015 contract (24 units) — 1st global export customer, extended contract 2021 (30 additional).","Suspension of Su-35 deliveries (2020) following threat of CAATSA sanctions — Russian cooperation slowed down.","Control of the Suez Canal — global strategic issue, revenue dependence (~10 billion USD/year), Red Sea tensions 2024-2025."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Ligue arabe","African Union","Major non-NATO ally USA","BRICS","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","AU","Multi-supplier cooperation (USA, France, Russia, South Korea, Germany, China)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"suez","nom":"Canal de Suez","type":"canal","role":"Pays riverain (EG)","importance_globale":"Seul accès Méditerranée-mer Rouge sans contourner l'Afrique. Route pétrole du Golfe → Europe, conteneurs Chine → Europe. Alternative : cap de Bonne-Espérance (+10 jours, +30% coût).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":24000,"petrole_mb_j":9.2,"conteneurs_muid":22,"pct_commerce_mondial":12},"menace_principale":"Blocage Ever Given mars 2021 (6 jours, 10 Md USD/jour de pertes). Crise Houthis 2023+ : trafic effondré −60% en 2024, revenus canal Egypte −60% (perte ~7 Md USD/an)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2450,"zee_km2":236300,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.36,"notes":"Canal de Suez (recettes 9,4 Md USD 2023 → 3,8 Md 2024). Port-Saïd, Alexandrie, Damiette.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Sissi has been president since 2014 (2013 coup against Morsi). Re-elected in 2023 with 89.6%.","Suez Canal: ~$10 billion in revenue/year. Houthi attacks 2024 → 60% drop in traffic.","IMF $8 billion program (2024) after major currency crisis.","Israel-Hamas mediator role.","Megaproject New Administrative Capital (New Cairo) — $58 billion."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-12-10","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":66.8,"vainqueur":"Abdel Fattah al-Sissi (89.6%, opposition marginale)","gouvernement_issu":"Al-Sissi 3ᵉ mandat 2024-2030 (durée du mandat étendue à 6 ans par la Constitution de 2019).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Egyptian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Egyptian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-03-26","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Al-Sissi (97.1%, seul candidat)","gouvernement_issu":"Al-Sissi 2ᵉ mandat 2018-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Egyptian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Egyptian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"AE","iso3":"ARE","slug":"emirats-arabes-unis","nom_courant_fr":"Émirats arabes unis","nom_officiel_fr":"Émirats arabes unis","nom_officiel_local":"al-Imārāt al-ʿArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Abou Dabi","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11513149,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/are","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":83600,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CCG","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"CCG","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammed ben Zayed Al Nahyane (MBZ)","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président et Émir d'Abou Dabi","parti_id":"ae.nahyan","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-05-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Conseil suprême de la Fédération (7 émirs).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammed ben Rachid Al Maktoum","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Vice-président, Premier ministre et Émir de Dubaï","parti_id":"ae.nahyan","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2006-01-05","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ae.nahyan","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Politics of the UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-05-14","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of emirats-arabes-unis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_emirats_arabes_unis","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"sans_echeance","notes":"Régime sans échéance constitutionnelle (monarchie absolue, mandat à vie, ou régime autoritaire).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of emirats-arabes-unis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_emirats_arabes_unis","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_absolue","explication_concrete":"Fédération de 7 émirats, chacun gouverné par un émir absolu. Le Président est traditionnellement l'Émir d'Abou Dabi (Mohammed ben Zayed depuis 2022). Le Conseil suprême (7 émirs) prend les décisions fédérales. Assemblée fédérale nationale : 40 membres (20 élus par collège restreint, 20 nommés par les émirs), rôle consultatif.","source":{"nom":"Constitutions nationales + Freedom House / Economist Democracy Index 2025","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores","date_verif":"2026-09-21"},"explication_concrete_en":"Federation of 7 emirates, each governed by an absolute emir. The President is traditionally the Emir of Abu Dhabi (Mohammed ben Zayed since 2022). The Supreme Council (7 emirs) makes federal decisions. National Federal Assembly: 40 members (20 elected by restricted college, 20 appointed by emirs), consultative role."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Ittihad al-Watani (Conseil national fédéral)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":40,"mode_designation":"20 élus (suffrage restreint), 20 nommés par les émirs. Rôle consultatif.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"20 elected (restricted suffrage), 20 appointed by the emirs. Advisory role.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-10-07","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ae.nahyan","sieges":40}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Federal_National_Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_National_Council","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil national fédéral — 20 membres élus par collège électoral restreint + 20 nommés par les émirs. Aucun parti politique."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême fédérale","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président (MBZ).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":572,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":50232,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":34.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":5.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ARE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"2 July 2007","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"11 November 2020","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 March 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":7.1},{"pays":"Irak","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":5.3},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":4.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.3},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"France","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Or et bijoux","Aluminium","Diamants (réexports)","Produits pétroliers"],"top_categories_import":["Or brut","Voitures","Machines","Téléphones","Diamants bruts"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Hub aérien Emirates + Etihad","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"DXB = 2e aéroport mondial en trafic international."},{"produit":"Or et bijoux (Dubaï)","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Émirats arabes unis","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/are","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.2,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":26.4,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"AED","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":82.2,"age_median":34.5,"indice_fecondite":1.21,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/are","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":113048,"deces_2025":11191,"solde_naturel_2025":101857},"retraites":{"age_legal":50,"age_taux_plein":50,"systeme_type":"Répartition (GPSSA) — seulement Émiratis","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":20,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":65,"description":"Système principal Répartition (GPSSA) — seulement Émiratis. Cotisation 20%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (GPSSA) — only Emiratis","description_en":"Main Dispatch System (GPSSA) — Emiratis only. 20% contribution."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.1,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["~89% de la population sont expatriés (Indiens, Pakistanais, Bangladais, Philippins).","Accords d'Abraham 2020 (normalisation avec Israël).","MBZ président depuis 2022 — concentration du pouvoir sur Abou Dabi.","Rôle diplomatique croissant (médiation Ukraine-Russie).","COP28 organisée à Dubaï en décembre 2023.","Hub logistique et financier majeur (Dubaï)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Émirats arabes unis","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=AE&ceid=AE:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":65000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":25.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":4.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":65,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CCG","Ligue arabe","BRICS","Accords d'Abraham (Israël 2020)","Coopération USA (base al-Dhafra F-22)","Coopération France (base BFEAU)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leclerc EAU","quantite":388,"generation":"moderne","origine":"France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16E/F Block 60 Desert Falcon","quantite":79,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-9","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache, UH-60M Black Hawk, AS565 Panther","quantite":130,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA/France"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Baynunah (corvettes), Abu Dhabi (frégates), Ghannatha","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","origine":"France/UAE"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9 Reaper (variantes), Sentinel, Yabhon United 40","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA/EAU"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"THAAD (livrés 2015-2017)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MIM-104F Patriot PAC-3","quantite":9,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"KM-SAM (Cheongung II, contrat 2022 — livraisons 2024-2028)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"LIG Nex1 / Hanwha","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud","notes":"3,5 Md USD."},{"nom":"Barak-8 / MRSAM (contrat 2020)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI / Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-3, Nimr, Enigma, Panhard, NIMR MRAP","quantite":1300,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"G6 Rhino 155mm SP","quantite":78,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel LIW","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"CAESAR 155mm 6×6","quantite":72,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"AH-58 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Jobaria MCL (Émirats HIMARS clone)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Émirats","fabricant":"EDGE Group / IGG","pays_fabricant":"Émirats"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-17A Globemaster III","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT (ravitailleur)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus DS","pays_fabricant":"France"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Yémen","mission":"Coalition arabe — retrait officiel 2019, présence via forces séparatistes STC + Giants Brigade","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition arabe — retrait partiel","mission_en":"Arab Coalition – official withdrawal 2019, presence via separatist forces STC + Giants Brigade","cadre_en":"Arab Coalition — partial withdrawal"},{"pays":"Somaliland — Berbera","mission":"Base militaire — accord avec Somaliland non-reconnu","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"Bilatéral Somaliland","mission_en":"Military base – agreement with Somaliland not recognized","cadre_en":"Bilateral Somaliland"},{"pays":"Érythrée — Assab","mission":"Base militaire (utilisée pour opérations Yémen 2015-2021)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral Érythrée","status":"retire","mission_en":"Military base (used for Yemen operations 2015-2021)","cadre_en":"Bilateral Eritrea"},{"pays":"Libye (soutien LNA Haftar)","mission":"Soutien matériel, drones Wing Loong à Haftar","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Material support, Wing Loong drones to Haftar","cadre_en":"Bilateral"},{"pays":"Île de Socotra (Yémen)","mission":"Occupation via STC — controversée","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"Occupation contestée","mission_en":"Occupation via STC — controversial","cadre_en":"Contested occupation"},{"pays":"Soudan (via RSF)","mission":"Soutien matériel/financier à la RSF de Hemetti — accusation ONU 2024","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Indirect","mission_en":"Material/financial support for the RSF of Hemetti – UN accusation 2024","cadre_en":"Indirect"},{"pays":"Bahreïn","mission":"Bouclier de la péninsule (Peninsula Shield Force)","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"CCG","mission_en":"Peninsula Shield Force","cadre_en":"CCG"}],"notes_speciales":["3ᵉ budget défense d'Afrique du Nord/Moyen-Orient (après Arabie saoudite et Israël) — 25+ Md USD 2025.","Contrat Rafale F4 2021 (80 unités, 17 Md€) — plus grand contrat export Rafale de l'histoire, livraisons 2027-2031.","Industrie de défense EDGE Group (fondée 2019) : consolidation stratégique — drones, missiles, cybersécurité, IA. 25+ Md USD chiffre d'affaires 2025.","Accords d'Abraham (septembre 2020) — normalisation avec Israël, coopération militaire renforcée (Barak-8, SPYDER, Rafael).","F-35A refusé fin 2021 (conditionnalité USA sur relations Chine) — pivot vers Rafale et EDGE.","Soutien controversé à la RSF au Soudan (rapports ONU 2024) — 200+ vols cargo aériens vers Tchad transitant vers Darfour."],"notes_speciales_en":["3rd defense budget in North Africa/Middle East (after Saudi Arabia and Israel) — 25+ billion USD 2025.","Rafale F4 2021 contract (80 units, €17 billion) — largest Rafale export contract in history, deliveries 2027-2031.","Defense industry EDGE Group (founded 2019): strategic consolidation — drones, missiles, cybersecurity, AI. 25+ billion USD turnover 2025.","Abraham Accords (September 2020) — normalization with Israel, enhanced military cooperation (Barak-8, SPYDER, Rafael).","F-35A refused at the end of 2021 (USA conditionality on China relations) — pivot towards Rafale and EDGE.","Controversial support for the RSF in Sudan (UN 2024 reports) — 200+ air cargo flights to Chad transiting to Darfur."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CCG","Arab League","BRICS","Abraham Accords (Israel 2020)","USA cooperation (al-Dhafra F-22 base)","Cooperation France (BFEAU base)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"ormuz","nom":"Détroit d'Ormuz","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IR, OM, AE)","importance_globale":"Voie de sortie unique du pétrole du Golfe persique — Arabie saoudite, Émirats, Koweït, Iran, Bahreïn, Qatar. Seul point de passage possible pour ~30% du commerce pétrolier mondial et ~20% du GNL. Alternative : oléoduc Petroline Arabie saoudite (5 mb/j capacité) vers mer Rouge, oléoduc Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (1,5 mb/j capacité) vers Fujaïrah.","trafic_annuel":{"petrole_mb_j":20.9,"gnl_bcm_an":105,"pct_petrole_mondial":30,"pct_gnl_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Iran (Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution, IRGC-N) menace régulièrement la fermeture — mines, chaloupes rapides, missiles anti-navires (Nasr, Noor, Qader)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1318,"zee_km2":59578,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":800,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.07,"notes":"Jebel Ali 10ᵉ port conteneurs mondial. Fujaïrah 2ᵉ hub bunker mondial. Contrôle sud Ormuz.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["~89% of the population are expatriates (Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Filipinos).","Abraham Accords 2020 (normalization with Israel).","MBZ president since 2022 — concentration of power in Abu Dhabi.","Growing diplomatic role (Ukraine-Russia mediation).","COP28 organized in Dubai in December 2023.","Major logistics and financial hub (Dubai)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-07","type":"legislative_consultative","vainqueur":"Conseil national fédéral — 20 membres élus (par un collège électoral restreint) + 20 nommés par les émirs. Aucun parti politique autorisé.","gouvernement_issu":"Monarchie fédérale. Mohammed ben Zayed Al Nahyane (MBZ) président depuis mai 2022 succédant à son demi-frère Khalifa. Mohammed ben Rachid Al Maktoum (émir de Dubaï) VP et PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Federal National Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Federal_National_Council_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-10-05","type":"legislative_consultative","vainqueur":"Conseil national fédéral (aucun parti)","gouvernement_issu":"Khalifa ben Zayed président jusqu'à sa mort en mai 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Federal National Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Federal_National_Council_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"EC","iso3":"ECU","slug":"equateur","nom_courant_fr":"Équateur","nom_officiel_fr":"République de l'Équateur","nom_officiel_local":"República del Ecuador","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Quito","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":18289896,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ecu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":283561,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"notes":"Communauté andine.","source":{"nom":"CAN","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Andean community."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Daniel Noboa","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ec.adn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-11-23","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Héritier de la dynastie Noboa (empire bananier). Élu en novembre 2023 pour terminer le mandat de Lasso (dissolution parlement). **Réélu 2e tour 13 avril 2025** (55,6%) face à Luisa González (RC) pour mandat plein 2025-2029.","notes_en":"Heir to the Noboa dynasty (banana empire). Elected in November 2023 to complete Lasso's mandate (dissolution of parliament). **Re-elected 2nd round April 13, 2025** (55.6%) against Luisa González (RC) for full mandate 2025-2029."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Daniel Noboa (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"ec.adn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-11-23","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ec.adn","sieges":66,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ec.rc","sieges":67,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ec.psc","sieges":4,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ec.pk","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":9,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-11-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of equateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_equateur","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-11-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of equateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_equateur","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle unitaire. Constitution 2008 (Correa). Crise sécuritaire majeure depuis 2023 (cartels mexicains + colombiens) — état d'urgence permanent.","explication_concrete_en":"Unitary presidential republic. Constitution 2008 (Correa). Major security crisis since 2023 (Mexican + Colombian cartels) — permanent state of emergency."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Nacional","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":151,"mode_designation":"Mixte : circonscriptions provinciales + nationale + expatriés.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-02-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ec.adn","sieges":66,"voix_pct":42.7},{"parti_id":"ec.rc","sieges":67,"voix_pct":43.7},{"parti_id":"ec.psc","sieges":4,"voix_pct":3.4},{"parti_id":"ec.pk","sieges":5,"voix_pct":5.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":9,"voix_pct":5}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Mixed: provincial + national + expatriate constituencies."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Corte Constitucional","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par comité de sélection (Législatif + Transparence).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":130,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":7199,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":54.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"1 September 2020","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B-","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"25 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":25.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14},{"pays":"Panama","part_pct":7},{"pays":"Chili","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":22.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.2},{"pays":"Colombie","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":4.2},{"pays":"Pérou","part_pct":4}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Bananes (1er exportateur mondial)","Crevettes","Cacao","Fleurs coupées"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Machines","Automobile","Médicaments","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Bananes","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~30% exportations mondiales."},{"produit":"Crevettes d'élevage","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Cacao Arriba (fine flavor)","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"Origine cacao criollo."},{"produit":"Pétrole brut (OCP)","rang_regional":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Équateur","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ecu","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":32.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":36,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"USD (dollarisation 2000)","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":14.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":80.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.9,"age_median":29,"indice_fecondite":1.81,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ecu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":271056,"deces_2025":95235,"solde_naturel_2025":175821},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (IESS)","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":20.6,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système Répartition (IESS). Cotisation 20.6%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (IESS)","description_en":"Distribution System (IESS). Contribution 20.6%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.48,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul depuis 2023 — état d'urgence + militarisation.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Setback since 2023 — state of emergency + militarization."},"notes_speciales":["**Crise sécuritaire historique** : taux d'homicide passé de 6/100k (2018) à 44/100k (2023) → 39/100k (2025). État d'urgence permanent.","Noboa réélu avril 2025 pour mandat complet 2025-2029.","Cartels (Choneros, Lobos + Sinaloa + Jalisco) contrôlent prisons + ports.","Attaques narco : assassinat candidat Villavicencio 2023, prise en otage télévision janvier 2024.","Traité base militaire USA à Salinas signé septembre 2025 (revirement historique — 2009 : expulsion USA de Manta par Correa).","Dollarisation depuis 2000 — sortie non envisagée."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Équateur","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=EC&ceid=EC:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":42000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":118000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":3800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":74,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CAN","OEA","Non-aligné","Retrait UNASUR 2018"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Cheetah C (F-1 sud-africain, occasion 2010)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1986,"origine":"Afrique du Sud/Israël","fabricant":"Denel + IAI (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"Kfir CE (occasion Israël)","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Mirage F-1JA (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"Cheetah C (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud","notes":"Retirés 2020."},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"chars":[{"nom":"AMX-13","quantite":108,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMR-600","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"ENASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"M113A1","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-56 105mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"SBT-1 155mm","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"CITEFA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS532 Cougar","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Dhruv (annoncé — livraisons interrompues)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"HAL","pays_fabricant":"Inde","notes":"Contrat rompu après crashes."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Esmeraldas (retrait progressive)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1982,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"CNR","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Presidente Eloy Alfaro (ex-Leander)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1991,"origine":"Royaume-Uni (occasion)","fabricant":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Shyri (Type 209)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1977,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — narco-conflit","mission":"État d'urgence permanent depuis janvier 2024 — guerre contre les mafias (los Choneros, los Lobos)","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Autonome — conflit armé interne","mission_en":"Permanent state of emergency since January 2024 — war against the mafias (los Choneros, los Lobos)","cadre_en":"Autonomous — internal armed conflict"},{"pays":"Frontière colombienne (708 km)","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — narco + FARC-EP dissidences","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security – narco + FARC-EP dissidences","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Guerre contre les mafias (janvier 2024) — président Noboa décrète « conflit armé interne » contre 22 groupes criminels classés terroristes.","Basculement sécuritaire majeur post-2020 — de pays le plus sûr d'Amérique du Sud au plus violent (46/100 000 en 2023).","Coopération USA renforcée 2024 — retour possible de bases militaires USA (Manta fermée 2009)."],"notes_speciales_en":["War against the mafias (January 2024) — President Noboa decrees “internal armed conflict” against 22 criminal groups classified as terrorists.","Major post-2020 security shift — from the safest country in South America to the most violent (46/100,000 in 2023).","Strengthened US cooperation 2024 — possible return of US military bases (Manta closed 2009)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CAN","OEA","Unaligned","UNASUR withdrawal 2018"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2237,"zee_km2":1076169,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.75,"notes":"Galápagos (Traité 1998). Thoniers importants. Guerre mafias 2024.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Historic security crisis**: homicide rate increased from 6/100k (2018) to 44/100k (2023) → 39/100k (2025). Permanent state of emergency.","Noboa re-elected April 2025 for full term 2025-2029.","Cartels (Choneros, Lobos + Sinaloa + Jalisco) control prisons + ports.","Narco attacks: assassination of candidate Villavicencio 2023, television hostage taking January 2024.","USA military base treaty in Salinas signed September 2025 (historic turnaround - 2009: USA expulsion of Manta by Correa).","Dollarization since 2000 — exit not planned."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-04-13","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Daniel Noboa (Acción Democrática Nacional, 55.6% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Noboa réélu pour un mandat plein 2025-2029 après son mandat abrégé 2023-2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Ecuadorian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Ecuadorian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2023-10-15","type":"presidentielle_ballotage_anticipee","vainqueur":"Daniel Noboa (ADN, 51.8% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Noboa, mandat abrégé après « muerte cruzada » (Guillermo Lasso dissout l'Assemblée en mai 2023).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Ecuadorian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ecuadorian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"ER","iso3":"ERI","slug":"erythree","nom_courant_fr":"Érythrée","nom_officiel_fr":"État d'Érythrée","nom_officiel_local":"Hagere Ertra","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Asmara","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3607003,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/eri","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":117600,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Union africaine","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Isaias Afwerki","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"er.pfdj","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1993-05-24","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"32 ans au pouvoir. « Corée du Nord de l'Afrique ».","notes_en":"32 years in power. “North Korea of ​​Africa”."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Autoproclamé après indépendance. Aucune élection depuis.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Isaias Afwerki (cumul)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Le Président cumule les fonctions (pas de PM)","parti_id":"er.pfdj","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1993-05-24","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Cumul.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"er.pfdj","sieges":150,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1993-05-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of erythree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_erythree","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"1998-05-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of erythree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_erythree","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Dictature à parti unique** (PFDJ). Aucune élection depuis 1993. Constitution 1997 jamais mise en œuvre. Service militaire indéfini pour tous.","explication_concrete_en":"**Single-party dictatorship** (PFDJ). No elections since 1993. 1997 Constitution never implemented. Indefinite military service for all."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale (dissoute de facto)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Prévue par la constitution mais jamais convoquée.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Provided for by the constitution but never convened.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"1993-01-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"er.pfdj","sieges":150}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée nationale de transition (150 membres) désignée en 1993. Régime autoritaire d'Isaias Afwerki depuis. Aucune élection nationale organisée en 32 ans."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":750,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":5.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.5,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":175,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":62.6},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.3},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":3.1},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":2.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":34.7},{"pays":"Émirats arabes 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Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.3,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"ERN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":28.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":70.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.8,"age_median":20.3,"indice_fecondite":3.68,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/eri","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":103590,"deces_2025":21624,"solde_naturel_2025":81966},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Système public embryonnaire","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":25,"description":"Système Système public embryonnaire. Cotisation 5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Embryonic public system","description_en":"System Embryonic public system. 5% contribution."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.03,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Un des pires scores V-Dem au monde.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"One of the worst V-Dem scores in the world."},"notes_speciales":["Isaias Afwerki au pouvoir depuis 1993 — 32 ans. Aucune élection.","Constitution 1997 jamais mise en œuvre.","Service militaire indéfini (« esclavage moderne » selon HRW).","Guerre frontière Éthiopie 1998-2000 (~80 000 morts). Paix 2018 (Prix Nobel Abiy).","Impliquée dans guerre du Tigré (2020-2022) aux côtés d'Abiy.","Freedom House : score le plus bas au monde avec Turkménistan et Corée du Nord."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Érythrée","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=ER&ceid=ER:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":201750,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":120000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":138,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72, T-55","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1, BTR-60, BRDM-2","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29, Su-27","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bab-el-mandeb","nom":"Détroit de Bab-el-Mandeb","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (YE, DJ, ER)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Rouge, connectant l'océan Indien au canal de Suez. Route stratégique pour le pétrole du Golfe vers l'Europe et l'Est asiatique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":21000,"petrole_mb_j":6.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":12,"pct_gnl_mondial":8},"menace_principale":"Attaques houthies contre la marine marchande depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 attaques en 2024-2025. Trafic Suez chuté de 60% en 2024 (déroutements par cap de Bonne-Espérance)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2234,"zee_km2":78379,"pib_maritime_pct":1,"notes":"Massaoua, Assab. Position clé Bab-el-Mandeb.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Isaias Afwerki in power since 1993 — 32 years. No election.","1997 Constitution never implemented.","Indefinite military service (“modern slavery” according to HRW).","Ethiopian border war 1998-2000 (~80,000 dead). Peace 2018 (Abiy Nobel Prize).","Involved in the Tigray War (2020-2022) alongside Abiy.","Freedom House: lowest score in the world with Turkmenistan and North Korea."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"1997-05-23","type":"adoption_constitution","vainqueur":"Constitution adoptée par l'Assemblée constituante","gouvernement_issu":"Constitution jamais appliquée. Élections législatives annoncées puis repoussées sine die depuis 1997.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"1993-04-23","type":"referendum_independance","vainqueur":"OUI à l'indépendance (99.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Isaias Afwerki président depuis 1993. Aucune élection nationale organisée depuis. Régime autoritaire, parti unique PFDJ.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 1993 Eritrean independence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"ES","iso3":"ESP","slug":"espagne","nom_courant_fr":"Espagne","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume d'Espagne","nom_officiel_local":"Reino de España","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Madrid","source":{"nom":"INE — Instituto Nacional de Estadística","url":"https://www.ine.es/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":49355143,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/esp","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":505990,"source":{"nom":"INE","url":"https://www.ine.es/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1986,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1982,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Felipe VI","source":{"nom":"Casa Real","url":"https://www.casareal.es/EN/FamiliaReal/rey/Paginas/rey.aspx","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi d'Espagne","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2014-06-19","source":{"nom":"Casa Real","url":"https://www.casareal.es/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (Constitution de 1978).","source":{"nom":"Constitution espagnole, titre II","url":"https://www.boe.es/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Pedro Sánchez","source":{"nom":"El País","url":"https://elpais.com/espana/2026-06-18/ultima-hora-de-la-actualidad-politica-en-directo.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente del Gobierno","parti_id":"es.psoe","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-06-02","notes":"PM depuis juin 2018, reconduit après les législatives de juillet 2023.","source":{"nom":"El País","url":"https://elpais.com/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"PM since June 2018, renewed after the legislative elections in July 2023."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Investi par le Congrès des députés.","source":{"nom":"Constitution espagnole, art. 99","url":"https://www.boe.es/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"es.psoe","sieges":121,"notes":"Coalition minoritaire PSOE + Sumar avec soutiens externes.","source":{"nom":"El País","url":"https://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/2023/generales/congreso/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"PSOE + Sumar minority coalition with external support."},{"parti_id":"es.sumar","sieges":27,"source":{"nom":"El País","url":"https://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/2023/generales/congreso/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-11-16","notes":"Pedro Sánchez reconduit Premier ministre le 16 novembre 2023 — coalition PSOE + Sumar + soutien de partis régionaux.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of espagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_espagne","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-07-23","notes":"Fin normale de la 15ᵉ législature (mandat de 4 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of espagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_espagne","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire. État des autonomies : 17 communautés autonomes aux compétences étendues. Bicamérisme asymétrique. Instabilité chronique depuis 2015.","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary monarchy. State of autonomy: 17 autonomous communities with extensive powers. Asymmetrical bicameralism. Chronic instability since 2015."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Congreso de los Diputados","role":"Chambre basse. 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System in high tension with aging."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1904,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":38290,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ESP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"12 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"26 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.48,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via 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génération)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Porte-aéronefs LHD Juan Carlos I","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Frégates F-100 classe Álvaro de Bazán (AEGIS)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia (ex-Izar)","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Frégates F-110 classe Bonifaz (livraisons 2027-2032)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Frégates F-80 classe Santa María (Perry)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1986,"origine":"États-Unis / Espagne","fabricant":"Bazán / Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"BAM (patrouilleurs océaniques classe Meteoro)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe S-80 Plus Isaac Peral (AIP)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe S-80 Isaac Peral (livraisons 2023-2028)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"AIP indigène, propulsion bioéthanol."},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe S-70 Galerna (Agosta)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Bazán / Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"Espagne / France","notes":"Retrait 2023, 1 seul restant en réserve."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VCR 8x8 Dragón","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"GDELS-Santa Bárbara","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Pizarro (IFV)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Espagne/Autriche","fabricant":"GDELS-Steyr + Santa Bárbara","pays_fabricant":"Autriche/Espagne"},{"nom":"BMR-M1","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Pegaso (Iveco)","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Pizarro Fase I/II (ASCOD)","quantite":356,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Espagne / Autriche","fabricant":"GDELS Santa Bárbara / Steyr","pays_fabricant":"Espagne / Autriche"},{"nom":"VCR 8×8 Dragón","quantite":348,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Tess Defence (Indra/GDELS/Sapa)","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"Commande 348 unités jusqu'à 2030."},{"nom":"BMR-600","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Pegaso / ENASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"LMV Lince (Iveco)","quantite":400,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Iveco Defence","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH90 GSPA","quantite":22,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters España","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Tiger HAP","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"CH-47D/F Chinook","quantite":17,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1982,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"NH-90 TTH","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne"},{"nom":"AS532 Cougar","quantite":26,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Tigre HAD-E","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"France / Allemagne / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"SH-60B/F Seahawk (Marine)","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"A400M Atlas","quantite":27,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space (Séville)","pays_fabricant":"Espagne/Europe"},{"nom":"C-295M","quantite":13,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules (retrait 2023)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés 2023."},{"nom":"C-295W","quantite":13,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"CN-235","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"CASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT (KC-330 Voyager)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Espagne / France","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A5E 155mm","quantite":96,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Espagne","fabricant":"BAE Systems / SBS","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"SBT-155/52 SIAC (nouveau, licence italien Palmaria)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"GDELS Santa Bárbara","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"HIMARS (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2025-2027)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"SILAM (MLRS indigène, développement Escribano)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Escribano M&E / Expal","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"Projet 2024+."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104E Patriot PAC-2/3","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NASAMS 2 (Skyguard)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège"},{"nom":"Mistral","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9A Reaper","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"SIVA (Scan Eagle II)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Insitu","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Atlante (indigène MALE 2032+)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2032,"origine":"Espagne / France / Italie / Allemagne","fabricant":"Airbus / Dassault / Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"Programme européen Eurodrone."}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Roumanie","mission":"NATO Response Force — Patriot + police du ciel Eurofighter (rotation)","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Response Force — Patriot + Eurofighter air police (rotation)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Slovaquie","mission":"NATO Enhanced Vigilance Activity","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Enhanced Vigilance Activity","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Estonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence (rotation)","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence (rotation)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Turquie","mission":"Air policing Incirlik / batterie Patriot (retirée 2022)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"OTAN","status":"retire","mission_en":"Air policing Incirlik / Patriot battery (withdrawn 2022)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL — Sector East (secteur commandé par l'Espagne fréquemment)","effectifs":640,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL — Sector East (sector frequently commanded by Spain)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs (Aïn al-Assad)","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Iraq Mission — instructors (Ain al-Assad)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"Opération Atalanta (EUNAVFOR — commandement historique espagnol jusqu'en 2024)","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2008","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"Operation Atalanta (EUNAVFOR — historic Spanish command until 2024)","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Ceuta et Melilla","mission":"Comandancia General — deux enclaves nord-africaines, 8 000 hommes","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Comandancia General — two North African enclaves, 8,000 men","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Îles Canaries","mission":"Mando de Canarias — brigade insulaire","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Mando de Canarias — island brigade","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Programme S-80 (sous-marin AIP indigène) : 4 unités, ~4 Md€, livraisons 2023-2028 — Isaac Peral admis au service en 2023.","Programme F-110 (frégate) : 5 unités, ~4,3 Md€, livraisons 2027-2032 — remplace classe Santa María.","Enclaves nord-africaines Ceuta et Melilla — 8 000 hommes stationnés permanents, tensions récurrentes avec le Maroc.","Membre du programme SCAF/FCAS (avion futur 6ᵉ génération) avec France et Allemagne — Airbus DS chef industriel côté espagnol."],"notes_speciales_en":["S-80 program (indigenous AIP submarine): 4 units, ~€4 billion, deliveries 2023-2028 — Isaac Peral admitted to service in 2023.","F-110 program (frigate): 5 units, ~€4.3 billion, deliveries 2027-2032 — replaces Santa María class.","North African enclaves Ceuta and Melilla — 8,000 men permanently stationed, recurring tensions with Morocco.","Member of the SCAF/FCAS program (future 6th generation aircraft) with France and Germany - Airbus DS industrial leader on the Spanish side."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","PESCO","FCAS (SCAF) France-Germany-Spain"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"gibraltar","nom":"Détroit de Gibraltar","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, GB)","importance_globale":"Seul accès de la Méditerranée à l'Atlantique. Passage obligé du commerce UE-USA, du pétrole russe (avant 2022) et algérien, des porte-conteneurs Est-Ouest via Suez.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":105000,"petrole_mb_j":4.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Rocher de Gibraltar sous contrôle britannique (territoire d'outre-mer, contentieux avec l'Espagne). Trafics de drogue (haschisch marocain)."},{"id":"alboran","nom":"Mer d'Alboran","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, DZ)","importance_globale":"Zone maritime entre Espagne (côte andalouse) et Maroc (Rif) — antichambre du détroit de Gibraltar. Toute la circulation entrée/sortie de Méditerranée y transite. Contient les îles Chafarinas et Peñón (souveraineté espagnole contestée par Maroc).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":25000},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières Maroc-Espagne. Trafics narcotiques (haschisch marocain). Contentieux territoriaux ES-MA (Ceuta, Melilla, îles)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":4964,"zee_km2":1039233,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":35,"flotte_marchande_navires":500,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.1,"notes":"Puissance pêche UE (thon, sardine, poulpe). Chantiers navals Navantia (Ferrol, Cadix, Cartagène). Ports Algésiras 4ᵉ EU + Valence.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive and legislative framework verified. Economy and justice to be explored in more depth.","Minority coalition dependent on heterogeneous support (Junts, ERC, PNV, EH Bildu, BNG).","Catalan amnesty law of 2024 remains politically flammable."]},{"iso2":"EE","iso3":"EST","slug":"estonie","nom_courant_fr":"Estonie","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Estonie","nom_officiel_local":"Eesti Vabariik","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tallinn","source":{"nom":"Statistics Estonia","url":"https://www.stat.ee/en","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1366475,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/est","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":45227,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Estonia","url":"https://www.stat.ee/en","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Alar Karis","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kristen Michal's cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Michal%27s_cabinet","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-10-11","notes":"Élu par le Parlement (Riigikogu). Fonction essentiellement protocolaire.","source":{"nom":"President.ee","url":"https://www.president.ee/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Elected by Parliament (Riigikogu). Essentially protocol function."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Riigikogu à la majorité des 2/3, ou par un collège électoral si non atteint. Mandat 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution estonienne","url":"https://www.riigiteataja.ee/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kristen Michal","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kristen Michal's cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Michal%27s_cabinet","date_donnee":"2024-07-23","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Peaminister","parti_id":"ee.reform","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-07-23","notes":"A succédé à Kaja Kallas partie occuper le poste de Haute représentante de l'UE pour les affaires étrangères. Coalition Reform + Estonia 200 + SDE initialement ; SDE a quitté depuis, coalition minoritaire (50/101).","source":{"nom":"EU Today","url":"https://eutoday.net/estonia-government-loses-parliamentary-majority","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Succeeded Kaja Kallas who took up the post of High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs. Coalition Reform + Estonia 200 + SDE initially; SDE has since left, minority coalition (50/101)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le président, doit obtenir la confiance du Riigikogu.","source":{"nom":"Constitution estonienne","url":"https://www.riigiteataja.ee/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ee.reform","sieges":37,"notes":"Coalition minoritaire Reform + Estonia 200 (50 sièges au 10 août 2026).","source":{"nom":"BTI 2026 / EU Today","url":"https://eutoday.net/estonia-government-loses-parliamentary-majority","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Minority coalition Reform + Estonia 200 (50 seats as of August 10, 2026)."},{"parti_id":"ee.e200","sieges":13,"source":{"nom":"BTI 2026","url":"https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/EST","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-07-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of estonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_estonie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-07-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of estonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_estonie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu par le Parlement, rôle largement protocolaire. Gouvernements de coalition fréquents.","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary republic. President elected by Parliament, largely ceremonial role. Frequent coalition governments."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Riigikogu","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":101,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel (méthode D'Hondt modifiée) dans 12 circonscriptions. Seuil de 5%.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by proportional representation (modified D'Hondt method) in 12 constituencies. 5% threshold.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-03-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ee.reform","sieges":37},{"parti_id":"ee.ekre","sieges":17},{"parti_id":"ee.keskerakond","sieges":16},{"parti_id":"ee.eesti200","sieges":14},{"parti_id":"ee.sde","sieges":9},{"parti_id":"ee.isamaa","sieges":8}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Estonian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Estonian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Kaja Kallas (Reform) PM puis Kristen Michal depuis juillet 2024. Coalition Reform + Eesti 200 + SDE (jusqu'en 2024, puis Reform seule minoritaire)."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","Kaja Kallas a quitté la primature en juillet 2024 pour devenir Haute représentante de l'UE.","Coalition Michal a perdu la majorité absolue en 2026 après le départ des sociaux-démocrates."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.82,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Estonie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=et&gl=EE&ceid=EE:et","langue":"et"},{"nom":"ERR News","url_rss":"https://news.err.ee/rss","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1991,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis l'indépendance en 1991, avec des trajectoires parfois positives brèves.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.1,"age_median":42.5,"indice_fecondite":1.18,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/est","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":9702,"deces_2025":15714,"solde_naturel_2025":-6012},"retraites":{"age_legal":64,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + capitalisation obligatoire (2e pilier)","duree_cotisation_ans":44,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":34,"description":"Âge légal en montée vers 65 ans en 2026. Cotisation 22% (20% employeur + 2% salarié). Depuis 2021, le 2e pilier obligatoire est devenu volontaire (opt-out possible).","source":{"nom":"Sotsiaalministeerium / OCDE","url":"https://www.sm.ee/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution + mandatory capitalization (2nd pillar)","description_en":"Legal age rising to around 65 in 2026. Contribution 22% (20% employer + 2% employee). Since 2021, the obligatory 2nd pillar has become voluntary (opt-out possible)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":47,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EST","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":34325,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EST","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/EST","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wade (Dobbs 2022) — droit à l'avortement retourné aux États.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":30767,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":89991,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":123.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Dette publique fédérale + États + collectivités locales."},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-6.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Déficit chronique — Congressional Budget Office alerte sur trajectoire insoutenable."},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"5 August 2011","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"1 August 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"16 May 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.48,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/USA.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":17.3},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":16},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":7.3},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.1},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.9},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":13.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Automobiles","Semi-conducteurs","Aéronautique civile"],"top_categories_import":["Automobiles","Ordinateurs","Téléphones","Machines","Pétrole"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Devenu 1er producteur mondial vers 2018 (fracking)."},{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Aéronautique civile (Boeing)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Big Tech (GAFAM)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Maïs et soja","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs (design)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Industrie du divertissement (Hollywood, streaming)","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — United States","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/usa","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":31,"source":{"nom":"Congressional Budget Office","url":"https://www.cbo.gov/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":38,"source":{"nom":"CBO","url":"https://www.cbo.gov/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"USD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2045,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel positif mais en fort déclin (~1M en 2010 → 400 000 en 2025). Immigration continue de soutenir la croissance.","esperance_vie_femmes":81.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":76.5,"age_median":38.9,"indice_fecondite":1.63,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/usa","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":3622919,"deces_2025":3076064,"solde_naturel_2025":546855},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Social Security (répartition) + 401(k) volontaire (capitalisation) + Medicare santé","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":12.4,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":51,"description":"Social Security payé conjointement (6,2% employeur + 6,2% salarié, plafonné). Âge « normal » 67 ans, réduction si retraite anticipée dès 62. Le 401(k) (capitalisation privée) est devenu central — Social Security seul couvre <40% des retraités. Medicare (santé) universelle dès 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Social Security Administration","url":"https://www.ssa.gov/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"systeme_type_en":"Social Security (distribution) + voluntary 401(k) (funding) + Medicare health","description_en":"Social Security paid jointly (6.2% employer + 6.2% employee, capped). “Normal” age 67, reduction if early retirement from 62. The 401(k) (private funding) has become central — Social Security alone covers <40% of retirees. Universal Medicare (health) from age 65."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Chute significative depuis 2016 (0,79 → 0,60). V-Dem V16 : les États-Unis sont le pays qui a le plus reculé en 2024-2025. Reste catégorisé « démocratie libérale » mais avec réserves — polarisation, remise en cause des élections, capture judiciaire.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute V16 (2025)","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Significant drop since 2016 (0.79 → 0.60). V-Dem V16: the United States is the country that declined the most in 2024-2025. Remains categorized as “liberal democracy” but with reservations — polarization, questioning of elections, judicial capture."},"notes_speciales":["Trump devient le 2e Président à effectuer un mandat non-consécutif (après Grover Cleveland, 1893).","Régime présidentiel strict : le Congrès et la Maison-Blanche peuvent avoir des majorités opposées (« divided government »). En 2025 : trifecta républicain (présidence + Chambre + Sénat).","Cour suprême à majorité conservatrice 6-3. Renversement Roe v. Wade en 2022.","Système bipartisan absolu — Duverger effect + FPTP figent Démocrates vs Républicains.","V-Dem V16 : « the country where we observe the most deterioration from 2024 to 2025 » — chute de 0,18 sur l'indice de démocratie libérale.","Dette fédérale ~35 000 Md$ (2025), trajectoire préoccupante selon le CBO."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — États-Unis","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=US&ceid=US:en","langue":"en"},{"nom":"NPR News","url_rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/1001/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Reuters US","url_rss":"https://www.reutersagency.com/feed/?best-sectors=politics&post_type=best","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1300000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":799000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":997,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":1,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":5044,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","AUKUS","ANZUS","QUAD","5-Eyes"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A2 SEP v3 Abrams","quantite":1500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"M1A2 Abrams","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1992,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"M1A1 Abrams","quantite":2385,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A/B/C Lightning II","quantite":630,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-22 Raptor","quantite":180,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin / Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-15EX Eagle II","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet","quantite":530,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","quantite":830,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (ex-General Dynamics)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-15 Eagle","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1976,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing (ex-McDonnell Douglas)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","quantite":240,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1977,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Fairchild Republic","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"B-2 Spirit (bombardier furtif)","quantite":19,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Northrop Grumman","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"B-52H Stratofortress","quantite":76,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1955,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"B-1B Lancer","quantite":45,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1986,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Rockwell / Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-avions classe Ford (CVN-78+)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Huntington Ingalls Industries","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Porte-avions classe Nimitz","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Newport News Shipbuilding","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Zumwalt","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Bath Iron Works","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Arleigh Burke","quantite":74,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1991,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics / Huntington Ingalls","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Croiseurs classe Ticonderoga","quantite":9,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Ingalls / Bath Iron Works","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"LCS (Littoral Combat Ships)","quantite":26,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin / Austal USA","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"SNLE classe Ohio (SSBN + SSGN)","quantite":18,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Electric Boat","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"SNA classe Virginia","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Electric Boat / Newport News","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"SNA classe Los Angeles","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1976,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Electric Boat / Newport News","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"SNA classe Seawolf","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Electric Boat","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64 Apache","quantite":700,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1986,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing (ex-Hughes/McDonnell Douglas)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"UH-60 Black Hawk","quantite":2100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1979,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky (Lockheed Martin)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CH-47 Chinook","quantite":470,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1962,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Allemagne","effectifs":35000,"mission":"US Army Europe (EUCOM)","depuis":"1945","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"US Army Europe (EUCOM)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Japon","effectifs":55000,"mission":"US Forces Japan (INDOPACOM)","depuis":"1945","cadre":"Traité de sécurité 1960","mission_en":"US Forces Japan (INDOPACOM)","cadre_en":"Security Treaty 1960"},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","effectifs":28500,"mission":"USFK","depuis":"1957","cadre":"Alliance ROK-US","mission_en":"USFK","cadre_en":"ROK-US alliance"},{"pays":"Italie","effectifs":12000,"mission":"AFRICOM/EUCOM","depuis":"1951","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"AFRICOM/EUCOM","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","effectifs":9500,"mission":"USAFE","depuis":"1948","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"USAFE","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Pologne","effectifs":10000,"mission":"V Corps Forward HQ / Enhanced Forward Presence","depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"V Corps Forward HQ / Enhanced Forward Presence","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Bahreïn","effectifs":8500,"mission":"NAVCENT / 5e flotte","depuis":"1995","cadre":"CENTCOM","mission_en":"NAVCENT / 5th Fleet","cadre_en":"CENTCOM"},{"pays":"Qatar","effectifs":8000,"mission":"Base Al Udeid (CENTCOM HQ)","depuis":"2003","cadre":"CENTCOM","mission_en":"Al Udeid Base (CENTCOM HQ)","cadre_en":"CENTCOM"},{"pays":"Koweït","effectifs":13500,"mission":"Camp Arifjan","depuis":"1991","cadre":"CENTCOM","mission_en":"Camp Arifjan","cadre_en":"CENTCOM"},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","effectifs":3500,"mission":"Al Dhafra Air Base","depuis":"1990","cadre":"CENTCOM","mission_en":"Al Dhafra Air Base","cadre_en":"CENTCOM"},{"pays":"Djibouti","effectifs":4300,"mission":"Camp Lemonnier (AFRICOM)","depuis":"2001","cadre":"AFRICOM","mission_en":"Camp Lemonnier (AFRICOM)","cadre_en":"AFRICOM"},{"pays":"Australie","effectifs":2500,"mission":"Marine Rotational Force Darwin","depuis":"2012","cadre":"AUKUS/ANZUS","mission_en":"Marine Rotational Force Darwin","cadre_en":"AUKUS/ANZUS"},{"pays":"Philippines","effectifs":500,"mission":"Rotations EDCA (9 bases)","depuis":"2014","cadre":"MDT 1951","mission_en":"EDCA rotations (9 bases)","cadre_en":"MDT 1951"},{"pays":"Roumanie","effectifs":5000,"mission":"Deveselu (défense antimissile) + Mihail Kogalniceanu","depuis":"2014","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Deveselu (missile defense) + Mihail Kogalniceanu","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Espagne","effectifs":3200,"mission":"Rota (base navale) / Morón","depuis":"1953","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Rota (naval base) / Morón","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Turquie","effectifs":2400,"mission":"Base d'İncirlik","depuis":"1954","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Incirlik Base","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Irak","effectifs":2500,"mission":"Opération Inherent Resolve (retrait progressif 2026)","depuis":"2014","cadre":"Coalition anti-Daech","mission_en":"Operation Inherent Resolve (phased withdrawal 2026)","cadre_en":"Anti-Daesh Coalition"},{"pays":"Syrie (nord-est)","effectifs":900,"mission":"Anti-Daech, appui SDF","depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition","mission_en":"Anti-Daesh, SDF support","cadre_en":"Coalition"}],"notes_speciales":["Puissance militaire n°1 mondiale (Global Firepower 2026). Budget ~1000 Md$ = 40% dépenses militaires mondiales.","Présence dans ~80 pays ; ~750 bases à l'étranger. 11 porte-avions.","Doctrine nucléaire : « no first use » NON adopté. Triade nucléaire complète (SNLE + bombardiers + ICBM).","Force spatiale (US Space Force) créée 2019 — 5e branche des armées."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"Triade nucléaire complète (SNLE + ICBM + bombardiers). **Non-adoption du « No First Use »** — usage nucléaire réservé aux « circonstances extrêmes » (Nuclear Posture Review 2022, maintenue sous Trump II 2025). Concept d'« Extended Deterrence » couvrant les alliés OTAN, Japon, Corée du Sud. Cible : dissuasion contre Russie et Chine simultanément (« two-peer problem »). Modernisation en cours : Sentinel (LGM-35A, successeur Minuteman III) livraison 2029, sous-marin Columbia 2031, B-21 Raider 2027.","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Complete nuclear triad (SSBN + ICBM + bombers). **Non-adoption of “No First Use”** — nuclear use reserved for “extreme circumstances” (Nuclear Posture Review 2022, maintained under Trump II 2025). Concept of “Extended Deterrence” covering NATO allies, Japan, South Korea. Target: deterrence against Russia and China simultaneously (“two-peer problem”). Modernization in progress: Sentinel (LGM-35A, successor Minuteman III) delivery 2029, Columbia submarine 2031, B-21 Raider 2027.","notes_speciales_en":["No. 1 military power in the world (Global Firepower 2026). Budget ~$1000 billion = 40% global military spending.","Presence in ~80 countries; ~750 bases abroad. 11 aircraft carriers.","Nuclear doctrine: “no first use” NOT adopted. Complete nuclear triad (SSBN + bombers + ICBM).","Space Force (US Space Force) created 2019 — 5th branch of the armed forces."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","AUKUS","ANZUS","QUAD","5-Eyes"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bering","nom":"Détroit de Béring","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (RU, US)","importance_globale":"Passage entre océan Pacifique et Arctique. Frontière Russie–USA (Alaska). En croissance rapide avec la NSR (route arctique nord) et le NWP (route arctique nord-ouest canadien).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":350},"menace_principale":"Tensions militaires Russie–USA post-2022 : incursions bombardiers russes Tu-95/160 dans ADIZ Alaska. Fonte des glaces = enjeu contrôle territorial arctique."},{"id":"floride","nom":"Détroit de Floride","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (US, CU, BS)","importance_globale":"Passage entre le golfe du Mexique et l'Atlantique — sortie du Gulf Stream. Route commerciale majeure USA sud-est → Atlantique / Europe. Trafic petro-chimique du Texas / Louisiane vers marchés européens.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":63000,"tonnage_mt_an":900},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières Cuba-Floride (crise 2022-2023). Trafics narcotiques. Ouragans (saison juin-novembre)."},{"id":"passage-nord-ouest","nom":"Passage du Nord-Ouest","type":"route","role":"Pays riverain (CA, US)","importance_globale":"Route arctique alternative à NSR (côté canadien). Reliant Atlantique nord (Baffin) au Pacifique via l'archipel arctique canadien. Fonte de la banquise ouvre progressivement le passage — utilisable été 2007+. Statut juridique contesté : Canada revendique eaux intérieures, USA soutient détroit international.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":30,"tonnage_mt_an":1},"menace_principale":"Contentieux juridique Canada-USA (Beaufort Sea). Contentieux Hans Island Canada-Danemark résolu 2022. Souveraineté russe/nord-coréenne remise en cause par fonte des glaces."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":19924,"zee_km2":11351000,"pib_maritime_pct":3.7,"pib_maritime_md_usd":977,"flotte_marchande_navires":3800,"peche_annuelle_mt":4.9,"ports_top10_mondial":1,"notes":"Plus grande ZEE mondiale (11,3 M km² avec territoires Pacifique). Marine militaire dominante (11 porte-avions). Ports LA/Long Beach, NY, Houston majeurs.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Trump becomes the second President to serve a non-consecutive term (after Grover Cleveland, 1893).","Strict presidential regime: Congress and the White House can have opposing majorities (“divided government”). In 2025: Republican trifecta (presidency + House + Senate).","Supreme Court with conservative majority 6-3. Overturning Roe v. Wade in 2022.","Absolute bipartisan system — Duverger effect + FPTP freezes Democrats vs Republicans.","V-Dem V16: “the country where we observe the most deterioration from 2024 to 2025” — drop of 0.18 on the liberal democracy index.","Federal debt ~$35,000 billion (2025), worrying trajectory according to the CBO."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-05","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":63.9,"vainqueur":"Donald Trump (Républicain, 312 grands électeurs vs 226 pour Kamala Harris)","gouvernement_issu":"Donald Trump, 47ᵉ président (inauguration 20 janv. 2025), majorité républicaine au Sénat et à la Chambre.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-11-08","type":"midterms","participation_pct":46.8,"vainqueur":"Républicains à la Chambre (222-213), Démocrates au Sénat (51-49)","gouvernement_issu":"Congrès divisé (2023-2025) — administration Biden face à une majorité républicaine à la Chambre.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_elections","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-11-03","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":66.8,"vainqueur":"Joe Biden (Démocrate, 306 grands électeurs vs 232 pour Donald Trump)","gouvernement_issu":"Joe Biden, 46ᵉ président (inauguration 20 janv. 2021).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"ET","iso3":"ETH","slug":"ethiopie","nom_courant_fr":"Éthiopie","nom_officiel_fr":"République fédérale démocratique d'Éthiopie","nom_officiel_local":"Ityop'iya Federalawi Dimokrasiyawi Ripeblik","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Addis-Abeba","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":135472051,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/eth","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1104300,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Founding member."},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"notes":"Siège à Addis-Abeba.","source":{"nom":"Union africaine","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Headquarters in Addis Ababa."},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Taye Atske Selassie","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-10-07","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement (fonction cérémonielle).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abiy Ahmed","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"et.pp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-04-02","source":{"nom":"Bureau du PM","url":"https://www.pmo.gov.et/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit après les législatives du 1er juin 2026 (Parti de la Prospérité : 438 sièges sur 547).","notes_en":"Renewed after the legislative elections of June 1, 2026 (Prosperity Party: 438 seats out of 547)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"et.pp","sieges":410,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Ethiopian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ethiopian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2018-04-02","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ethiopie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ethiopie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ethiopie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ethiopie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République fédérale parlementaire multiethnique (10 États régionaux ethnolinguistiques). Instabilité chronique — guerres au Tigré (2020-2022), en Amhara (2023-), en Oromia (2018-).","explication_concrete_en":"Multi-ethnic parliamentary federal republic (10 ethnolinguistic regional states). Chronic instability — wars in Tigray (2020-2022), Amhara (2023-), Oromia (2018-)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des représentants du peuple","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":547,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-06-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"et.pp","sieges":438,"voix_pct":76.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":109,"voix_pct":23.6}],"source":{"nom":"National Electoral Board of Ethiopia","url":"https://nebe.org.et/","date_donnee":"2026-06-01","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Single-member majority vote."},{"nom":"Chambre de la Fédération","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":153,"mode_designation":"Élus par les Assemblées régionales.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"Elected by the Regional Assemblies."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour de cassation fédérale","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":11,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le PM avec approbation Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 60 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":109,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":987,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":9.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":13.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.3,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ETH","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"SD","perspective":null,"source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"15 December 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"RD","perspective":null,"source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"17 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"15 September 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":15},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Djibouti","part_pct":4.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":7.3},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Café Arabica (patrie du café)","Fleurs coupées (roses)","Or","Sésame","Cuir"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures","Aliments","Automobile","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Arabica","rang_mondial":5,"notes":"Berceau historique du café."},{"produit":"Fleurs coupées (roses)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après Kenya en Afrique."},{"produit":"Grand Barrage de la Renaissance (GERD sur Nil bleu)","rang_africain":1,"notes":"Plus grand barrage africain — 6,45 GW. Tensions avec Égypte."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Éthiopie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/eth","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":9.4,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"ETB","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":31.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2110,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":71,"esperance_vie_hommes":64.4,"age_median":19.8,"indice_fecondite":3.91,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/eth","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":4263170,"deces_2025":796440,"solde_naturel_2025":3466730},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (POESSA + POESSC)","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":18,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition (POESSA + POESSC). Cotisation 18%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (POESSA + POESSC)","description_en":"Distribution System (POESSA + POESSC). Contribution 18%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.14,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Fort recul depuis 2020 (guerre Tigré).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Strong decline since 2020 (Tigray war)."},"notes_speciales":["2e pays le plus peuplé d'Afrique (après le Nigeria).","Abiy Ahmed PM depuis 2018 — Prix Nobel de la paix 2019 pour paix avec Érythrée.","**Guerre du Tigré 2020-2022** : ~600 000 morts selon estimation UA. Accord de paix novembre 2022.","Guerre en Amhara depuis 2023, en Oromia depuis 2018 — instabilité continue.","GERD (Grand Barrage de la Renaissance) : plus grand barrage d'Afrique. Tensions Égypte/Soudan.","BRICS depuis janvier 2024.","Adhésion à ONU 1945 — membre fondateur (avec le Libéria seul pays africain non-colonisé)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Éthiopie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=ET&ceid=ET:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":162000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":51,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Union africaine","BRICS","UA","IGAD"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B, T-55, T-62","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"SLM Pantsir-S1 (commande 2019)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBP Instrument Design Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha Plants","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-20 152mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Fajr-3 122mm MLRS","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO","pays_fabricant":"Iran"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2, Mohajer-6","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Turquie/Iran"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1, BTR-60, WZ-501, ESKANDER","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Chine"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-27S/UB, MiG-23BN, Su-25","quantite":55,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24/35, Mi-17, UH-1H","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/USA"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"ATMIS + opérations bilatérales (2ᵉ contributeur historique)","effectifs":4500,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"UA / ONU + bilatéral","mission_en":"ATMIS + bilateral operations (2nd historical contributor)","cadre_en":"AU/UN + bilateral"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS (grand contributeur historique)","effectifs":1900,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS (major historical contributor)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"1994","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Tigray (interne)","mission":"Guerre du Tigray 2020-2022 (~600 000 morts) — accord Pretoria novembre 2022, mais Amhara/Oromia toujours actifs","effectifs":100000,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Autonome — guerre civile","mission_en":"Tigray War 2020-2022 (~600,000 dead) — Pretoria agreement November 2022, but Amhara/Oromia still active","cadre_en":"Autonomous — civil war"},{"pays":"Frontière soudanaise","mission":"Sécurisation contre RSF + réfugiés","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Security against RSF + refugees","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Tadjikistan / Somalie","mission":"Base militaire éthiopienne à Berbera (Somaliland) — accord janvier 2024 controversé","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Bilatéral Somaliland (non-reconnu par Mogadiscio)","mission_en":"Ethiopian military base in Berbera (Somaliland) – controversial January 2024 agreement","cadre_en":"Bilateral Somaliland (not recognized by Mogadishu)"}],"notes_speciales":["3ᵉ armée d'Afrique en effectifs (~150 000 actifs), 1ère de la Corne d'Afrique.","Guerre du Tigray (nov. 2020 - nov. 2022) — bilan estimé 600 000 morts, atrocités documentées ONU/HRW.","Conflits actifs Amhara (Fano) et Oromia (OLA) — persistance instabilité malgré accord Pretoria.","Base militaire éthiopienne à Berbera (Somaliland) — accord janvier 2024, crise diplomatique majeure avec Mogadiscio.","Fournisseurs : Russie (héritage), Chine (drones), Iran (Mohajer-6), Turquie (Bayraktar TB2 utilisés Tigray)."],"notes_speciales_en":["3rd army in Africa in terms of numbers (~150,000 active), 1st in the Horn of Africa.","Tigray War (Nov. 2020 - Nov. 2022) — estimated death toll 600,000, atrocities documented UN/HRW.","Active conflicts Amhara (Fano) and Oromia (OLA) — persistence of instability despite Pretoria agreement.","Ethiopian military base in Berbera (Somaliland) — January 2024 agreement, major diplomatic crisis with Mogadishu.","Suppliers: Russia (legacy), China (drones), Iran (Mohajer-6), Türkiye (Bayraktar TB2 used in Tigray)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Union africaine","BRICS","AU","IGAD"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["2nd most populous country in Africa (after Nigeria).","Abiy Ahmed PM since 2018 — 2019 Nobel Peace Prize for peace with Eritrea.","**Tigray War 2020-2022**: ~600,000 deaths according to UA estimate. Peace agreement November 2022.","War in Amhara since 2023, in Oromia since 2018 — continued instability.","GERD (Grand Barrage de la Renaissance): largest dam in Africa. Egypt/Sudan tensions.","BRICS since January 2024.","Joined the UN 1945 — founding member (with Liberia, the only non-colonized African country)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-06-21","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti de la prospérité (PP, Abiy Ahmed, 410 sièges sur 547)","gouvernement_issu":"Abiy Ahmed PM reconduit. Guerre du Tigré 2020-2022, tensions ethniques persistantes.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Ethiopian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ethiopian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2015-05-24","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"EPRDF (parti dominant, 100% des sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Hailemariam Desalegn PM (2012-2018), remplacé par Abiy Ahmed en avril 2018.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Ethiopian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ethiopian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"FJ","iso3":"FJI","slug":"fidji","nom_courant_fr":"Fidji","nom_officiel_fr":"République des Fidji","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Fiji / Matanitu Tugalala o Viti","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Suva","source":{"nom":"Fiji Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":925000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/FJ","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"300+ îles dont 100 habitées. Deux îles principales : Viti Levu, Vanua Levu.","notes_en":"300+ islands including 100 inhabited. Two main islands: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":18274,"source":{"nom":"Fiji Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1970,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1970","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1970,"notes":"Suspension 2009-2014 après le coup d'État de Bainimarama. Réintégré 2014.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/fiji","date_donnee":"1970","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Suspension 2009-2014 after the Bainimarama coup. Reinstated 2014."},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1971","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"ACP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"Groupe ACP","url":"https://www.acp.int/","date_donnee":"1975","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Wiliame Katonivere","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Fiji","url":"https://www.president.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-11-12","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Fiji","url":"https://www.president.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sitiveni Rabuka","source":{"nom":"Office of the Prime Minister of Fiji","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-12-24","source":{"nom":"Office of the Prime Minister of Fiji","url":"https://www.fiji.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chef de la People's Alliance (PAP). Ancien PM du régime militaire des années 1990. Coalition PAP + NFP + SODELPA après les élections de décembre 2022 qui ont mis fin au règne de 16 ans de Bainimarama.","notes_en":"Leader of the People's Alliance (PAP). Former PM of the military regime of the 1990s. PAP + NFP + SODELPA coalition after the December 2022 elections which ended Bainimarama's 16-year reign."},"parti_id":"fj.pap"},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"fj.pap","sieges":21,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Fijian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fj.nfp","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Fijian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fj.sodelpa","sieges":3,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Fijian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-12-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of fidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_fidji","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-12-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of fidji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_fidji","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Fidji : république parlementaire depuis la Constitution de 2013 (rédigée sous le régime militaire de Bainimarama, ratifiée 2013). Président élu par le Parlement pour 3 ans (rôle protocolaire). Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre chef du parti/coalition majoritaire.","explication_concrete_en":"Fiji: parliamentary republic since the Constitution of 2013 (drafted under the military regime of Bainimarama, ratified 2013). President elected by Parliament for 3 years (protocol role). Effective power to the Prime Minister, head of the majority party/coalition."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parliament of Fiji","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":55,"mode_designation":"Système proportionnel de listes ouvertes (Open List PR) national. Seuil de 5 %. Vote obligatoire depuis 2014.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"National open list proportional system (Open List PR). 5% threshold. Compulsory voting since 2014.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-12-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"fj.pap","sieges":21},{"parti_id":"fj.nfp","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"fj.sodelpa","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"fj.fiji_first","sieges":26}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022_Fijian_general_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Sitiveni Rabuka (People's Alliance) PM depuis déc. 2022. Coalition PAP+NFP+SODELPA (29 sièges) contre FijiFirst (26 sièges)."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Supreme Court of Fiji","source":{"nom":"Fiji Judicial Department","url":"http://www.judiciary.gov.fj/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":5,"mode_nomination":"Nommés par le Président sur recommandation de la Judicial Services Commission.","duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 70 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite":"Contrôle constitutionnel par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 2013.","mode_nomination_en":"Appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial Services Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"Up to 70 years old.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Constitutional review by the Supreme Court under the 2013 Constitution."},"economie":{"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"22 September 2021","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"7 October 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6508,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":-1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":78.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FJI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":17.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.3,"esperance_vie_femmes":71.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.4,"age_median":28.5,"indice_fecondite":2.42,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI + UN DESA World Population Prospects","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/FJ","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.36,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Retour à la démocratie électorale après les coups d'État de 1987, 2000 et 2006. Alternance pacifique en 2022 (fin de l'ère Bainimarama).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute — Democracy Report 2024","url":"https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Return to electoral democracy after the coups of 1987, 2000 and 2006. Peaceful alternation in 2022 (end of the Bainimarama era)."},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":22.1},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":11.6},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":10.8},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.9}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Poisson (thon)","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Or","part_pct":15},{"categorie":"Bouteilles d'eau minérale","part_pct":12},{"categorie":"Sucre brut","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Vêtements","part_pct":5}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Véhicules","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":5},{"categorie":"Fer et acier","part_pct":4},{"categorie":"Ordinateurs et téléphonie","part_pct":4}],"productions_notables":["Sucre canne","Poisson (thon albacore)","Or (mine de Vatukoula)","Eau minérale Fiji Water","Tourisme (11 % PIB)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Cane sugar","Fish (yellowfin tuna)","Gold (Vatukoula mine)","Fiji Water mineral water","Tourism (11% GDP)"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-12-14","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Coalition People's Alliance + NFP + SODELPA (29 sièges sur 55) devance FijiFirst (26)","gouvernement_issu":"Sitiveni Rabuka PM depuis déc. 2022 — fin des 16 ans de règne de Frank Bainimarama.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Fijian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-11-14","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"FijiFirst (Bainimarama, 27 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Frank Bainimarama PM 2014-2022 (précédemment chef militaire depuis 2006).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Fijian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Fijian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Petit parc léger","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs Guardian-class (Australie)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Australie"}]},"notes_speciales":["Fidji dispose des Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF, ~3500 actifs) — voir batch principal."],"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Republic of Fiji Military Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Republic of Fiji Military Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1129,"zee_km2":1281994,"peche_annuelle_mt":33000,"notes":"ZEE de 1.3 M km² sur 300 îles. Économie touristique + pêche thonière.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/fidji","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"FI","iso3":"FIN","slug":"finlande","nom_courant_fr":"Finlande","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Finlande","nom_officiel_local":"Suomen tasavalta / Republiken Finland","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Helsinki","source":{"nom":"Statistics Finland","url":"https://www.stat.fi/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5646436,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/fin","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":338424,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Finland","url":"https://www.stat.fi/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"notes":"Adhésion le 4 avril 2023 après l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accession on April 4, 2023 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1989,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Alexander Stubb","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library / Presidentti.fi","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":"fi.kok","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-03-01","notes":"Élu au second tour le 11 février 2024. Politique étrangère et défense sont des domaines partagés avec le gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Elected in the second round on February 11, 2024. Foreign policy and defense are areas shared with the government."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat de 6 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution finlandaise","url":"https://www.finlex.fi/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Petteri Orpo","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Petteri Orpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petteri_Orpo","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Pääministeri","parti_id":"fi.kok","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-06-20","notes":"Coalition NCP (Kokoomus) + PS (Perussuomalaiset, droite nationaliste) + RKP (Swedish People's Party) + KD (Christian Democrats).","source":{"nom":"Reuters","url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finlands-parliament-backs-petteri-orpo-pm-replacing-sanna-marin-2023-06-20","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Coalition NCP (Kokoomus) + PS (Perussuomalaiset, nationalist right) + RKP (Swedish People's Party) + KD (Christian Democrats)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution finlandaise","url":"https://www.finlex.fi/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"fi.kok","sieges":48,"notes":"Coalition Kokoomus + Perussuomalaiset + RKP + Kristillisdemokraatit.","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Coalition Kokoomus + Perussuomalaiset + RKP + Kristillisdemokraatit."},{"parti_id":"fi.ps","sieges":46,"source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fi.rkp","sieges":9,"source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fi.kd","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10498","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-06-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of finlande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_finlande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-06-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of finlande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_finlande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime semi-présidentiel : président élu au suffrage universel, mais depuis la réforme de 2000 la plupart des pouvoirs sont transférés au gouvernement. Le président conserve un rôle en politique étrangère et de défense, partagé avec le PM.","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-presidential regime: president elected by universal suffrage, but since the 2000 reform most powers have been transferred to the government. The president retains a role in foreign and defense policy, shared with the PM."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Eduskunta","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":200,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel (méthode D'Hondt) dans 13 circonscriptions.","seuil_electoral_pct":null,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by proportional representation (D'Hondt method) in 13 constituencies.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-04-02","distribution":[{"parti_id":"fi.kokoomus","sieges":48},{"parti_id":"fi.psrps","sieges":46},{"parti_id":"fi.sdp","sieges":43},{"parti_id":"fi.kesk","sieges":23},{"parti_id":"fi.vihr","sieges":13},{"parti_id":"fi.vas","sieges":11},{"parti_id":"fi.sfp","sieges":10},{"parti_id":"fi.kd","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"fi.aland","sieges":1}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Finnish parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Finnish_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Petteri Orpo (KOK) PM depuis juin 2023 — coalition KOK + PS + SFP + KD."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","Adhésion OTAN le 4 avril 2023 — rupture historique de neutralité.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2000 : semi-présidentialisme fortement affaibli au profit du PM."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.87,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Finlande","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fi&gl=FI&ceid=FI:fi","langue":"fi"},{"nom":"Yle News","url_rss":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/rss/uutiset.rss?osasto=news","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Helsingin Sanomat","url_rss":"https://www.hs.fi/rss/tuoreimmat.xml","langue":"fi"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":10.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2016,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2016. Chute historique de la fécondité (de 1,87 en 2010 à 1,26 en 2024).","esperance_vie_femmes":85,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.8,"age_median":43.8,"indice_fecondite":1.25,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/fin","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":44042,"deces_2025":58723,"solde_naturel_2025":-14681},"retraites":{"age_legal":64,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition (avec réserve tampon partiellement capitalisée)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":24.4,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":65,"description":"Âge légal en montée continue avec l'espérance de vie (64 ans en 2025, 65 en 2027, indexé ensuite). Cotisation 24,4% (17,1% employeur + 7,3% salarié). Retraite du secteur privé (TyEL) partiellement pré-financée.","source":{"nom":"Kela / OCDE","url":"https://www.kela.fi/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (with partially capitalized buffer reserve)","description_en":"Legal age continues to rise with life expectancy (64 years in 2025, 65 in 2027, indexed thereafter). Contribution 24.4% (17.1% employer + 7.3% employee). Partially pre-funded private sector pension (TyEL)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":317,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":56464,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":9.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":89.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"10 October 2014","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"25 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"29 July 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/FIN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.6},{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":14.9},{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":12.3},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":5.6}],"top_categories_export":["Papier et pâte à papier","Machines et équipements","Métaux","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Bois"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Papier et pâte à papier","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Bateaux de croisière (Meyer Turku)","rang_europeen":2,"notes":"Site majeur de construction navale."},{"produit":"Ascenseurs (Kone)","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Jeux vidéo (Rovio, Supercell)","rang_europeen":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Finland","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/fin","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":52.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":56.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Korkein oikeus (Cour suprême) — pas de cour constitutionnelle distincte","source":{"nom":"Korkein oikeus","url":"https://korkeinoikeus.fi/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":19,"source":{"nom":"Korkein oikeus","url":"https://korkeinoikeus.fi/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur proposition du Conseil judiciaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution finlandaise","url":"https://www.finlex.fi/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 68 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.finlex.fi/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_priori","notes":"Contrôle exercé principalement ex ante par la Commission du droit constitutionnel du Parlement — modèle unique en Europe.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_priori"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-04-02","type":"legislative","participation_pct":72,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fi.kok","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition NCP + PS + RKP + KD (Orpo), à droite. Rupture avec l'ère Marin.","notes":"Percée de la droite radicale PS (Vrais Finlandais) : 20,1%, 2e force.","source":{"nom":"Statistics Finland","url":"https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EKV-2023/en/","date_donnee":"2023-04-02","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2019-04-14","type":"legislative","participation_pct":72.1,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fi.sdp","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition SDP + Centre + Verts + Vasemmisto + RKP sous Sanna Marin (à partir de 2019).","source":{"nom":"Statistics Finland","url":"https://www.stat.fi/","date_donnee":"2019-04-14","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":23800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":238500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":7.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":51,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","OTAN (adhésion avril 2023 — 31ᵉ membre)","NORDEFCO","JEF"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A6 (occasion Pays-Bas)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A6 (RK 62 MOD)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne / Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"T-72M1 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retirés 2015."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (livraison en cours)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F/A-18C/D Hornet","quantite":55,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas (Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (livraisons 2026-2030)","quantite":64,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Contrat HX 2022 : 64 unités, 10 Md€."},{"nom":"BAe Hawk Mk 51 (entraînement)","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1986,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CV9030FIN (IFV)","quantite":102,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Patria AMV / XA-360","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"BMP-2M (upgradé)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"KMDB (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"CV9030 Mk II","quantite":102,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Suède / Finlande","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Patria AMV 8×8","quantite":62,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"Patria XA-180/185/203","quantite":950,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Sisu / Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"BMP-2 (moderne MOD version)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Russie / Finlande","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9 Moukari (Thunder)","quantite":96,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"M270 MLRS","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"K9 Moukari (Thunder) 155mm","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Sud / Finlande","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud","notes":"Commande 2017 puis étendue 2023."},{"nom":"2S1 Gvozdika 122mm","quantite":72,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M270 MLRS (Rasketti 298)","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"États-Unis / Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"NASAMS II","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Norvège/USA","fabricant":"Kongsberg + Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège/USA"},{"nom":"DAVID'S SLING (commande 2023)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Israël/USA","fabricant":"Rafael + Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Israël/USA"},{"nom":"NASAMS-2 (ITO 12)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis"},{"nom":"David's Sling (ITO 21 — annoncé 2023)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Contrat 2023 : 1re commande export DS."},{"nom":"Buk-M1 (ITO 96) — retiré 2020","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retiré."},{"nom":"ITO 15 Crotale NG","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2015,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Thales","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-295M","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Learjet 35 (rôle utilitaire)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Learjet (Bombardier)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH-90 TTH","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne"},{"nom":"MD 500E","quantite":7,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"MD Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Pohjanmaa (Squadron 2020 — livraisons 2027-2030)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Rauma Marine Constructions","pays_fabricant":"Finlande","notes":"Programme 1,3 Md€."},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Hamina","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Aker Finnyards","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"Chasseurs de mines classe Katanpää","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Italie / Finlande","fabricant":"Intermarine SpA","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Ranger (ADS-95)","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Suisse / Israël","fabricant":"RUAG / IAI","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Aeronautics Orbiter (planifiés)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Aeronautics","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — sous commandement canadien (adhésion OTAN 2023)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — under Canadian command (NATO membership 2023)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Estonie","mission":"NATO exercises rotationnels","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO rotational exercises","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL — contingent finlandais historique","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL — historic Finnish contingent","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq / Coalition anti-Daech","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"OTAN + Coalition","mission_en":"NATO Mission Iraq / Anti-Daesh Coalition","cadre_en":"NATO + Coalition"},{"pays":"Frontière russe (1 340 km)","mission":"Garde-frontière + brigades opérationnelles — fermeture complète frontière novembre 2023","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border guard + operational brigades — complete border closure November 2023","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Adhésion à l'OTAN en avril 2023 — 31ᵉ membre, après 70+ ans de neutralité armée.","Frontière avec la Russie de 1 340 km — fermée totalement en novembre 2023 (crise migratoire orchestrée par Moscou).","Contrat F-35A HX (2022) : 64 unités, 10 Md€ — livraisons 2026-2030, remplace F/A-18 Hornet.","David's Sling (2023) : 1er client export du système israélien, ~316 M€ pour couche moyenne.","Système de conscription universel maintenu — 900 000 réservistes formés, mobilisation possible à 280 000."],"notes_speciales_en":["Joined NATO in April 2023 — 31st member, after 70+ years of armed neutrality.","1,340 km border with Russia — completely closed in November 2023 (migrant crisis orchestrated by Moscow).","F-35A HX contract (2022): 64 units, €10 billion — deliveries 2026-2030, replaces F/A-18 Hornet.","David's Sling (2023): 1st export client of the Israeli system, ~€316 million for middle layer.","Universal conscription system maintained — 900,000 reservists trained, mobilization possible at 280,000."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","NATO (accession April 2023 — 31st member)","NORDEFCO","JEF"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1250,"zee_km2":87171,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"flotte_marchande_navires":700,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.16,"notes":"Golfe de Botnie (glaces hivernales — brise-glaces indispensables). Ports Helsinki, Turku, Kotka.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive and regime verified.","NATO membership on April 4, 2023 — historic break in neutrality.","Constitutional reform 2000: semi-presidentialism greatly weakened in favor of the PM."]},{"iso2":"FR","iso3":"FRA","slug":"france","nom_courant_fr":"France","nom_officiel_fr":"République française","nom_officiel_local":"République française","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Paris","source":{"nom":"INSEE","url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2020706","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":68720337,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/fra","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":643801,"notes":"France métropolitaine + départements et régions d'outre-mer.","source":{"nom":"INSEE","url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2020706","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Metropolitan France + overseas departments and regions."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne — États membres","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/france_fr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN, membres fondateurs","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe, États membres","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE, États membres","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Emmanuel Macron","source":{"nom":"Élysée","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":"fr.renaissance","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-05-14","notes":"Réélu le 24 avril 2022 pour un second mandat expirant au plus tard le 13 mai 2027.","source":{"nom":"Élysée","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron","date_donnee":"2022-05-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Re-elected on April 24, 2022 for a second term expiring no later than May 13, 2027."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat de 5 ans renouvelable une fois consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, article 6","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sébastien Lecornu","source":{"nom":"Élysée","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"fr.renaissance","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-09-09","source":{"nom":"Communiqué de l'Élysée","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Nommé le 9 septembre 2025 après démission de François Bayrou (échec vote de confiance). 5e PM du 2nd mandat Macron.","notes_en":"Appointed on September 9, 2025 after the resignation of François Bayrou (failed vote of confidence). 5th PM of Macron’s 2nd term."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la République (article 8 de la Constitution). Responsable devant l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, article 8","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"ambigu","coalition":[{"parti_id":"fr.renaissance","sieges":90,"source":{"nom":"Vie publique","url":"https://www.vie-publique.fr/en-bref/300414-emmanuel-macron-nomme-sebastien-lecornu-premier-ministre","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fr.modem","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/organes/groupes-politiques","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fr.horizons","sieges":31,"source":{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/organes/groupes-politiques","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"fr.lr","sieges":47,"source":{"nom":"Assemblée nationale — Droite républicaine","url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/organes/groupes-politiques","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-09-23","notes":"Sébastien Lecornu nommé Premier ministre le 9 sept. 2025, gouvernement formé le 23 sept. 2025 (2ᵉ gouvernement Lecornu). Emmanuel Macron président depuis mai 2017 (2ᵉ mandat depuis 2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of france","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_france","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-05-13","notes":"Fin normale du 2ᵉ mandat présidentiel d'Emmanuel Macron. Élection présidentielle prévue en avril-mai 2027.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of france","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_france","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":35,"notes":"Ordre de grandeur — comprend ministres de plein exercice, ministres délégués et secrétaires d'État. Composition variable.","source":{"nom":"Décret du 26 février 2026","url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000053586369","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Ministres de plein exercice + ministres délégués + secrétaires d'État figurant au décret de composition du Gouvernement."},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Président élu au suffrage universel avec pouvoirs propres (dissolution, référendum, art. 16), mais Premier ministre responsable devant l'Assemblée nationale. Le Président domine hors cohabitation ; en Assemblée fragmentée ou cohabitation, l'équilibre bascule vers le PM. Depuis les législatives 2024 : Assemblée sans majorité absolue, gouvernement minoritaire sous menace constante de censure.","source":{"nom":"Constitution du 4 octobre 1958","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"President elected by universal suffrage with his own powers (dissolution, referendum, art. 16), but Prime Minister responsible to the National Assembly. The President dominates outside cohabitation; in a fragmented Assembly or cohabitation, the balance shifts towards the PM. Since the 2024 legislative elections: Assembly without an absolute majority, minority government under constant threat of censorship."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi, contrôle le gouvernement (motion de censure), a le dernier mot en cas de désaccord avec le Sénat.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans 577 circonscriptions.","source":{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","url":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/role-et-pouvoirs-de-l-assemblee-nationale/les-elections-legislatives","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":null,"sieges_total":577,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au suffrage universel.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-07-07","distribution":[{"parti_id":"fr.nfp_lfi","sieges":73,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.nfp_ps","sieges":72,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.nfp_ecologistes","sieges":32,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.nfp_pcf","sieges":16,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.renaissance","sieges":99,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.modem","sieges":36,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.horizons","sieges":31,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.lr","sieges":47,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.rn","sieges":126,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.udr_ciotti","sieges":17,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":28,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Fondation Jean-Jaurès — Analyse législatives 2024","url":"https://www.jean-jaures.org/publication/legislatives-de-2024-de-la-sideration-a-leffarement","date_donnee":"2024-07-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House. Votes the law, controls the government (motion of censure), has the last word in the event of disagreement with the Senate.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by universal suffrage.","nom_en":"National Assembly"},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute. Représente les collectivités territoriales. Concurrente en matière législative sauf procédure de dernier mot par l'Assemblée.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Scrutin indirect par un collège d'environ 162 000 grands électeurs (élus locaux). Renouvellement par moitié tous les 3 ans. Scrutin majoritaire dans les départements ≤ 2 sénateurs, proportionnel au-delà.","source":{"nom":"Sénat français","url":"https://www.senat.fr/role/fiche/senateurs.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":null,"sieges_total":348,"mode_designation":"Élection indirecte par les grands électeurs.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-09-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"fr.lr","sieges":132,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.ps","sieges":65,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.udi","sieges":60,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.rdpi_renaissance","sieges":22,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.ecologistes_senat","sieges":18,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.pcf","sieges":16,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.rdse","sieges":15,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"fr.rn","sieges":6,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Public Sénat — Sénatoriales 2026 (renouvellement partiel série 1)","url":"https://www.publicsenat.fr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-28","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Composition consolidée après le renouvellement de la série 1 (Sénatoriales du 28 septembre 2026, 170 sièges renouvelés dont Île-de-France, Provence, Occitanie). La droite Les Républicains reste 1er groupe. Le Rassemblement National double ses effectifs (3 → 6). L'Union Centriste renforce sa position à 60 sièges.","notes_en":"Consolidated composition after the renewal of series 1 (Senatorial elections of September 28, 2026, 170 seats renewed including Île-de-France, Provence, Occitanie). The right-wing Republicans remain 1st group. The National Rally doubles its numbers (3 → 6). The Centrist Union strengthens its position to 60 seats."},"role_en":"Upper room. Represents local authorities. Concurrent in legislative matters except last word procedure by the Assembly.","mode_designation_en":"Indirect election by the electors.","nom_en":"Senate"}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil constitutionnel","source":{"nom":"Conseil constitutionnel","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"notes":"9 membres nommés + membres de droit (anciens Présidents de la République).","source":{"nom":"Conseil constitutionnel","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-conseil-constitutionnel/composition","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 nommés par le Président de la République, 3 par le Président de l'Assemblée nationale, 3 par le Président du Sénat.","source":{"nom":"Constitution, article 56","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans non renouvelable, renouvellement par tiers tous les 3 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution, article 56","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite/texte-integral-de-la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958-en-vigueur","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":3369,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":48930,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":7.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":116,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/FRA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"17 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"14 December 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.74,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/FRA.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":13.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":9.2},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":8.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":9.3},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":7.6}],"top_categories_export":["Aéronautique et aérospatiale","Machines et équipements","Produits chimiques et pharmaceutiques","Vins et spiritueux","Automobile"],"top_categories_import":["Machines et équipements","Hydrocarbures","Produits chimiques","Véhicules","Vêtements et textiles"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Aéronautique civile (Airbus)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Co-leader mondial avec Boeing."},{"produit":"Vin","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après l'Italie, souvent 1er en valeur."},{"produit":"Céréales (blé, maïs)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"1er producteur agricole de l'UE."},{"produit":"Nucléaire civil","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"56 réacteurs en service ; ~65% du mix électrique."},{"produit":"Tourisme (nombre de visiteurs)","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC)","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/fra","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"productions_notables_en":[{"produit":"Aéronautique civile (Airbus)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Co-leader mondial avec Boeing."},{"produit":"Vin","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après l'Italie, souvent 1er en valeur."},{"produit":"Céréales (blé, maïs)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"1er producteur agricole de l'UE."},{"produit":"Nucléaire civil","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"56 réacteurs en service ; ~65% du mix électrique."},{"produit":"Tourisme (nombre de visiteurs)","rang_mondial":1}]},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":51.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":57.3,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-07-07","type":"legislative","participation_pct":66.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":null,"gouvernement_issu":"Aucune majorité — Assemblée fragmentée en trois blocs (NFP, Ensemble, RN+alliés). Gouvernements Barnier (sept-déc 2024), Bayrou (déc 2024-sept 2025), Lecornu (depuis sept 2025).","notes":"Dissolution surprise le 9 juin 2024 après les européennes. Second tour le 7 juillet.","source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur / Wikipédia","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_fran%C3%A7aises_de_2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2022-04-24","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":71.99,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fr.renaissance","gouvernement_issu":"Élyabeth Borne (mai 2022), puis Gabriel Attal (janvier 2024).","notes":"Emmanuel Macron réélu face à Marine Le Pen au second tour (58,54% vs 41,46%).","source":{"nom":"Conseil constitutionnel","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2022/2022185PDR.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2022-06-19","type":"legislative","participation_pct":46.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fr.renaissance","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Borne (majorité relative).","notes":"Ensemble arrive en tête sans majorité absolue. Émergence de la NUPES et progression du RN.","source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.resultats-elections.interieur.gouv.fr/legislatives-2022/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2017-06-18","type":"legislative","participation_pct":42.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fr.renaissance","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Philippe puis Castex.","notes":"La République en marche (devenue Renaissance) obtient une large majorité absolue.","source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2017-05-07","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":74.56,"vainqueur_parti_id":"fr.renaissance","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernements Philippe puis Castex.","notes":"Première élection d'Emmanuel Macron face à Marine Le Pen.","source":{"nom":"Conseil constitutionnel","url":"https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/decision/2017/2017170PDR.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Instabilité gouvernementale chronique depuis les législatives de juillet 2024 : trois Premiers ministres en 15 mois (Barnier, Bayrou, Lecornu).","Le Président Macron ne peut se représenter en 2027 (deux mandats consécutifs).","Situation intermédiaire entre pouvoir présidentiel plein et cohabitation stricte : le camp présidentiel n'est plus majoritaire à l'Assemblée mais reste au gouvernement grâce à des accords ponctuels et à l'absence de coalition alternative viable. Le détenteur effectif du pouvoir est donc ambigu."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.8,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Wikipédia V-Dem Democracy Indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — France","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=FR&ceid=FR:fr","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Le Monde — À la une","url_rss":"https://www.lemonde.fr/rss/une.xml","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"France Info — Politique","url_rss":"https://www.franceinfo.fr/politique.rss","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Reuters France","url_rss":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/rss","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2035,"annee_bascule_note":"Projection INSEE : dès le milieu des années 2030, les décès devraient durablement excéder les naissances. La population totale continuerait à croître grâce au solde migratoire jusqu'aux années 2040-2044.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.2,"age_median":42.9,"indice_fecondite":1.61,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/fra","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":666587,"deces_2025":645971,"solde_naturel_2025":20616},"retraites":{"age_legal":64,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition (Bismarckien)","duree_cotisation_ans":43,"taux_cotisation_pct":27.8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":74,"description":"Système par répartition (les cotisations financent les retraites en cours). Réforme 2023 : recul de l'âge légal de 62 à 64 ans, durée de cotisation portée à 43 ans (172 trimestres). Retraite complémentaire obligatoire (AGIRC-ARRCO pour le privé). Cotisation totale : ~27,8% (16,5% employeur + 11,3% salarié).","source":{"nom":"Service-Public.fr / OCDE Pensions at a Glance","url":"https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/N19807","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (Bismarckian)","description_en":"Pay-as-you-go system (contributions finance current pensions). 2023 reform: increase in the legal age from 62 to 64 years, contribution period increased to 43 years (172 quarters). Compulsory supplementary pension (AGIRC-ARRCO for the private sector). Total contribution: ~27.8% (16.5% employer + 11.3% employee)."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":203000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":41000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":175000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":61.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":9,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":290,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leclerc XLR (rénové)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"France","fabricant":"KNDS France (ex-Nexter)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Leclerc (S1/S2)","quantite":122,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT / Nexter (KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Jaguar (EBRC)","quantite":148,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GME EBMR (KNDS + Arquus + Thales)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Griffon (VBMR)","quantite":528,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GME EBMR (KNDS + Arquus + Thales)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Serval (VBMR-L)","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter + Texelis","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"VBCI","quantite":630,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter (KNDS) + Renault Trucks Defense","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"VAB","quantite":2500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Renault Trucks Defense (Arquus)","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Rafale F4","quantite":45,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Rafale F3-R","quantite":143,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-5F / D","quantite":80,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH90 Caïman","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"NHIndustries (Airbus H. + Leonardo + Fokker)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Tigre HAD (mise à niveau MkIII en cours)","quantite":66,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Cougar / Caracal","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Gazelle","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1973,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Aérospatiale / Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-avions Charles de Gaulle (nucléaire)","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Chantiers de l'Atlantique + Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"FREMM (frégates multi-missions)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group + Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"France/Italie"},{"nom":"FDI (frégates de défense et d'intervention)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"PHA classe Mistral","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Chantiers de l'Atlantique","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"SNLE classe Le Triomphant","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group (ex-DCNS)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"SNA classe Suffren (Barracuda)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group + TechnicAtome","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"SNA classe Rubis","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"France","fabricant":"DCNS Cherbourg","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"Caesar 155mm/52 calibres","quantite":77,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter (KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"LRU (M270 modernisé)","quantite":13,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"USA/France","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (upgrade Nexter)","pays_fabricant":"USA/France"},{"nom":"CAESAR MK II (commande 2024)","quantite":109,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"France","fabricant":"KNDS France","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"109 nouvelles pièces livraison 2026-2031"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"A400M Atlas","quantite":21,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"C-130J Super Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":14,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CASA C-235 / CN-295","quantite":27,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"MRTT A330 Phénix","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Europe"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SAMP/T NG (Mamba)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"France/Italie","fabricant":"Eurosam (MBDA + Thales + Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Crotale NG","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Thales","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Mistral 3 (portable)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA France","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9 Reaper Block 5","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Atomics Aeronautical Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Patroller (tactique)","quantite":14,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Safran","pays_fabricant":"France"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Djibouti","effectifs":1500,"mission":"Forces françaises stationnées à Djibouti (FFDj)","depuis":"1977","cadre":"Accord bilatéral","mission_en":"French forces stationed in Djibouti (FFDj)","cadre_en":"Bilateral agreement"},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","effectifs":700,"mission":"Base des Forces françaises aux ÉAU (BFEAU)","depuis":"2009","cadre":"Accord bilatéral","mission_en":"French Forces Base in the UAE (BFEAU)","cadre_en":"Bilateral agreement"},{"pays":"Sénégal","effectifs":350,"mission":"Éléments français au Sénégal (EFS) — retrait fin 2025","depuis":"1974","cadre":"Accord bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"French elements in Senegal (EFS) — withdrawal at the end of 2025","cadre_en":"Bilateral agreement"},{"pays":"Côte d'Ivoire","effectifs":600,"mission":"Forces françaises en Côte d'Ivoire — transformées en académie internationale 2025","depuis":"2002","cadre":"Accord bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"French forces in Ivory Coast — transformed into an international academy 2025","cadre_en":"Bilateral agreement"},{"pays":"Liban","effectifs":700,"mission":"FINUL","depuis":"1978","cadre":"ONU (Résolution 1701)","mission_en":"UNIFIL","cadre_en":"UN (Resolution 1701)"},{"pays":"Estonie","effectifs":300,"mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence (Lynx)","depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence (Lynx)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Roumanie","effectifs":1200,"mission":"Mission AIGLE — brigade multinationale","depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"AIGLE mission — multinational brigade","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Guyane, Antilles, Mayotte, Réunion, Nouvelle-Calédonie","effectifs":8500,"mission":"Forces de souveraineté","depuis":"divers","cadre":"Territoires nationaux","mission_en":"Sovereignty forces","cadre_en":"National territories"},{"pays":"Iraq","effectifs":600,"mission":"Chammal (retrait planifié 2026)","depuis":"2014","cadre":"Coalition","mission_en":"Chammal (planned withdrawal 2026)","cadre_en":"Coalition"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","effectifs":500,"mission":"Opération Aspides (protection navigation)","depuis":"2024","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"Operation Aspides (navigation protection)","cadre_en":"EU"}],"notes_speciales":["Seule puissance nucléaire de l'UE post-Brexit. Doctrine de dissuasion « du faible au fort ».","Retrait de la Sahel (Mali, Burkina, Niger 2022-2023 ; Sénégal + Côte d'Ivoire 2025).","Programme SCAF (avion futur avec Allemagne/Espagne) et MGCS (char futur avec Allemagne).","Loi de programmation militaire 2024-2030 : 413 Md€ sur 7 ans."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"**Dissuasion « du faible au fort »** — dernière ratio pour préserver les « intérêts vitaux de la Nation ». Doctrine articulée par le Président (chef des armées, art. 15 Constitution). Composantes : océanique (FOST — 4 SNLE Le Triomphant + successeurs SNLE 3G à partir 2035) et aéroportée (Rafale porteurs ASMP-A / futur ASN4G hypersonique). Dimension européenne : ouverture au dialogue stratégique avec Allemagne (2024) et Pologne (2025). Aucune arme nucléaire tactique déployée hors territoire. Refus explicite de sanctuariser territoire allié.","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"**Deterrence “from the weak to the strong”** — last ratio to preserve the “vital interests of the Nation”. Doctrine articulated by the President (chief of the armed forces, art. 15 Constitution). Components: oceanic (FOST — 4 SNLE Le Triomphant + SNLE 3G successors from 2035) and airborne (Rafale ASMP-A carriers / future hypersonic ASN4G). European dimension: openness to strategic dialogue with Germany (2024) and Poland (2025). No tactical nuclear weapons deployed outside territory. Explicit refusal to protect allied territory.","notes_speciales_en":["Only nuclear power in the post-Brexit EU. Doctrine of deterrence “from the weak to the strong”.","Withdrawal from the Sahel (Mali, Burkina, Niger 2022-2023; Senegal + Ivory Coast 2025).","SCAF program (future aircraft with Germany/Spain) and MGCS (future tank with Germany).","Military programming law 2024-2030: €413 billion over 7 years."],"alliances_militaires_en":["NATO","EU"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"la-manche","nom":"Détroit du Pas-de-Calais / Manche","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (FR, GB)","importance_globale":"Passage maritime le plus fréquenté au monde en nombre de navires — jusqu'à 500 navires/jour. Reliant l'Atlantique à la mer du Nord et à la Baltique. Route commerciale majeure Europe du Nord ↔ Amériques et Extrême-Orient (via Suez ou cap).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":500000,"pct_commerce_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières par petits bateaux (small boats) depuis les côtes françaises vers le Royaume-Uni — >36 000 traversées en 2024. Trafic dense = risques de collision."},{"id":"canal-mozambique","nom":"Canal du Mozambique","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (MZ, MG, KM, FR)","importance_globale":"Alternative au cap de Bonne-Espérance pour les supertankers Golfe → Europe. Route contourne Madagascar par l'ouest. Réserves gazières offshore majeures (Rovuma, Coral Sul FLNG — TotalEnergies suspendu 2021).","trafic_annuel":{"petrole_mb_j":5,"pct_petrole_mondial":5},"menace_principale":"Piraterie résiduelle, insurrection ISCAP à Cabo Delgado (2017+). Rivalités France (Mayotte, Îles Éparses) / Madagascar."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":5500,"zee_km2":11035000,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":130,"flotte_marchande_navires":500,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.5,"notes":"2ᵉ plus grande ZEE mondiale (avec DOM-TOM Pacifique/Atlantique/Indien). Doctrine défense mer : 1 000 marins par domaine maritime. Kourou, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réunion, Polynésie.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Chronic government instability since the legislative elections of July 2024: three Prime Ministers in 15 months (Barnier, Bayrou, Lecornu).","President Macron cannot run again in 2027 (two consecutive terms).","Intermediate situation between full presidential power and strict cohabitation: the presidential camp is no longer in the majority in the Assembly but remains in government thanks to ad hoc agreements and the absence of a viable alternative coalition. The effective holder of power is therefore ambiguous."]},{"iso2":"GA","iso3":"GAB","slug":"gabon","nom_courant_fr":"Gabon","nom_officiel_fr":"République gabonaise","nom_officiel_local":"République gabonaise","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Libreville","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":2593130,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gab","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":267668,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEEAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1983,"source":{"nom":"CEEAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEMAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"CEMAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2016,"source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEP","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ga.ctri","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-04-16","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Général arrivé au pouvoir par coup d'État du 30 août 2023, élu avril 2025 (94,9%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ga.ctri","sieges":143,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Gabonese coup d%27état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27état","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Raymond Ndong Sima","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-09-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Gabon","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-04-16","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_gabon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-04-16","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_gabon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Régime militaire transitoire depuis coup du 30 août 2023 contre Ali Bongo, transition constitutionnalisée par référendum novembre 2024 et élection avril 2025.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential Republic. Transitional military regime since the coup of August 30, 2023 against Ali Bongo, transition constitutionalized by referendum November 2024 and election April 2025."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":143,"mode_designation":"Uninominal à deux tours.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"Two-round single-nominal vote.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-09-15","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ga.ctri","sieges":143}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée nationale de transition (98 députés) + Sénat de transition (70 sénateurs) désignés par la Charte de la transition d'août 2023 après le coup contre Ali Bongo. 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2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/geo","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":69700,"source":{"nom":"Geostat","url":"https://www.geostat.ge/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Aspirante depuis 2008.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Aspirant since 2008."},{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Statut candidat gelé mars 2025 après loi « influence étrangère ».","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Candidate status frozen March 2025 after “foreign influence” law."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mikheil Kavelachvili","source":{"nom":"Présidence géorgienne","url":"https://www.president.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ge.rk","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-29","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-footballeur, aligné sur Rêve géorgien. Élu par le Parlement — élection contestée par l'opposition et Zourabichvili.","notes_en":"Ex-footballer, aligned with Georgian Dream. Elected by Parliament — election contested by the opposition and Zurabichvili."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par un collège électoral (Parlement + délégués). Constitution 2017 : ancienne élection directe supprimée.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Irakli Kobakhidzé","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement géorgien","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"ge.rk","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-02-08","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://www.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Contexte : manifestations pro-européennes massives 2024 contre gouvernement.","notes_en":"Context: massive pro-European protests 2024 against government."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président sur proposition du parti majoritaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ge.rk","sieges":89,"notes":"Rêve géorgien seul.","source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://cesko.ge/","date_donnee":"2024-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Georgian dream alone."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-02-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of georgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_georgie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-02-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of georgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_georgie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Régime parlementaire depuis la réforme constitutionnelle 2017. Rêve géorgien au pouvoir depuis 2012. Élection législative octobre 2024 contestée. Salomé Zourabichvili (ex-présidente) refuse de céder ses fonctions.","explication_concrete_en":"Parliamentary rule since constitutional reform 2017. Georgian Dream in power since 2012. Legislative election October 2024 contested. Salomé Zourabichvili (ex-president) refuses to cede her functions."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Sakartvelos Parlamenti","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel intégral depuis 2020 (150 sièges liste nationale).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-26","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ge.rk","sieges":89,"voix_pct":53.9},{"parti_id":"ge.uni_khu","sieges":19,"voix_pct":11},{"parti_id":"ge.enm","sieges":16,"voix_pct":10.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":26,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Géorgie","url":"https://cesko.ge/","date_donnee":"2024-10-26","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Full proportional voting since 2020 (150 seats on the national list)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"CC 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GEO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":34.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GEO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GEO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"11 October 2019","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"21 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba2","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"28 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.7},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Bulgarie","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Arménie","part_pct":8.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":17.9},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":12.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Cuivre et minerais","Vins et spiritueux","Ferro-alliages","Voitures d'occasion (réexports)","Noisettes"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Médicaments","Machines","Aliments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Vins (Kakhétie)","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"Plus vieille tradition viticole du monde (8000 ans)."},{"produit":"Manganèse","rang_mondial":12}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Georgia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/geo","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.5,"source":{"nom":"MoF Georgia","url":"https://www.mof.ge/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":29.8,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://www.mof.ge/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"GEL","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2020. Émigration forte vers UE, Turquie, Russie.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.7,"age_median":39.5,"indice_fecondite":1.8,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/geo","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":44431,"deces_2025":46584,"solde_naturel_2025":-2153},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Pension universelle + pilier II contributif (2019)","duree_cotisation_ans":0,"taux_cotisation_pct":6,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":32,"description":"Pension universelle 315 GEL/mois. Pilier contributif obligatoire depuis 2019 (2% employé + 2% employeur + 2% État).","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://www.moh.gov.ge/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Universal pension + contributory pillar II (2019)","description_en":"Universal pension 315 GEL/month. Mandatory contributory pillar since 2019 (2% employee + 2% employer + 2% State)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.28,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Basculé en autocratie électorale en 2024 (V-Dem V16) — chute rapide depuis 2022.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Switched to electoral autocracy in 2024 (V-Dem V16) — rapid decline since 2022."},"notes_speciales":["Loi « influence étrangère » adoptée mai 2024 (calquée sur Russie) → manifestations massives + gel de la candidature UE.","Élections législatives octobre 2024 contestées — OSCE : « inégales et non transparentes ».","Ancienne présidente Zourabichvili refuse de céder — deux « présidents » en janvier 2025.","Abkhazie et Ossétie du Sud : territoires occupés par la Russie depuis 2008 (20% du territoire)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Géorgie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=GE&ceid=GE:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":20650,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":140000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":5400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.54,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":87,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72SIM-1, T-55AM","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, Cobra Otokar, MRAP","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8, Mi-24, UH-1H","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie/USA"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":310,"zee_km2":22947,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"notes":"Poti, Batumi mer Noire. 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Mikheil Kavelashvili investi président en déc. 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Georgian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Georgian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-10-31","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Rêve géorgien (48.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Irakli Garibashvili puis Irakli Kobakhidze PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Georgian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Georgian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GH","iso3":"GHA","slug":"ghana","nom_courant_fr":"Ghana","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Ghana","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Ghana","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Accra","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":35064272,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gha","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":238533,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"John Dramani Mahama","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"gh.ndc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-01-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct pour 4 ans (déc. 2024, 56,55%) — retour au pouvoir après 2013-2017.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gh.ndc","sieges":183,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Ghanaian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ghanaian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"John Dramani Mahama","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"gh.ndc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-01-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ghana","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-01-07","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ghana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-01-07","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ghana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. 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Online","url_rss":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/feed","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":15500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.35,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":99,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL","effectifs":870,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"République démocratique du 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Pétrole offshore Jubilee (2010).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["One of the strongest democracies in Africa — peaceful alternations 2001, 2009, 2017, 2025.","Exit from the economic crisis 2022-2023 (payment default, hyperinflation) under IMF program of USD 3 billion.","1st gold producer in Africa (>4 M ounces/year) and 2nd world cocoa producer.","Return to power of John Dramani Mahama in January 2025 (already president 2012-2017)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-12-07","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"John Dramani Mahama (NDC, 56.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"John Mahama président depuis janv. 2025 — retour au pouvoir après 2013-2017.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Ghanaian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ghanaian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-12-07","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Nana Akufo-Addo (NPP, 51.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Akufo-Addo 2ᵉ mandat 2021-2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Ghanaian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ghanaian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GR","iso3":"GRC","slug":"grece","nom_courant_fr":"Grèce","nom_officiel_fr":"République hellénique","nom_officiel_local":"Ελληνική Δημοκρατία","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Athènes","source":{"nom":"ELSTAT","url":"https://www.statistics.gr/en/home/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":10413962,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/grc","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":131957,"source":{"nom":"ELSTAT","url":"https://www.statistics.gr/en/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1952,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Konstantinos Tasoulas","source":{"nom":"Présidence hellénique","url":"https://www.presidency.gr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Présidente de la République","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-13","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidency.gr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Succède à Katerina Sakellaropoulou. Ancien président du Parlement.","notes_en":"Succeeds Katerina Sakellaropoulou. Former President of Parliament."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élue par le Parlement à la majorité des 2/3 des membres au premier tour, avec seuils décroissants.","source":{"nom":"Constitution grecque","url":"https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kyriakos Mitsotakis","source":{"nom":"Primeminister.gr / Britannica","url":"https://www.primeminister.gr/en/the-prime-minister/kyriakos-mitsotakis","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Πρωθυπουργός (Premier ministre)","parti_id":"gr.nd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-07-08","notes":"PM depuis juillet 2019. Réélu aux législatives du 25 juin 2023 (Nea Dimokratia obtient la majorité absolue).","source":{"nom":"Primeminister.gr","url":"https://www.primeminister.gr/en/the-prime-minister/kyriakos-mitsotakis","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"PM since July 2019. Re-elected in the legislative elections of June 25, 2023 (Nea Dimokratia obtains the absolute majority)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président sur proposition du chef du parti majoritaire à la Vouli.","source":{"nom":"Constitution grecque, art. 37","url":"https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gr.nd","sieges":158,"notes":"Majorité absolue Nea Dimokratia (majorité renforcée grâce au bonus du système électoral).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Greek_legislative_election_(June)","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Absolute majority Nea Dimokratia (majority reinforced thanks to the bonus of the electoral system)."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-07-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of grece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_grece","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-07-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of grece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_grece","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Système électoral avec bonus de 20 à 50 sièges pour le premier parti (facilite les majorités absolues).","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary republic. Electoral system with bonus of 20 to 50 seats for the first party (facilitates absolute majorities)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Vouli (Βουλή τῶν Ἑλλήνων)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":300,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel renforcé avec bonus de sièges pour le parti majoritaire (le seuil de bonus varie).","seuil_electoral_pct":3,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election using reinforced proportional representation with bonus seats for the majority party (the bonus threshold varies).","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-06-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gr.nd","sieges":158},{"parti_id":"gr.syriza","sieges":47},{"parti_id":"gr.pasok","sieges":32},{"parti_id":"gr.kke","sieges":20},{"parti_id":"gr.elliniki_lisi","sieges":12},{"parti_id":"gr.niki","sieges":10},{"parti_id":"gr.plefsi_eleftherias","sieges":8},{"parti_id":"gr.mera25","sieges":0},{"parti_id":"gr.spartiates","sieges":12},{"parti_id":"gr.niki2","sieges":1}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — June 2023 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Mitsotakis (ND) reconduit PM avec majorité absolue à la 2ᵉ élection de juin 2023 (après scrutin proportionnel intégral en mai)."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et cadre législatif vérifiés.","Second gouvernement Mitsotakis en juillet 2023 avec bonus électoral.","Mémoire des crises financières (2010-2018) et de la troïka toujours structurante dans le débat politique."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.63,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Score en baisse par rapport aux autres démocraties d'Europe occidentale ; préoccupations sur la liberté de la presse.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Score down compared to other Western European democracies; concerns about press freedom."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Grèce","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=el&gl=GR&ceid=GR:el","langue":"el"},{"nom":"Ekathimerini (English)","url_rss":"https://www.ekathimerini.com/feed","langue":"en"},{"nom":"To Vima","url_rss":"https://www.tovima.gr/feed/","langue":"el"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":12.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2011,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2011 (aggravé par la crise économique et l'émigration). 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Système reformé en profondeur mais toujours parmi les plus coûteux d'Europe rapporté au PIB.","source":{"nom":"EFKA / OCDE","url":"https://www.efka.gov.gr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (unified EFKA since 2016)","description_en":"Drastic reforms 2010-2016 under adjustment programs: age 67, 40 years of contributions. Contribution 20% (13.33% employer + 6.67% employee). System reformed in depth but still among the most expensive in Europe in relation to GDP."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":280,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GRC","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":27041,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GRC","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GRC","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"2025-04-18","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"14 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa3","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"18 September 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.75,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/GRC.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Chypre","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Bulgarie","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.3},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.8},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":6}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pétroliers raffinés","Aluminium","Poissons","Olives et huile d'olive","Produits pharmaceutiques"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Machines","Produits chimiques","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Transport maritime","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Armateurs grecs = ~20% de la flotte mondiale."},{"produit":"Tourisme (~28% du PIB)","rang_mondial":12},{"produit":"Huile d'olive","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Feta","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"AOP 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EGM","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 52+ Adv (modernisés Viper)","quantite":84,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-16 Block 30","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-5 Mk2","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Rafale F3-R (contrat 2021 — livraisons 2022-2025)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2028-2032)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-4E AUP Phantom (retrait 2025)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas (Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Kimon FDI HN (commande 2021)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Hydra (MEKO 200)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1992,"origine":"Allemagne/Grèce","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss + HSY","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Elli (S-standard NL)","quantite":9,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Royal Schelde","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Hydra (MEKO 200 HN)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1992,"origine":"Allemagne / Grèce","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss / HSY","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Grèce"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Elli (S-frigate ex-NL)","quantite":9,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"Damen Schelde","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Frégates FDI HN Kimon (Belharra, contrat 2021 — livraisons 2025-2027)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"France / Grèce","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"3 fermes + 1 option."},{"nom":"Corvettes Roussen (Super Vita)","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Royaume-Uni / Grèce","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft / EN","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Chasseurs de mines classe Osprey","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Peterson Builders","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Papanikolis (Type 214)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Allemagne/Grèce","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp + HSY","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Poseidon (Type 209)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1971,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Glavkos (Type 209)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1 (Ossianidis)","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Union soviétique / RDA","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M113A1/A2","quantite":1700,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Leonidas-2 (dérivé Steyr 4K 7FA)","quantite":195,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Autriche / Grèce","fabricant":"Steyr / ELBO","pays_fabricant":"Autriche / Grèce"},{"nom":"KENTAUROS (Marder 1A3 modernisé — annoncé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne / Grèce","fabricant":"Rheinmetall / ELBO","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Grèce"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A5 GEL 155mm","quantite":226,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Grèce","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"PzH 2000GR 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW / Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Mk-152 175mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Motors","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"RM-70 122mm MLRS","quantite":116,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"ZTS","pays_fabricant":"Slovaquie"},{"nom":"HIMARS (contrat 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-27J Spartan","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Embraer ERJ 135 (rôle utilitaire)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64A/D Apache","quantite":29,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NH-90 TTH","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne"},{"nom":"CH-47D Chinook","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"UH-1H Huey","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"S-300PMU-1","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Achat Chypre 1997, transfert Crète 1998."},{"nom":"TOR-M1 (SA-15)","quantite":21,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Osa-AKM (SA-8)","quantite":38,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SLAMRAAM (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MALE Heron","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent grec)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (Greek contingent)","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL Maritime Task Force (frégate rotative)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (rotary frigate)","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Chypre","mission":"ELDYK — force grecque à Chypre (accord 1960)","effectifs":950,"depuis":"1960","cadre":"Bilatéral Chypre","mission_en":"ELDYK — Greek force in Cyprus (1960 agreement)","cadre_en":"Bilateral Cyprus"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","mission":"Opération Aspides (UE — commandement historique grec)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"Operation Aspides (EU — historic Greek command)","cadre_en":"EU"},{"pays":"Frontière turco-grecque (Évros)","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — crises migratoires 2020-2022","effectifs":3500,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security — migration crises 2020-2022","cadre_en":"National territory"},{"pays":"Îles de la mer Égée","mission":"Garnisons sur îles adjacentes à la Turquie (contentieux territorial)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Garrisons on islands adjacent to Turkey (territorial dispute)","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Rivalité et contentieux permanent avec la Turquie en mer Égée — le budget défense grec est structurellement gonflé (3% PIB) pour cette raison.","Contrat Rafale 2021 (24 unités) — 1re commande export Rafale post-Egypte.","Contrat FDI Belharra 2021 (3 frégates + option) — 1re commande export FDI.","Achat F-35A 2023 (20 unités) après longue négociation — équilibre F-16V/Rafale/F-35.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~10 têtes B61 à Araxos, retrait annoncé 2010 mais présence formelle maintenue."],"notes_speciales_en":["Rivalry and permanent dispute with Turkey in the Aegean Sea - the Greek defense budget is structurally inflated (3% GDP) for this reason.","Rafale 2021 contract (24 units) — 1st post-Egypt Rafale export order.","FDI Belharra 2021 contract (3 frigates + option) — 1st FDI export order.","Purchase F-35A 2023 (20 units) after long negotiation — balance F-16V/Rafale/F-35.","NATO nuclear sharing: ~10 B61 warheads at Araxos, withdrawal announced in 2010 but formal presence maintained."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","PESCO","Trilateral Greece-Cyprus-Israel"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":13676,"zee_km2":505000,"pib_maritime_pct":8,"pib_maritime_md_usd":20,"flotte_marchande_navires":4900,"flotte_marchande_rang":2,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.06,"notes":"Armateurs grecs (~20% flotte mondiale en tonnage) — 2ᵉ flotte mondiale. Doctrine « Mavi Vatan » vs Turquie. Contentieux mer Égée et Chypre.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Partial file: identity, executive and legislative framework verified.","Second Mitsotakis government in July 2023 with electoral bonus.","Memory of the financial crises (2010-2018) and the troika still structuring the political debate."]},{"iso2":"GT","iso3":"GTM","slug":"guatemala","nom_courant_fr":"Guatemala","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Guatemala","nom_officiel_local":"República de Guatemala","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Guatemala","source":{"nom":"INE Guatemala","url":"https://www.ine.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":18687881,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gtm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":108889,"source":{"nom":"INE","url":"https://www.ine.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Bernardo Arévalo","source":{"nom":"Présidence guatémaltèque","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"gt.semilla","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-15","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Sociologue centre-gauche. Victoire surprise 2e tour août 2023 (61%) — a survécu à des tentatives judiciaires de blocage de l'investiture (« pacte des corrompus »).","notes_en":"Center-left sociologist. Surprise victory 2nd round August 2023 (61%) — survived legal attempts to block the nomination (“pact of the corrupt”)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 4 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution guatémaltèque","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Bernardo Arévalo (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel — pas de PM","parti_id":"gt.semilla","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-15","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gt.semilla","sieges":23,"notes":"Semilla minoritaire au Congrès face à une opposition majoritaire (Vamos, UNE, etc.).","source":{"nom":"TSE Guatemala","url":"https://www.tse.org.gt/","date_donnee":"2023-06-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Semilla minority in Congress facing majority opposition (Vamos, UNE, etc.)."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-01-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guatemala","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-01-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guatemala","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle monocamérale. Ministère public et magistrature capturés par le « pacte des corrompus » (critique de la Commission internationale contre l'impunité au Guatemala CICIG, expulsée en 2019). Arévalo lutte pour l'indépendance des institutions.","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral presidential republic. Public ministry and judiciary captured by the “pact of the corrupt” (criticism of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala CICIG, expelled in 2019). Arévalo fights for the independence of institutions."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Congreso de la República","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":160,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 22 départements + 32 sièges liste nationale.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-06-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gt.vamos","sieges":39,"voix_pct":21.4},{"parti_id":"gt.une","sieges":28,"voix_pct":15.7},{"parti_id":"gt.semilla","sieges":23,"voix_pct":11.8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":70,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"TSE Guatemala","url":"https://www.tse.org.gt/","date_donnee":"2023-06-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting in 22 departments + 32 national list seats."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Corte de Constitucionalidad","source":{"nom":"CC Guatemala","url":"https://www.cc.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"1 par le Congrès, 1 par la Cour suprême, 1 par le Président, 1 par le Barreau, 1 par l'Université San Carlos. Mandat 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 269","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.congreso.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":121,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6489,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"INE Guatemala","url":"https://www.ine.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GTM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"23 May 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"14 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"15 June 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":33.4},{"pays":"Salvador","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Honduras","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Nicaragua","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":4.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":34.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14.9},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Salvador","part_pct":4.7},{"pays":"Colombie","part_pct":3.2}],"top_categories_export":["Café","Sucre","Bananes","Vêtements (maquilas)","Cardamome"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Arabica","rang_mondial":10},{"produit":"Cardamome","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~40% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora US (~18% du PIB)","rang_americain":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Guatemala","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/gtm","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":11.4,"source":{"nom":"MinFin Guatemala","url":"https://www.minfin.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":13.5,"source":{"nom":"MinFin","url":"https://www.minfin.gob.gt/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"GTQ","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie encore très dynamique — âge médian 24 ans.","esperance_vie_femmes":75,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.4,"age_median":24,"indice_fecondite":2.29,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gtm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":385325,"deces_2025":90823,"solde_naturel_2025":294502},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (IGSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":12.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système faible : couverture limitée (~30% de la population active). Cotisation 12,5% (10,67% employeur + 4,83% salarié). Pension moyenne très basse.","source":{"nom":"IGSS","url":"https://www.igssgt.org/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (IGSS)","description_en":"Weak system: limited coverage (~30% of the active population). Contribution 12.5% ​​(10.67% employer + 4.83% employee). Very low average pension."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.24,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Institutions démocratiques faibles, capture judiciaire par le « pacte des corrompus ». Arrivée d'Arévalo suscite espoir.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Weak democratic institutions, judicial capture by the “pact of the corrupt”. Arrival of Arévalo raises hope."},"notes_speciales":["Bernardo Arévalo (Semilla) : outsider progressiste, victoire surprise contre le « pacte des corrompus ».","Ministère public (procureure Consuelo Porras, sous sanctions US) a tenté de bloquer son investiture.","Corruption endémique — CICIG (mission ONU) expulsée en 2019 par le président Jimmy Morales.","Émigration massive vers les États-Unis — cause principale : violence + pauvreté rurale.","Population indigène majoritaire (~40% se déclarant Maya, Xinca ou Garifuna)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Guatemala","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=GT&ceid=GT:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":16200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":63900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military 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(donation)","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"chars":[],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M-8 / M-20 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Ford","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"V-100 Commando","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cadillac Gage","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-56 105mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Cessna A-37B Dragonfly","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cessna","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano (annoncé 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le Belize (revendiqué depuis 1859) — CIJ pending.","Coopération USA majeure — CARSI (Central America Regional Security Initiative)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Civil war 1960-1996 (~200,000 dead) — late pacification, army under international supervision.","Permanent territorial dispute with Belize (claimed since 1859) — ICJ pending.","Major US cooperation — CARSI (Central America Regional Security Initiative)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OEA","SICA"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":400,"zee_km2":121038,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"notes":"Puerto Quetzal (Pacifique), Puerto Barrios (Atlantique).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Bernardo Arévalo (Semilla): progressive outsider, surprise victory against the “pact of the corrupt”.","Public Ministry (prosecutor Consuelo Porras, under US sanctions) tried to block his inauguration.","Endemic corruption — CICIG (UN mission) expelled in 2019 by President Jimmy Morales.","Mass emigration to the United States — main cause: violence + rural poverty.","Majority indigenous population (~40% declaring themselves Maya, Xinca or Garifuna)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-08-20","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Bernardo Arévalo (Movimiento Semilla, 60.9% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Bernardo Arévalo, président 2024-2028 (victoire anti-corruption inattendue).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Guatemalan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Guatemalan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-08-11","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Alejandro Giammattei (Vamos, 58.0%)","gouvernement_issu":"Alejandro Giammattei, président 2020-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Guatemalan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Guatemalan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GW","iso3":"GNB","slug":"guinee-bissau","nom_courant_fr":"Guinée-Bissau","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Guinée-Bissau","nom_officiel_local":"República da Guiné-Bissau","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bissau","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":2249515,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gnb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":36125,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1974,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1974,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CPLP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"CPLP","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Umaro Sissoco Embaló","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"gw.madem_g15","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-02-27","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct (53,55%). Réélection prévue novembre 2024 puis reportée 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gw.pai","sieges":54,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Guinea-Bissau parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rui Duarte de Barros","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-12-20","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-02-27","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guinee-bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guinee_bissau","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-02-27","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guinee-bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guinee_bissau","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Instabilité chronique, plusieurs tentatives de coups d'État.","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-presidential republic. Chronic instability, several coup attempts."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale populaire","role":"Chambre unique (dissoute décembre 2023).","sieges_total":102,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle par circonscription.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-06-04","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gw.paigc","sieges":54,"voix_pct":52.9},{"parti_id":"gw.madem_g15","sieges":29,"voix_pct":28.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":19,"voix_pct":18.7}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Single Chamber (dissolved December 2023).","mode_designation_en":"Proportional by constituency."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 65 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1311,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":75.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-6.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GNB","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":60.5},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":3.5},{"pays":"Portugal","part_pct":2.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Portugal","part_pct":24.5},{"pays":"Sénégal","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Pakistan","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Anacardes","Bois","Poissons","Coton"],"top_categories_import":["Riz","Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Textile","Ciment"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Anacardes","rang_mondial":5,"notes":"~90% des exportations."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/gnb","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XOF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":30.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.6,"esperance_vie_femmes":63.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":59.1,"indice_fecondite":3.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/guinee-bissau","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":66496,"deces_2025":15767,"solde_naturel_2025":50729,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":19.3},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"INSS","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 22% (14%+8%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée-Bissau","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée-Bissau","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"INSS","description_en":"Contribution 22% (14%+8%)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.2,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Instabilité chronique, dérive autoritaire depuis 2020.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Chronic instability, authoritarian drift since 2020."},"notes_speciales":["Un des pays les plus instables d'Afrique — coups d'État en 1980, 2003, 2012, tentative 2022.","Hub majeur du trafic de cocaïne latino-africain (« narco-État » selon ONUDC).","Dépendance quasi-totale à l'exportation d'anacardes (~90%)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"O Democrata","url_rss":"https://odemocratagb.com/feed/","langue":"pt"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":4400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.03,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BRDM-2, 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Narco-État (transit cocaïne).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["One of the most unstable countries in Africa — coups in 1980, 2003, 2012, attempt in 2022.","Major hub for Latin African cocaine trafficking (“narco-state” according to UNODC).","Almost total dependence on cashew nut exports (~90%)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-06-04","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Plateforme PAI-Terra Ranka (54 sièges sur 102)","gouvernement_issu":"Geraldo Martins PM depuis août 2023. Umaro Sissoco Embaló président depuis 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Guinea-Bissau parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-11-24","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Umaro Sissoco Embaló (Madem G15, 53.5%)","gouvernement_issu":"Embaló président depuis fév. 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Guinea-Bissau general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Guinea-Bissau_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GQ","iso3":"GNQ","slug":"guinee-equatoriale","nom_courant_fr":"Guinée équatoriale","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Guinée équatoriale","nom_officiel_local":"República de Guinea Ecuatorial","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Malabo (île de Bioko) / Ciudad de la Paz (continent, en construction)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":1938431,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gnq","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":28051,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1968,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1968,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEEAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1983,"source":{"nom":"CEEAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEMAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"CEMAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEMAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2017,"source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEP","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"gq.pdge","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1979-08-03","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Au pouvoir depuis coup d'État de 1979 — plus long chef d'État en fonction au monde (46 ans en 2025).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gq.pdge","sieges":99,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Equatorial Guinean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Equatorial_Guinean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Manuela Roka Botey","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Première ministre","parti_id":"gq.pdge","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-08-31","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1979-08-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guinee-equatoriale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guinee_equatoriale","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"1986-08-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guinee-equatoriale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guinee_equatoriale","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle en apparence, dictature familiale en pratique. Fils du président (Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue) vice-président — succession dynastique préparée.","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential republic in appearance, family dictatorship in practice. Son of the president (Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue) vice-president — dynastic succession prepared."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des députés","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":100,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle nationale.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-11-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gq.pdge","sieges":99,"voix_pct":99},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":1,"voix_pct":1}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée équatoriale","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée équatoriale","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"National proportional."},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":70,"mode_designation":"55 élus + 15 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Upper room.","mode_designation_en":"55 elected officials + 15 appointed by the President."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour 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Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":29.5},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":16.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":23.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Portugal","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","GNL","Méthanol","Bois"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Véhicules","Céréales","Médicaments","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":41,"notes":"Production en déclin — 100 000 b/j."},{"produit":"GNL","rang_mondial":null}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Guinée 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Pétrole/GNL exports 90%. Champs Zafiro.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Longest serving head of state in the world — Obiang in power since 1979 (46 years).","High GDP per capita thanks to oil (~$7000) but 76% of the population below the poverty line.","Endemic corruption — son of the president (Teodorín) convicted in France (2017, ill-gotten gains) and Switzerland.","Dynastic succession prepared: Teodorín, son vice-president, designated dolphin."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-11-20","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Teodoro Obiang Nguema (PDGE, 94.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Obiang 6ᵉ mandat (au pouvoir depuis 1979 — plus longue tenure au monde après monarchies). Manuela Roka Botey PM depuis 2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Equatorial Guinean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Equatorial_Guinean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-04-24","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Obiang (93.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Obiang 5ᵉ mandat.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Equatorial Guinean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Equatorial_Guinean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GN","iso3":"GIN","slug":"guinee","nom_courant_fr":"Guinée","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Guinée","nom_officiel_local":"République de Guinée","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Conakry","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":15099727,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gin","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":245857,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1958,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mamadi Doumbouya","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président de la transition","parti_id":"gn.cnrd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-09-05","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Colonel arrivé au pouvoir par coup d'État du 5 septembre 2021 contre Alpha Condé. 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Constitution suspendue, retour civil constamment repoussé.","explication_concrete_en":"Transitional military regime since the coup of September 5, 2021 against Alpha Condé. Constitution suspended, civil return constantly postponed."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Conseil national de la transition (CNT)","role":"Assemblée transitoire non élue.","sieges_total":81,"mode_designation":"Nommés par la junte militaire.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Unelected transitional assembly.","mode_designation_en":"Appointed by the military junta.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-01-22","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gn.cnrd","sieges":81}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil national de transition (CNT, 81 membres) installé le 22 janvier 2022, désigné par la junte du colonel Mamady Doumbouya. Aucune élection législative libre depuis le coup de sept. 2021."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le président de la transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_priori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_priori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":27,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1722,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":6.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GIN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — 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Guinée","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/gin","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":14.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Guinée","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinée","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"GNF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":33.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.2,"esperance_vie_femmes":61.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":58.7,"indice_fecondite":4.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — 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production) — Simandou mines, giant iron project.","Repression Stadium massacre in 2009 — ongoing trial against ex-president Camara."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-09-05","type":"coup_militaire","vainqueur":"Comité national du rassemblement et du développement (CNRD, colonel Mamady Doumbouya)","gouvernement_issu":"Doumbouya président de transition depuis oct. 2021 (renversant Alpha Condé). Bah Oury PM depuis 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Guinean coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d'état","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-10-18","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Alpha Condé (RPG, 59.5%, 3ᵉ mandat controversé)","gouvernement_issu":"Condé renversé septembre 2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Guinean presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Guinean_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GY","iso3":"GUY","slug":"guyana","nom_courant_fr":"Guyana","nom_officiel_fr":"République coopérative du Guyana","nom_officiel_local":"Co-operative Republic of Guyana","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Georgetown","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":835986,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/guy","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":214969,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1966,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CARICOM","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1973,"notes":"Siège Secrétariat à Georgetown.","source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Secretariat Headquarters in Georgetown."},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Irfaan Ali","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"gy.ppp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-02","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Musulman d'origine indienne. Élu suite aux législatives contestées 2020. **Réélu 1er septembre 2025** (55,3%).","notes_en":"Muslim of Indian origin. Elected following the contested 2020 legislative elections. **Re-elected September 1, 2025** (55.3%)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection indirecte : chef du parti/coalition majoritaire à l'Assemblée nationale devient président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mark Phillips","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"gy.ppp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-05","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"gy.ppp","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-09-01","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"gy.apnu","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-09-01","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-09-01","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-08-02","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guyana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-08-02","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_guyana","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle inspirée du modèle Westminster. Bipartisme ethnique : PPP (indo-guyanais) vs PNC/APNU (afro-guyanais).","explication_concrete_en":"Presidential republic inspired by the Westminster model. Ethnic bipartisanship: PPP (Indo-Guyanese) vs PNC/APNU (Afro-Guyanese)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"National Assembly","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":65,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel intégral national.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-09-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"gy.ppp","sieges":36,"voix_pct":55.3},{"parti_id":"gy.apnu","sieges":15,"voix_pct":33.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":11.3}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-09-01","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Lower House.","mode_designation_en":"National full proportional vote."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ, dernier recours) + Court of Appeal","source":{"nom":"Cour 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national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GUY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GUY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Positif","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Notation en amélioration rapide grâce au boom pétrolier offshore (production 2020+)."},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB-","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Panama","part_pct":24.3},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":14.8},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":12.7},{"pays":"UK","part_pct":10.2},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":6.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"Trinité-et-Tobago","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Suriname","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut (ExxonMobil, Stabroek Block)","Or","Bauxite","Sucre","Riz"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures raffinés","Automobile","Aliments","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut (offshore Stabroek — 11+ Md barils)","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"Découvertes 2015+ ExxonMobil/Hess/CNOOC — production 650 000 b/j fin 2025 → 1,3 M b/j en 2027."},{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":18},{"produit":"Bauxite","rang_mondial":12},{"produit":"Riz basmati (exportateur Caraïbes)","rang_regional":2}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Guyana","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/guy","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.5,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"GYD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":19.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":74.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.6,"age_median":26.5,"indice_fecondite":2.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/guy","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":16622,"deces_2025":6251,"solde_naturel_2025":10371},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"National Insurance Scheme (NIS)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":14,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système National Insurance Scheme (NIS). Cotisation 14%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"National Insurance Scheme (NIS)","description_en":"National Insurance Scheme (NIS). Contribution 14%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"notes_speciales":["**Croissance PIB la plus rapide au monde** depuis 2020 : 34% en 2025, ~62% en 2022 (pétrole).","ExxonMobil + Hess + CNOOC : découvertes historiques offshore Stabroek Block (11+ Md barils prouvés).","**Différend territorial avec Venezuela sur l'Essequibo** (73% du territoire) : référendum vénézuélien décembre 2023 pour annexion. Escalade diplomatique 2024-2025.","Population : ~40% indo-guyanais, ~30% afro-guyanais, ~20% métis, ~10% autochtones amérindiens.","Ali réélu septembre 2025 malgré tensions ethniques."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Guyana","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=GY&ceid=GY:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":4200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.06,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":130,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CARICOM"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Shorland S-52","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Shorts Missile Systems","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"EE-9 Cascavel","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 206 / 212","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mi-17 (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"OPV classe Damen (SPa 5009)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Damen Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — Essequibo","mission":"Défense contre revendication vénézuélienne (référendum décembre 2023, tensions actives)","effectifs":2000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire contesté","mission_en":"Defense against Venezuelan claim (referendum December 2023, active tensions)","cadre_en":"Disputed territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Contentieux territorial Essequibo (2/3 du pays) revendiqué par le Venezuela — référendum vénézuélien décembre 2023.","Accord de coopération USA 2023-2024 : exercices militaires, présence navale USA en mer.","Découverte pétrolière offshore majeure Stabroek Block (ExxonMobil) — 11+ Md barils réserves, production 800 000 b/j en 2027."],"notes_speciales_en":["Essequibo territorial dispute (2/3 of the country) claimed by Venezuela — Venezuelan referendum December 2023.","USA cooperation agreement 2023-2024: military exercises, USA naval presence at sea.","Major offshore oil discovery Stabroek Block (ExxonMobil) — 11+ billion barrels reserves, production 800,000 b/d in 2027."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CARICOM"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":459,"zee_km2":137765,"pib_maritime_pct":12,"notes":"Découverte Stabroek (ExxonMobil) — 11 Md barils. Contentieux Essequibo (Venezuela).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Fastest GDP growth in the world** since 2020: 34% in 2025, ~62% in 2022 (oil).","ExxonMobil + Hess + CNOOC: historic Stabroek Block offshore discoveries (11+ billion barrels proven).","**Territorial dispute with Venezuela on the Essequibo** (73% of the territory): Venezuelan referendum December 2023 for annexation. Diplomatic escalation 2024-2025.","Population: ~40% Indo-Guyanese, ~30% Afro-Guyanese, ~20% mixed race, ~10% indigenous Amerindians.","Ali re-elected in September 2025 despite ethnic tensions."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-09-01","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"PPP/C (People's Progressive Party/Civic, Irfaan Ali, 55.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Irfaan Ali réélu, 2ᵉ mandat 2025-2030 — Guyana en plein boom pétrolier.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Guyanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Guyanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-03-02","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"PPP/C (Irfaan Ali)","gouvernement_issu":"Irfaan Ali PM depuis août 2020 (après 5 mois de contestation post-électorale).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Guyanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Guyanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"HT","iso3":"HTI","slug":"haiti","nom_courant_fr":"Haïti","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Haïti","nom_officiel_local":"République d'Haïti / Repiblik d Ayiti","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Port-au-Prince","source":{"nom":"IHSI","url":"https://ihsi.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":11906095,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hti","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":27750,"source":{"nom":"IHSI","url":"https://ihsi.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CARICOM","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2002,"source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Vacance présidentielle (fin du CPT)","source":{"nom":"Communication gouv. Haïti","url":"https://www.presidence.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Conseil présidentiel de transition (CPT)","parti_id":"ht.transition","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-02-07","source":{"nom":"France Diplomatie / gouv. Haïti","url":"https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Fin du mandat du Conseil présidentiel de transition le 7 février 2026 (Laurent Saint-Cyr, dernier président tournant). Depuis : le PM Fils-Aimé exerce seul l'autorité exécutive. Élections présidentielle 1er tour prévues 30 août 2026, 2e tour décembre 2026.","notes_en":"End of the mandate of the Transitional Presidential Council on February 7, 2026 (Laurent Saint-Cyr, last rotating president). Since then: PM Fils-Aimé has exercised executive authority alone. Presidential elections 1st round scheduled for August 30, 2026, 2nd round December 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par consensus des principaux acteurs politiques haïtiens et de la société civile, sous facilitation CARICOM. Mandat jusqu'aux élections (7 février 2026 initialement — probablement reporté).","source":{"nom":"Accord politique du 3 avril 2024","url":"https://caricom.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Alix Didier Fils-Aimé","source":{"nom":"Primature","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"ht.transition","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-11-11","source":{"nom":"CPT / Primature","url":"https://www.primature.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-président de la Chambre de commerce. Remplace Garry Conille (juin-novembre 2024) démis par le CPT.","notes_en":"Former president of the Chamber of Commerce. Replaces Garry Conille (June-November 2024) dismissed by the CPT."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Conseil présidentiel de transition.","source":{"nom":"Accord politique","url":"https://caricom.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ht.transition","sieges":7,"notes":"7 membres du CPT représentant les principaux partis + société civile.","source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://caricom.org/","date_donnee":"2024-04-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"7 members of the CPT representing the main parties + civil society."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-11-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_haiti","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-11-11","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_haiti","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**État en effondrement** : plus de Parlement élu depuis 2023, plus de Président élu depuis l'assassinat de Jovenel Moïse en juillet 2021, plus d'élections depuis 2016. Le CPT et le PM gouvernent par décret. Contrôle territorial partagé avec les gangs (~80% de Port-au-Prince).","explication_concrete_en":"**State in collapse**: no more elected Parliament since 2023, no more elected President since the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in July 2021, no more elections since 2016. The CPT and the PM govern by decree. Territorial control shared with gangs (~80% of Port-au-Prince)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des députés","role":"**Vacante depuis janvier 2020** (mandats non renouvelés).","sieges_total":118,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"**Vacant since January 2020** (mandates not renewed).","mode_designation_en":"Single-member majority vote in two rounds.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2016-11-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ht.transition","sieges":118}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Chambre des députés (118 membres) et Sénat dissous depuis janvier 2020 — aucune élection législative organisée. Conseil présidentiel de transition + PM Fils-Aimé gouvernent par décret depuis 2024."}},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"**Vacant depuis janvier 2023** (dernier tiers de sénateurs a expiré).","sieges_total":30,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours (10 sièges renouvelés tous les 2 ans).","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"**Vacant since January 2023** (last third of senators has expired).","mode_designation_en":"Single-member majority vote in two rounds (10 seats renewed every 2 years)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour de cassation (fonction constitutionnelle intégrée)","source":{"nom":"CSPJ","url":"https://cspj.ht/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Constitution 1987","url":"https://haiti-reference.com/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Théoriquement nommés par le Président sur listes du Sénat — en pratique paralysé.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://haiti-reference.com/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://haiti-reference.com/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Fonctionnement quasi-paralysé depuis 2020.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":32,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2557,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Pays le plus pauvre des Amériques."},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Récession — 6e année consécutive de contraction."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":28.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":15.7,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":12.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HTI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":82},{"pays":"République dominicaine","part_pct":3.9},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":3},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":1.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":1.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":34.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":20.6},{"pays":"République dominicaine","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.1},{"pays":"Panama","part_pct":4.7}],"top_categories_export":["Vêtements (dernière industrie survivante)","Huile essentielle de vétiver","Cacao","Mangues","Rhum"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Alimentation","Machines","Vêtements usagés","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Vétiver (essence)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~50% de la production mondiale — Les Cayes."},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora US (~25% PIB)","rang_americain":2},{"produit":"Vêtements (façon US)","rang_americain":10}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Haiti","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/hti","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":8.2,"source":{"nom":"BRH / FMI","url":"https://www.brh.ht/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":10.2,"source":{"nom":"BRH","url":"https://www.brh.ht/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"devise":"HTG","annee_exercice":2024},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":21.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2080,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie dynamique mais fuite massive vers USA, RD, Chili.","esperance_vie_femmes":68.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":61.9,"age_median":24.6,"indice_fecondite":2.63,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hti","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":261267,"deces_2025":92915,"solde_naturel_2025":168352},"retraites":{"age_legal":55,"age_taux_plein":55,"systeme_type":"Répartition (ONA)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":12,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Office national d'assurance-vieillesse — couvre <10% de la population active.","source":{"nom":"ONA Haïti","url":"https://www.ona.gouv.ht/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (ONA)","description_en":"National Old Age Insurance Office — covers <10% of the working population."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.14,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Pas d'élections depuis 2016. État en effondrement, gangs contrôlent Port-au-Prince.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"No elections since 2016. State in collapse, gangs control Port-au-Prince."},"notes_speciales":["**État en effondrement** : plus de Parlement, plus de Président élu depuis l'assassinat de Jovenel Moïse (juillet 2021).","**Conseil présidentiel de transition** installé avril 2024 après le départ forcé du PM Ariel Henry (bloqué en Porto Rico par les gangs).","**Gangs contrôlent ~80% de Port-au-Prince** — coalition « Viv Ansanm » sous Jimmy « Barbecue » Chérizier.","**Mission multinationale de sécurité MSS** (Kenya, Bahamas, autres) déployée depuis juin 2024, effectif insuffisant.","Élections théoriquement prévues février 2026 — report probable.","Pays le plus pauvre des Amériques. ~5 M en insécurité alimentaire aiguë."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Haïti","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=HT&ceid=HT:fr","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.05,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":131,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Armée reconstituée depuis 2017 — parc minime","quantite":10,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun avion militaire","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"alliances_militaires":["OEA (retrait de facto 2024)","CARICOM"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[],"notes_speciales":["Armée haïtienne dissoute en 1995 par Aristide, refondée en 2018 (Forces armées d'Haïti — FAdH) avec ~500 hommes.","Effondrement de l'État depuis 2021 : assassinat du président Moïse, gangs contrôlent 80% de Port-au-Prince.","MSS (Mission multinationale de soutien à la sécurité) menée par le Kenya déployée depuis juin 2024 — 1 000 personnels au sol, financée par les USA.","Police nationale (PNH) ~9 000 fonctionnaires actifs — décimée par les gangs (démissions, morts, exil)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Haitian army dissolved in 1995 by Aristide, refounded in 2018 (Armed Forces of Haiti — FAdH) with ~500 men.","Collapse of the State since 2021: assassination of President Moïse, gangs control 80% of Port-au-Prince.","MSS (Multinational Security Support Mission) led by Kenya deployed since June 2024 — 1,000 ground personnel, funded by the USA.","National Police (PNH) ~9,000 active civil servants — decimated by gangs (resignations, deaths, exile)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OEA (retrait de facto 2024)","CARICOM"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1771,"zee_km2":130480,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"notes":"Port-au-Prince (contrôle partiel gangs). Cap-Haïtien alternative.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**State in collapse**: no more Parliament, no more elected President since the assassination of Jovenel Moïse (July 2021).","**Presidential Transitional Council** installed April 2024 after the forced departure of PM Ariel Henry (blocked in Puerto Rico by gangs).","**Gangs control ~80% of Port-au-Prince** — “Viv Ansanm” coalition under Jimmy “Barbecue” Chérizier.","**MSS multinational security mission** (Kenya, Bahamas, others) deployed since June 2024, insufficient staffing.","Elections theoretically scheduled for February 2026 — likely postponement.","Poorest country in the Americas. ~5M in acute food insecurity."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2016-11-20","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Jovenel Moïse (PHTK, 55.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Moïse président 2017-2021 (assassiné le 7 juillet 2021). Ariel Henry PM (juillet 2021-mars 2024). Conseil présidentiel de transition + Alix Didier Fils-Aimé PM depuis nov. 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Haitian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Haitian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2015-10-25","type":"presidentielle_annulee","vainqueur":"Jovenel Moïse (PHTK, 32.8%) — 1er tour annulé pour fraudes","gouvernement_issu":"Nouveau scrutin en 2016. Aucune élection nationale depuis 2016 — Parlement dissous depuis 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Haitian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Haitian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"HN","iso3":"HND","slug":"honduras","nom_courant_fr":"Honduras","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Honduras","nom_officiel_local":"República de Honduras","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tegucigalpa","source":{"nom":"INE Honduras","url":"https://www.ine.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11005850,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hnd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":112492,"source":{"nom":"INE","url":"https://www.ine.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Community of Latin American and Caribbean States — 33 countries. Alternative to the OAS (without USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nasry Asfura","source":{"nom":"Présidence hondurienne","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidenta de la República","parti_id":"hn.pn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-01-27","source":{"nom":"TSE Honduras / Présidence","url":"https://www.tse.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu le 30 novembre 2025 avec 40,3% des voix, devant Salvador Nasralla (39,4%, PL) et Rixi Moncada (19,2%, Libre). Succède à Xiomara Castro. Ex-maire de Tegucigalpa.","notes_en":"Elected on November 30, 2025 with 40.3% of the votes, ahead of Salvador Nasralla (39.4%, PL) and Rixi Moncada (19.2%, Free). Succeeds Xiomara Castro. Former mayor of Tegucigalpa."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 4 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution hondurienne","url":"https://www.tsc.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nasry Asfura","source":{"nom":"Présidence hondurienne","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"hn.pn","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-01-27","source":{"nom":"TSE Honduras / Présidence","url":"https://www.tse.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu le 30 novembre 2025 avec 40,3% des voix, devant Salvador Nasralla (39,4%, PL) et Rixi Moncada (19,2%, Libre). Succède à Xiomara Castro. Ex-maire de Tegucigalpa.","notes_en":"Elected on November 30, 2025 with 40.3% of the votes, ahead of Salvador Nasralla (39.4%, PL) and Rixi Moncada (19.2%, Free). Succeeds Xiomara Castro. Former mayor of Tegucigalpa."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.tsc.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"hn.pn","sieges":44,"notes":"Nouvelle composition Congreso Nacional à confirmer.","source":{"nom":"TSE Honduras","url":"https://www.tse.hn/","date_donnee":"2025-11-30","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"New Congreso Nacional composition to be confirmed."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-01-27","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_honduras","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-01-27","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_honduras","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle monocamérale. Instabilité chronique — coup d'État 2009 contre Zelaya. Élection présidentielle prévue novembre 2025 (Castro non-réélligible).","explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral presidential republic. Chronic instability — 2009 coup against Zelaya. Presidential election scheduled for November 2025 (Castro not eligible for re-election)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Congreso Nacional","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":128,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 18 départements.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-11-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"hn.libre","sieges":50,"voix_pct":39.7},{"parti_id":"hn.pn","sieges":44,"voix_pct":34.4},{"parti_id":"hn.pl","sieges":22,"voix_pct":10.8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":12,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"TSE Honduras","url":"https://www.tse.hn/","date_donnee":"2021-11-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Single room.","mode_designation_en":"Proportional voting in 18 departments."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia","source":{"nom":"CSJ Honduras","url":"https://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 308","url":"https://www.tsc.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par le Congrès Nacional à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.tsc.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"7 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.tsc.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":40,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3607,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":41.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HND","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"19 July 2017","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"3 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":46.8},{"pays":"Salvador","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Guatemala","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Nicaragua","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":32.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Guatemala","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Salvador","part_pct":4}],"top_categories_export":["Vêtements (maquilas)","Café","Bananes","Huile de palme","Fruits de mer"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Alimentation","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café","rang_americain":4},{"produit":"Bananes","rang_mondial":7},{"produit":"Vêtements (maquilas)","rang_americain":3},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora US (~26% PIB)","rang_americain":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Honduras","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/hnd","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":19.5,"source":{"nom":"SEFIN","url":"https://www.sefin.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"SEFIN","url":"https://www.sefin.gob.hn/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"HNL","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":21.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2070,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie dynamique — âge médian 24 ans.","esperance_vie_femmes":75.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.5,"age_median":24.4,"indice_fecondite":2.48,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hnd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":238266,"deces_2025":49735,"solde_naturel_2025":188531},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (IHSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":6.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Couverture limitée (~20% actifs).","source":{"nom":"IHSS","url":"https://ihss.hn/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (IHSS)","description_en":"Limited coverage (~20% active)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.3,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Xiomara Castro : 1re femme présidente du Honduras. Épouse de l'ex-président Zelaya (déposé 2009).","Élection présidentielle prévue novembre 2025 — Castro non-réélligible.","Violence liée au narcotrafic, migration massive vers les USA.","JOH (Juan Orlando Hernández, ex-président PN) condamné aux USA en 2024 pour trafic de drogue."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Honduras","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=HN&ceid=HN:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":15900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":60000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.32,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":96,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-5E Tiger II","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"État opérationnel limité"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger III (retrait 2019)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"EMB-312 Tucano","quantite":10,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"chars":[{"nom":"Scorpion (retrait 2015)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Alvis","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni","notes":"Retirés."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"RG-31 Nyala","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"BAE Systems Land","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"M113A2","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"alliances_militaires":["OEA","SICA"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2000","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"UN"},{"pays":"Frontière avec El Salvador / Nicaragua","mission":"Sécurisation frontière + narco + Bukele régime","effectifs":4000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Border security + narcotics + Bukele regime","cadre_en":"National territory"}],"notes_speciales":["Économie très dépendante des remises USA (~25% PIB), armée fragile face aux maras (MS-13, Barrio 18).","Coopération USA JTF-Bravo (base Soto Cano) — anti-drogue historique."],"notes_speciales_en":["Economy very dependent on USA discounts (~25% GDP), fragile army facing the maras (MS-13, Barrio 18).","USA JTF-Bravo cooperation (Soto Cano base) — historic anti-drug."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OEA","SICA"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Xiomara Castro: 1st female president of Honduras. Wife of ex-president Zelaya (deposed 2009).","Presidential election scheduled for November 2025 — Castro not eligible for re-election.","Violence linked to drug trafficking, massive migration to the USA.","JOH (Juan Orlando Hernández, ex-PN president) sentenced in the USA in 2024 for drug trafficking."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-11-28","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Xiomara Castro (LIBRE, 51.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Xiomara Castro, présidente 2022-2026, première femme présidente du Honduras.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Honduran general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Honduran_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-11-26","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Juan Orlando Hernández (Partido Nacional, 42.9%, résultat contesté)","gouvernement_issu":"JOH, président 2018-2022 (extradé aux USA en 2022 pour trafic de drogue).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Honduran general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Honduran_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":823,"zee_km2":249555,"peche_annuelle_mt":15000,"notes":"Deux façades : Caraïbes (Mer des Caraïbes) et Pacifique (golfe de Fonseca). Pêche crevettière importante.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/honduras","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"HU","iso3":"HUN","slug":"hongrie","nom_courant_fr":"Hongrie","nom_officiel_fr":"Hongrie","nom_officiel_local":"Magyarország","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Budapest","source":{"nom":"KSH","url":"https://www.ksh.hu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":9514251,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hun","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":93030,"source":{"nom":"KSH","url":"https://www.ksh.hu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/hungary_fr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1990,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"András Baka","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2026 Hungarian presidential election / DW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Hungarian_presidential_election","date_donnee":"2026-08-11","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République (Köztársasági elnök)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-08-11","notes":"Ancien président de la Cour suprême de Hongrie, démis par Orbán en 2011. Élu par le Parlement à la majorité 2/3 sur proposition du parti Tisza après la destitution de Tamás Sulyok (amendement constitutionnel, 13 juillet 2026). Premier président non-Fidesz depuis 1995.","source":{"nom":"DW / Al Jazeera","url":"https://www.dw.com/en/hungarys-parliament-elects-orban-critic-as-new-president/a-78325589","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Former President of the Supreme Court of Hungary, dismissed by Orbán in 2011. Elected by Parliament by a 2/3 majority on the proposal of the Tisza party after the dismissal of Tamás Sulyok (constitutional amendment, July 13, 2026). First non-Fidesz president since 1995."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement (Országgyűlés) à la majorité des 2/3 aux deux premiers tours, majorité absolue au 3e tour. Mandat de 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution hongroise (Fundamental Law)","url":"https://njt.hu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Péter Magyar","source":{"nom":"Kormány.hu","url":"https://kormany.hu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre (Miniszterelnök)","parti_id":"hu.tisza","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-05-09","source":{"nom":"Kormány.hu","url":"https://kormany.hu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"**Fin de 16 ans de règne d'Orbán**. Ex-cadre du Fidesz devenu son principal opposant. Tisza a remporté 141 sièges sur 199 aux législatives du 12 avril 2026 (supermajorité).","notes_en":"**End of 16 years of Orbán rule**. Former Fidesz executive who became his main opponent. Tisza won 141 seats out of 199 in the legislative elections of April 12, 2026 (supermajority)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement à la majorité absolue sur proposition du Président de la République.","source":{"nom":"Constitution hongroise","url":"https://njt.hu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"hu.tisza","sieges":141,"notes":"Supermajorité constitutionnelle.","source":{"nom":"NVI","url":"https://www.valasztas.hu/","date_donnee":"2026-04-12","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Constitutional supermajority."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-05-09","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Magyar government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_government","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030","notes":"Prochaine échéance législative normale : 4 ans après avril 2026, donc printemps 2030.","source":{"nom":"Constitution hongroise","url":"https://njt.hu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":15,"notes":"Ordre de grandeur du gouvernement Magyar formé en mai 2026.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Magyar government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_government","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Ministres membres du Conseil des ministres."},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Régime parlementaire monocaméral. Le Premier ministre concentre le pouvoir exécutif ; le Président a un rôle largement protocolaire mais peut renvoyer une loi au Parlement ou à la Cour constitutionnelle. Système hybride contesté depuis 2010 sous Orbán (concentration exécutive, contrôle des institutions), désormais en phase de réforme sous Magyar.","source":{"nom":"Fundamental Law of Hungary","url":"https://njt.hu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"Unicameral parliamentary system. The Prime Minister concentrates executive power; the President has a largely ceremonial role but can refer a law to Parliament or the Constitutional Court. Hybrid system contested since 2010 under Orbán (executive concentration, control of institutions), now in the reform phase under Magyar."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Országgyűlés (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique. Vote la loi, la confiance au gouvernement, élit le Président et modifie la Constitution à la majorité des 2/3.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Système mixte : 106 sièges au scrutin majoritaire uninominal à un tour, 93 sièges au scrutin proportionnel de liste nationale (avec redistribution des restes des perdants aux uninominales). Seuil de 5% (partis) / 10-15% (coalitions).","source":{"nom":"Országgyűlés","url":"https://www.parlament.hu/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":5,"sieges_total":199,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au suffrage universel.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-04-12","distribution":[{"parti_id":"hu.tisza","sieges":141,"voix_pct":51.8},{"parti_id":"hu.fidesz","sieges":55,"voix_pct":34.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":3,"voix_pct":14}],"source":{"nom":"Nemzeti Választási Iroda","url":"https://www.valasztas.hu/","date_donnee":"2026-04-12","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Single room. Votes for the law, confidence in the government, elects the President and modifies the Constitution by a 2/3 majority.","mode_designation_en":"Direct election by universal suffrage."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Alkotmánybíróság (Cour constitutionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Alkotmánybíróság","url":"https://alkotmanybirosag.hu/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Alkotmánybíróság","url":"https://alkotmanybirosag.hu/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par le Parlement à la majorité des 2/3, sur proposition d'une commission parlementaire.","source":{"nom":"Loi CLI de 2011 sur la Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://alkotmanybirosag.hu/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable. Retraite obligatoire à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Loi CLI de 2011","url":"https://alkotmanybirosag.hu/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Composition entièrement remplacée sous Fidesz 2010-2020 par nomination à la majorité qualifiée que le parti détenait seul. Indépendance contestée. Le nouveau gouvernement Tisza a désormais aussi la majorité 2/3 mais la composition actuelle reste largement héritée de Fidesz.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"both"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":247,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":25826,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":75.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-4.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/HUN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"11 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 December 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba1","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"30 December 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":5.65,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/HUN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":24.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":5.9},{"pays":"Slovaquie","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":21.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":6},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.3}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile et pièces","Machines et équipements","Électronique","Produits pharmaceutiques","Agroalimentaire"],"top_categories_import":["Machines et équipements","Hydrocarbures","Automobile et pièces","Composants électroniques","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (sous-traitance)","rang_europeen":7,"notes":"Usines Audi (Győr), Mercedes-Benz (Kecskemét), BMW (Debrecen), Suzuki (Esztergom)."},{"produit":"Pharmacie (Richter, Egis)","rang_europeen":6},{"produit":"Agriculture (foie gras, paprika, vins Tokaji)","notes":"Productions traditionnelles renommées."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Hungary","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/hun","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":42.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.8,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"HUF","annee_exercice":2025},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2026-04-12","type":"legislative","participation_pct":74.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"hu.tisza","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Péter Magyar (Tisza), investi le 9 mai 2026.","notes":"Fin de 16 ans de règne d'Orbán. Participation record depuis la transition démocratique. Tisza obtient une majorité qualifiée à elle seule (141/199 > 2/3).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Hungarian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2022-04-03","type":"legislative","participation_pct":69.5,"vainqueur_parti_id":"hu.fidesz_kdnp","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Orbán V (Fidesz-KDNP, 4e majorité qualifiée consécutive).","source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR","url":"https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2018-04-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":70.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"hu.fidesz_kdnp","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Orbán IV.","source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR","url":"https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2014-04-06","type":"legislative","participation_pct":61.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"hu.fidesz_kdnp","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Orbán III.","source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR","url":"https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2010-04-11","type":"legislative","participation_pct":64.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"hu.fidesz_kdnp","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Orbán II — début de la « révolution constitutionnelle » Fidesz.","source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR","url":"https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Fin d'un cycle politique de 16 ans : Viktor Orbán (Fidesz) au pouvoir 2010-2026, défait par Péter Magyar (Tisza, PPE) aux élections d'avril 2026.","Institutions démocratiques héritées de la période Orbán — indépendance judiciaire, contrôle des médias, système électoral — sont en cours de révision par le nouveau gouvernement.","Cour constitutionnelle et Cour suprême encore majoritairement composées de juges nommés sous Fidesz.","Article 7 TUE — procédure ouverte en 2018 par le Parlement européen sur l'État de droit ; futur incertain sous le nouveau gouvernement.","V-Dem : la Hongrie était classée « electoral autocracy » sous Orbán. Le classement 2025 (données 2024) précède le changement de pouvoir ; une remontée est probable dans les prochaines mises à jour."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.36,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Score et catégorisation antérieurs au changement de gouvernement de mai 2026. Le Parlement européen déclarait en septembre 2022 que la Hongrie ne pouvait plus être considérée comme une démocratie pleine. La trajectoire post-2026 sous Magyar reste à documenter dans les prochaines évaluations.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Score and categorization prior to the change of government in May 2026. The European Parliament declared in September 2022 that Hungary could no longer be considered a full democracy. The post-2026 trajectory under Magyar remains to be documented in future assessments."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Hongrie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=hu&gl=HU&ceid=HU:hu","langue":"hu"},{"nom":"Telex.hu","url_rss":"https://telex.hu/rss","langue":"hu"},{"nom":"HVG","url_rss":"https://hvg.hu/rss","langue":"hu"},{"nom":"Daily News Hungary","url_rss":"https://dailynewshungary.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1981,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1981 — l'un des plus longs déclins démographiques d'Europe. Politiques natalistes agressives du gouvernement Orbán 2010-2026 sans effet majeur.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":73.7,"age_median":44.1,"indice_fecondite":1.41,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/hun","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":78017,"deces_2025":127491,"solde_naturel_2025":-49474},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (2e pilier de capitalisation nationalisé en 2010-2011)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":28,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":78,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans. Cotisation 28% (18,5% employeur + 10% salarié). Le 2e pilier obligatoire créé en 1998 a été nationalisé sous Orbán en 2010-2011 (transfert de ~11 Md$ vers le budget étatique).","source":{"nom":"ONYF / OCDE","url":"https://onyf.allamkincstar.gov.hu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Distribution (2nd pillar of capitalization nationalized in 2010-2011)","description_en":"Legal age 65. Contribution 28% (18.5% employer + 10% employee). The obligatory 2nd pillar created in 1998 was nationalized under Orbán in 2010-2011 (transfer of ~$11 billion to the state budget)."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":37650,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":20000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":54,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","UE (relations tendues)","V4 (Visegrád)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A7HU (livraison en cours)","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A7HU","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Livraisons 2022-2025."},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4HU","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"T-72M1 (retrait 2015)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"JAS 39 Gripen C/D","quantite":14,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"JAS 39C/D Gripen (location Suède 2006-2036)","quantite":14,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"MiG-29 (retrait 2010)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retirés."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Lynx KF41 (commande 2020)","quantite":46,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"218 exemplaires — 172 produits sur place"},{"nom":"BTR-80A","quantite":391,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1994,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"GAZ Group","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"KF41 Lynx (contrat 2020 — livraisons 2023-2029)","quantite":218,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Allemagne / Hongrie","fabricant":"Rheinmetall / Rheinmetall Hungary","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Hongrie"},{"nom":"BTR-80/80A","quantite":458,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Arzamas Machine Plant","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Ejder Yalçın 4×4 (annoncé)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Nurol Makina","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PzH 2000 (commande 2018)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"PzH 2000 155mm (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2023-2028)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW / Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"D-20 152mm","quantite":90,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bogdan 155mm (livraisons 2027-2028 — projet MOD)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Ukraine/Hongrie","fabricant":"Ukroboronprom","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine","notes":"À confirmer."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"H145M (Airbus)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"H225M Caracal","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Mi-17/24","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Mil / Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie","notes":"Retrait progressif"},{"nom":"H225M Caracal","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Mi-17 / Mi-8","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan / Mil","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-24 / Mi-35M","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol / Mil","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"KC-390 Millennium (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2024-2026)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"An-26","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Antonov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine","notes":"Retrait progressif."},{"nom":"Airbus A319 (transport VIP)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"NASAMS 3 (contrat 2020 — livraisons 2023-2025)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mistral 3","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"2K12 Kub","quantite":16,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retrait en cours."}],"drones":[{"nom":"Elbit Hermes 900","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR — Hongrie commande KFOR depuis octobre 2021","effectifs":460,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR — Hungary has ordered KFOR since October 2021","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":190,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":210,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Mission Iraq — instructors","cadre_en":"NATO"},{"pays":"Slovaquie","mission":"NATO Vigilance Activity","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Vigilance Activity","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (petit contingent)","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL (petit contingent)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Tchad","mission":"Mission bilatérale hongroise (2023-2024)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Mission bilatérale hongroise (2023-2024)","cadre_en":"Bilateral"}],"notes_speciales":["Programme Zrínyi 2026 — modernisation totale de la Défense hongroise 2020-2030 (~11 Md€).","Achats massifs 2020-2024 : Lynx KF41 (Rheinmetall), Leopard 2A7, PzH 2000, H145M, H225M, NASAMS, KC-390.","Coopération étroite avec la Turquie (Ejder Yalçın), Israël (Hermes 900), Corée du Sud (K9 envisagé).","Bloqueur diplomatique OTAN : Orbán retarde adhésion Suède (levée février 2024) et Ukraine (opposition maintenue)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Zrínyi 2026 Program — total modernization of Hungarian Defense 2020-2030 (~€11 billion).","Massive purchases 2020-2024: Lynx KF41 (Rheinmetall), Leopard 2A7, PzH 2000, H145M, H225M, NASAMS, KC-390.","Close cooperation with Turkey (Ejder Yalçın), Israel (Hermes 900), South Korea (K9 envisaged).","NATO diplomatic blocker: Orbán delays accession to Sweden (lifted in February 2024) and Ukraine (opposition maintained)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","EU (strained relations)","V4 (Visegrád)"]},"notes_speciales_en":["End of a 16-year political cycle: Viktor Orbán (Fidesz) in power 2010-2026, defeated by Péter Magyar (Tisza, EPP) in the April 2026 elections.","Democratic institutions inherited from the Orbán period – judicial independence, media control, electoral system – are being revised by the new government.","Constitutional Court and Supreme Court still mainly composed of judges appointed under Fidesz.","Article 7 TEU — procedure opened in 2018 by the European Parliament on the rule of law; uncertain future under the new government.","V-Dem: Hungary was classified as “electoral autocracy” under Orbán. The 2025 ranking (2024 data) precedes the change of power; an increase is likely in the next updates."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"MH","iso3":"MHL","slug":"iles-marshall","nom_courant_fr":"Îles Marshall","nom_officiel_fr":"République des Îles Marshall","nom_officiel_local":"Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ / Republic of the Marshall Islands","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Majuro","source":{"nom":"RMI Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office","url":"https://rmi-data.sdd.spc.int/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":42000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/MH","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"1 200 îles et îlots sur 29 atolls et 5 îles isolées.","notes_en":"1,200 islands and islets on 29 atolls and 5 isolated islands."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":181,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"ZEE 2 M km².","notes_en":"EEZ 2 M km²."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1991","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1987,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1987","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Compact of Free Association","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1986,"notes":"Accord d'association libre avec les USA. Renouvelé 2024. Base militaire américaine à Kwajalein (Reagan Test Site).","source":{"nom":"US Department of State — COFA","url":"https://www.state.gov/","date_donnee":"1986","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Free Association Agreement with the USA. Renewed 2024. US military base at Kwajalein (Reagan Test Site)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hilda Heine","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of the RMI","url":"https://rmigovernment.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Présidente (chef d'État et de gouvernement)","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-03","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of the RMI","url":"https://rmigovernment.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"parti_id":"mh.aka"},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hilda Heine (Présidente cumulée)","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of the RMI","url":"https://rmigovernment.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-03","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of the RMI","url":"https://rmigovernment.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élue Présidente par le Parlement en janvier 2024 pour un 2e mandat non consécutif (déjà Présidente 2016-2020, première femme du Pacifique à ce niveau). Docteure en éducation. A signé le COFA renouvelé.","notes_en":"Élue Présidente par le Parlement en janvier 2024 pour un 2e mandat non consécutif (déjà Présidente 2016-2020, première femme du Pacifique à ce niveau). Docteure en éducation. A signé le COFA renouvelé."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mh.indep","sieges":33,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Marshall Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Marshall_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-01-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of iles-marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_iles_marshall","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-01-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of iles-marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_iles_marshall","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Îles Marshall : république parlementaire — Présidente élue par le Nitijela (Parlement) parmi ses membres pour un mandat de 4 ans. Cumule chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Deuxième chambre consultative (Conseil des Iroij, chefs coutumiers) sans pouvoir législatif.","explication_concrete_en":"Marshall Islands: parliamentary republic — President elected by the Nitijela (Parliament) from among its members for a term of 4 years. Combines head of state and head of government. Second consultative chamber (Council of Iroij, customary chiefs) without legislative power."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Nitijela","sieges_total":33,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le président parmi ses membres. Vote la loi et le budget.","mode_designation":"Élection au suffrage universel direct dans 19 circonscriptions (majoritaire) et 5 circonscriptions à sièges multiples.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-11-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mh.indep","sieges":33}],"notes":"Absence de partis politiques structurés — tous les membres sont techniquement indépendants, les alliances (faction Kessai Note vs faction Heine) se forment après l'élection.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Marshallese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Marshall_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême des Îles Marshall (Supreme Court)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of the Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Marshall_Islands","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of the Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Marshall_Islands","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Cabinet sur avis du Judicial Service Commission, confirmés par le Nitijela.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of the Marshall Islands","url":"https://rmiparliament.org/cms/constitution.html","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Mandat à vie jusqu'à retraite obligatoire à 72 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of the Marshall Islands, Article VI","url":"https://rmiparliament.org/cms/constitution.html","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Appointed by the Cabinet with the approval of the Nitijela, on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"For life.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Review of constitutionality by the Supreme Court under the 1979 Constitution."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.28,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6550,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via 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du Compact of Free Association (renouvelé en 2023 pour 20 ans).","Base de l'US Army à Kwajalein (Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site) — site stratégique majeur d'essais de missiles balistiques."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":370,"zee_km2":1990000,"peche_annuelle_mt":27000,"notes":"Zone économique exclusive parmi les plus grandes au monde (près de 2 M km²). Économie dépendante des licences de pêche thonière vendues aux flottes étrangères (~$30M/an).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Marshall Islands EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/584","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Système de sécurité sociale contributif calqué sur le modèle américain","age_legal":60,"description":"Marshall Islands Social Security Administration (MISSA), créée en 1968. Cotisations employé + employeur, pension calculée sur la base des salaires. 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Fécondité tombée sous le seuil de remplacement (2,00 en 2024).","esperance_vie_femmes":73.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.7,"age_median":29.2,"indice_fecondite":1.96,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ind","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":23394035,"deces_2025":9642482,"solde_naturel_2025":13751553},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"EPF (capitalisation obligatoire) + NPS","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":24,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système EPF (capitalisation obligatoire) + NPS. Cotisation 24%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"EPF (capitalisation obligatoire) + NPS","description_en":"Système EPF (capitalisation obligatoire) + NPS. Cotisation 24%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.32,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"**V-Dem classe l'Inde comme autocratie électorale depuis 2020** — chute rapide depuis 2014 (arrivée de Modi).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"**V-Dem classe l'Inde comme autocratie électorale depuis 2020** — chute rapide depuis 2014 (arrivée de Modi)."},"notes_speciales":["**Pays le plus peuplé au monde depuis 2023** (dépasse la Chine).","Modi 3e mandat depuis juin 2024 — mais **BJP a perdu la majorité absolue** (240 sièges sur 272 requis). Coalition NDA nécessaire.","Alliance INDIA (Congrès + 27 partis) opposition renforcée — Rahul Gandhi principal opposant.","**V-Dem : passage en autocratie électorale depuis 2020** — recul démocratique majeur.","Puissance nucléaire (~170 têtes). Tensions permanentes avec Pakistan (Cachemire).","Marché boursier (BSE) : 5e mondial en capitalisation.","Programme spatial : Chandrayaan-3 alunit au pôle Sud (2023 — 1re mondiale).","Hindouisme politique (« Hindutva ») : minorités musulmanes (14%) sous pression croissante."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Inde","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=IN&ceid=IN:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1461000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1155000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":2527000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":86.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":4,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":180,"alliances_militaires":["QUAD","BRICS","OCS","QUAD (partenaire)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-90MS / Bhishma","quantite":1200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod (licence Inde HVF Avadi)","pays_fabricant":"Russie/Inde"},{"nom":"Arjun Mk-1A","quantite":118,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"CVRDE / Heavy Vehicles Factory Avadi (DRDO)","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"T-72M1 Ajeya","quantite":2400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"HVF Avadi (licence URSS)","pays_fabricant":"Inde/URSS"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Rafale IAF (F3-R)","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Su-30MKI","quantite":260,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Russie/Inde","fabricant":"HAL (licence Sukhoi/Irkut)","pays_fabricant":"Inde/Russie"},{"nom":"HAL Tejas Mk1/Mk1A","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"MiG-29 UPG","quantite":65,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG (upgraded en Inde)","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000H (upgradé)","quantite":45,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation (upgrade Inde)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"MiG-21 Bison","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"URSS","notes":"Retrait imminent","fabricant":"HAL (licence MiG)","pays_fabricant":"Inde/URSS"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-avions INS Vikrant (IAC-1)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Cochin Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Porte-avions INS Vikramaditya","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"URSS mod. Russie","fabricant":"Sevmash (rénov. ex-Baku URSS)","pays_fabricant":"URSS mod. Russie"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Visakhapatnam (P-15B)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Kolkata (P-15A)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Mazagon Dock","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Nilgiri (P-17A)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Mazagon Dock + GRSE","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Shivalik (P-17)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Mazagon Dock","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Talwar (russe importée)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Yantar Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"SNLE INS Arihant / Arighat","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Ship Building Centre Visakhapatnam (DRDO/BARC)","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Sous-marins Scorpène classe Kalvari","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"France/Inde","fabricant":"Mazagon Dock (licence Naval Group)","pays_fabricant":"France/Inde"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9 Vajra-T (licence Corée du Sud)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Inde","fabricant":"Larsen & Toubro (licence Hanwha)","pays_fabricant":"Inde/Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Dhanush 155mm","quantite":118,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Inde (mod. Bofors FH-77B)","fabricant":"Ordnance Factory Board (Munitions India Ltd)","pays_fabricant":"Inde"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-400 Triumf (livraisons Russie 2021+)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MRSAM / Barak-8 (co-dev Inde-Israël)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Inde/Israël","fabricant":"DRDO + IAI","pays_fabricant":"Inde/Israël"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"HAL Prachand (LCH)","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"HAL Rudra (armé Dhruv)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"HAL","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Mi-17V-5 (livrés Russie)","quantite":150,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AH-64E Apache (Armée de terre commande 2020)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CH-47F Chinook","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-17A Globemaster III","quantite":11,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Il-76MD Gajraj","quantite":17,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Aviastar-SP","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"C-295W (contrat Tata-Airbus)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Espagne/Inde","fabricant":"Airbus + Tata Advanced Systems","pays_fabricant":"Espagne/Inde","notes":"56 exemplaires — 40 assemblés Vadodara"}]},"doctrine_nucleaire":"Doctrine officielle « No First Use » (NFU) 2003 — mais **ambiguïté croissante** (déclarations Rajnath Singh 2019 : « avenir dépend circonstances »). Cible : dissuasion crédible minimale contre Pakistan et Chine (dissuasion asymétrique double). Triade complète depuis 2018 avec SNLE INS Arihant + Arighat. Modernisation : Agni-P (MRBM), Agni-V (ICBM, testé 2018), K-4 (SLBM 3500 km), Agni-VI en développement (portée 8000+ km).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (contingent indien — génie et infanterie)","effectifs":900,"depuis":"1998","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL (contingent indien — génie et infanterie)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO (bataillon indien Sud-Kivu)","effectifs":1888,"depuis":"2005","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO (bataillon indien Sud-Kivu)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS (bataillon indien)","effectifs":2364,"depuis":"2005","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS (bataillon indien)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Golan","mission":"UNDOF (contingent logistique)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNDOF (contingent logistique)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO (observateurs)","effectifs":6,"depuis":"1994","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO (observateurs)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Bhoutan","mission":"Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT)","effectifs":1000,"depuis":"1961","cadre":"Bilatéral (formation)","mission_en":"Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral (formation)"},{"pays":"Îles Andaman-et-Nicobar","mission":"Andaman & Nicobar Command (commandement tri-services)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2001","cadre":"Territoire national — projection Indo-Pacifique","mission_en":"Andaman & Nicobar Command (commandement tri-services)","cadre_en":"Territoire national — projection Indo-Pacifique"},{"pays":"Maldives","mission":"Aide militaire et hélicoptères MI-17 (retrait négocié 2024)","effectifs":90,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"Bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"Aide militaire et hélicoptères MI-17 (retrait négocié 2024)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Tadjikistan","mission":"Base aérienne d'Aïni (accès limité, coopération)","effectifs":50,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Base aérienne d'Aïni (accès limité, coopération)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["Puissance nucléaire depuis 1974 (« Smiling Buddha ») ; doctrine No First Use officielle depuis 2003.","Triade nucléaire complète depuis la mise en service des SSBN classe *Arihant* (2016-2024).","Plus grand contributeur historique aux OMP de l'ONU (>253 000 casques bleus depuis 1950).","Programme d'indigénisation *Aatmanirbhar Bharat* (2020-) — rupture progressive avec l'importation russe (Su-30MKI, T-90) au profit de HAL Tejas, LCA/AMCA, INS Vikrant.","Rivalités actives avec Pakistan (Cachemire, doctrine « Cold Start ») et Chine (Ladakh, escalade 2020-2022 à Galwan/Depsang)."],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Doctrine officielle « No First Use » (NFU) 2003 — mais **ambiguïté croissante** (déclarations Rajnath Singh 2019 : « avenir dépend circonstances »). Cible : dissuasion crédible minimale contre Pakistan et Chine (dissuasion asymétrique double). Triade complète depuis 2018 avec SNLE INS Arihant + Arighat. Modernisation : Agni-P (MRBM), Agni-V (ICBM, testé 2018), K-4 (SLBM 3500 km), Agni-VI en développement (portée 8000+ km).","notes_speciales_en":["Puissance nucléaire depuis 1974 (« Smiling Buddha ») ; doctrine No First Use officielle depuis 2003.","Triade nucléaire complète depuis la mise en service des SSBN classe *Arihant* (2016-2024).","Plus grand contributeur historique aux OMP de l'ONU (>253 000 casques bleus depuis 1950).","Programme d'indigénisation *Aatmanirbhar Bharat* (2020-) — rupture progressive avec l'importation russe (Su-30MKI, T-90) au profit de HAL Tejas, LCA/AMCA, INS Vikrant.","Rivalités actives avec Pakistan (Cachemire, doctrine « Cold Start ») et Chine (Ladakh, escalade 2020-2022 à Galwan/Depsang)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["QUAD","BRICS","OCS","QUAD (partner)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":7517,"zee_km2":2305143,"pib_maritime_pct":4,"pib_maritime_md_usd":149,"flotte_marchande_navires":1400,"peche_annuelle_mt":5.8,"peche_annuelle_rang":3,"notes":"Sagarmala : plan modernisation ports (60 Md USD, 2015-2030). Mumbai/JNPT 26ᵉ port conteneurs mondial. Océan Indien : rivalité stratégique avec Chine (Chagos, Îles Nicobar).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Pays le plus peuplé au monde depuis 2023** (dépasse la Chine).","Modi 3e mandat depuis juin 2024 — mais **BJP a perdu la majorité absolue** (240 sièges sur 272 requis). Coalition NDA nécessaire.","Alliance INDIA (Congrès + 27 partis) opposition renforcée — Rahul Gandhi principal opposant.","**V-Dem : passage en autocratie électorale depuis 2020** — recul démocratique majeur.","Puissance nucléaire (~170 têtes). Tensions permanentes avec Pakistan (Cachemire).","Marché boursier (BSE) : 5e mondial en capitalisation.","Programme spatial : Chandrayaan-3 alunit au pôle Sud (2023 — 1re mondiale).","Hindouisme politique (« Hindutva ») : minorités musulmanes (14%) sous pression croissante."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-04-19","type":"legislative","participation_pct":66.1,"vainqueur":"NDA (Alliance nationale démocratique menée par le BJP, 293 sièges sur 543 — dont BJP 240)","gouvernement_issu":"Narendra Modi, 3ᵉ mandat consécutif de PM (juin 2024), majorité fragile pour la première fois.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Indian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-04-11","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"NDA (BJP-led, 353 sièges — dont BJP 303, majorité absolue)","gouvernement_issu":"Narendra Modi, 2ᵉ mandat 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Indian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"ID","iso3":"IDN","slug":"indonesie","nom_courant_fr":"Indonésie","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Indonésie","nom_officiel_local":"Republik Indonesia","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Jakarta (transfert vers Nusantara en cours)","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":285721236,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/idn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1904569,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1950,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2025,"notes":"Adhésion pleine confirmée janvier 2025.","source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Adhésion pleine confirmée janvier 2025."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Prabowo Subianto","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"id.gerindra","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-10-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-général, ex-gendre de Suharto (dictateur 1967-98). 3e tentative — a battu Anies Baswedan et Ganjar Pranowo (58,6%).","notes_en":"Ex-général, ex-gendre de Suharto (dictateur 1967-98). 3e tentative — a battu Anies Baswedan et Ganjar Pranowo (58,6%)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Prabowo Subianto (régime présidentiel — pas de PM)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Le Président cumule chef d'État et gouvernement","parti_id":"id.gerindra","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-10-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"id.pdip","sieges":110,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"id.golkar","sieges":102,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"id.gerindra","sieges":86,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"id.pkb","sieges":68,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"id.nasdem","sieges":69,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-10-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of indonesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_indonesie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-10-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of indonesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_indonesie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle unitaire. Plus grand pays musulman au monde (~87% de musulmans). Décentralisation avancée depuis 1999. Prabowo : coalition « super-large » avec 7 partis (~80% Assemblée).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle unitaire. Plus grand pays musulman au monde (~87% de musulmans). Décentralisation avancée depuis 1999. Prabowo : coalition « super-large » avec 7 partis (~80% Assemblée)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR — Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":580,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-02-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"id.pdip","sieges":110,"voix_pct":16.7},{"parti_id":"id.golkar","sieges":102,"voix_pct":15.3},{"parti_id":"id.gerindra","sieges":86,"voix_pct":13.2},{"parti_id":"id.pkb","sieges":68,"voix_pct":10.6},{"parti_id":"id.nasdem","sieges":69,"voix_pct":9.7},{"parti_id":"id.pks","sieges":53,"voix_pct":8.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":92,"voix_pct":26.1}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Mahkamah Konstitusi","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 3 par le DPR, 3 par la Cour suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1446,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5082,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":41,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"31 May 2019","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"4 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa2","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"5 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.9},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":10},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.1},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":5.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":28.9},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":5.2}],"top_categories_export":["Charbon","Huile de palme (1er mondial)","Nickel (transformé)","Or","Fer"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Fer","Automobile","Semi-conducteurs"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Huile de palme","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~59% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Nickel","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~50% de la production mondiale (batteries EV)."},{"produit":"Charbon","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Café Robusta","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Étain","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":7}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Indonésie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/idn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.6,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":18,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"IDR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2065,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":73.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.2,"age_median":30.2,"indice_fecondite":2.12,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/idn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":4503538,"deces_2025":2178339,"solde_naturel_2025":2325199},"retraites":{"age_legal":58,"age_taux_plein":58,"systeme_type":"Répartition (BPJS)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":3,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition (BPJS). Cotisation 3%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (BPJS)","description_en":"Système Répartition (BPJS). Cotisation 3%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.42,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul depuis 2019, arrivée Prabowo suscite inquiétudes.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul depuis 2019, arrivée Prabowo suscite inquiétudes."},"notes_speciales":["Prabowo Subianto président depuis octobre 2024 — après 25 ans de tentatives et interdiction visa US (violations droits humains).","Gibran Rakabuming (fils de Jokowi, 37 ans) vice-président — succession de facto.","Nouvelle capitale Nusantara (Bornéo) en construction depuis 2022 — coût estimé 33 Md$.","4e pays le plus peuplé au monde après Inde, Chine et USA.","Économie du nickel : bénéficie de la transition EV. Bans US 2024 sur nickel indonésien lié Chine.","BRICS depuis janvier 2025.","Coalition « super-large » Prabowo (7 partis) = ~80% Assemblée — inquiétudes démocratiques."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Indonésie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=id&gl=ID&ceid=ID:id","langue":"id"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":395500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":400000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":280000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":9.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":13,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN","BRICS","Défense conjointe FPDA (avec Malaisie, Singapour, UK, Australie)","FPDA (avec Malaisie, Singapour, UK, Australie)","Partenariat élargi avec les USA (2023) et la Chine"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2RI (Leopard 2A4 mod. Rheinmetall)","quantite":61,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Rheinmetall (rev. KMW)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"AMX-13 (retiré)","quantite":275,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"France","fabricant":"AMX","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4 (modernisé RI/PSO)","quantite":61,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4+ (\"Revolution\")","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Harimau (Kaplan MT)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Indonésie / Turquie","fabricant":"Pindad / FNSS","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie / Turquie"},{"nom":"AMX-13 (rénové)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT / Nexter","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Rafale F4 (commande 2022 — 42)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Su-27SKM / Su-30MK2","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"F-16A/B Block 15 + F-16C/D Block 52","quantite":33,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KF-21 Boramae (co-développement)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Indonésie","fabricant":"KAI + PT Dirgantara","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud/Indonésie"},{"nom":"F-16A/B Block 15 / C/D Block 52ID","quantite":33,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Su-27SKM / Su-30MK2","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KnAAPO / Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Rafale F4 (livraisons 2026-2029)","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Contrat 2022, premières livraisons prévues fin 2026."},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger II","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retrait annoncé."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Merah Putih (base Iver Huitfeldt)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Danemark/Indonésie","fabricant":"PT PAL + Odense Maritime","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie/Danemark"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Bung Tomo (ex-Nakhoda Ragam UK)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2014,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Martadinata (SIGMA 10514)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Pays-Bas/Indonésie","fabricant":"Damen + PT PAL","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas/Indonésie"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Sigma 10514 Martadinata","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Pays-Bas / Indonésie","fabricant":"Damen / PT PAL","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Ahmad Yani (Van Speijk)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"Damen Schelde","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Bung Karno","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Indonésie","fabricant":"PT Karimun Anugrah Sejati","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Parchim (Kapitan Patimura)","quantite":16,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"RDA (occasion)","fabricant":"Peene-Werft","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Nagapasa (Chang Bogo licence Corée)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"DSME + PT PAL","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud/Indonésie"},{"nom":"Sous-marin Cakra (Type 209)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Cakra (Type 209)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Nagapasa (DSME 209/1400)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Corée du Sud / Indonésie","fabricant":"DSME / PT PAL","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Anoa (Pandur clone)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Indonésie / Autriche","fabricant":"Pindad","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie"},{"nom":"Komodo 4×4","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Indonésie","fabricant":"Pindad","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie"},{"nom":"BTR-4M (Marines)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Kharkiv Morozov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"CAESAR 155mm 6×6","quantite":37,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"M109A4 155mm","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"États-Unis / Belgique","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Astros II MLRS","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Avibras","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130B/H Hercules","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A400M Atlas (2 exemplaires livrés 2025)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne / France / Allemagne / UK"},{"nom":"CN-235","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Indonésie / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus / IPTN / PT DI","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie / Espagne"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AS332 Super Puma","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis / Canada","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"NASAMS-2","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis"},{"nom":"Skyshield 35mm","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Rheinmetall Air Defence","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Starstreak (MANPADS)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Thales UK","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"}],"drones":[{"nom":"CH-4B","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"ANKA-S (indonésien-turc)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie / Indonésie","fabricant":"TAI / PT DI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie / Indonésie"},{"nom":"Elbit Hermes 900","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL — contingent Garuda XXVI","effectifs":1230,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL — contingent Garuda XXVI","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO (Formed Police Unit)","effectifs":140,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO (Formed Police Unit)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":220,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS (Formed Police Unit)","effectifs":140,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS (Formed Police Unit)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Plus grand archipel du monde (17 000 îles) — défense navale et aérienne prioritaire, 6 000 km d'axe est-ouest.","Politique de « libre et actif » — non-aligné, équidistant USA/Chine/Russie.","Modernisation majeure : achat de 42 Rafale F4 (contrat 2022, livraisons 2026-2029), sous-marins Scorpène (option), 24 F-15EX possibles.","Programme national KFX/IFX (chasseur 4,5ᵉ génération) en coopération avec la Corée du Sud — participation suspendue en 2024 pour arriérés de paiement.","Zone de tension : mer de Chine méridionale (îles Natuna Nord), incidents avec les garde-côtes chinois depuis 2019."],"notes_speciales_en":["Plus grand archipel du monde (17 000 îles) — défense navale et aérienne prioritaire, 6 000 km d'axe est-ouest.","Politique de « libre et actif » — non-aligné, équidistant USA/Chine/Russie.","Modernisation majeure : achat de 42 Rafale F4 (contrat 2022, livraisons 2026-2029), sous-marins Scorpène (option), 24 F-15EX possibles.","Programme national KFX/IFX (chasseur 4,5ᵉ génération) en coopération avec la Corée du Sud — participation suspendue en 2024 pour arriérés de paiement.","Zone de tension : mer de Chine méridionale (îles Natuna Nord), incidents avec les garde-côtes chinois depuis 2019."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ASEAN","BRICS","Joint defense FPDA (with Malaysia, Singapore, UK, Australia)","FPDA (with Malaysia, Singapore, UK, Australia)","Expanded partnership with the USA (2023) and China"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"sunda","nom":"Détroit de la Sonde","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (ID)","importance_globale":"Alternative à Malacca pour les navires trop grands (VLCC, ULCC). Profondeur limitée (~20 m à certains endroits), risques sismiques et volcaniques (Krakatoa).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":3600},"menace_principale":"Éruption du volcan Anak Krakatoa (2018 tsunami — 400 morts). Piraterie résiduelle. Verrouillage possible par l'Indonésie en cas de conflit."},{"id":"lombok","nom":"Détroit de Lombok","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (ID)","importance_globale":"2ᵉ alternative principale à Malacca pour supertankers. Profondeur suffisante pour tous types de navires. Rôle croissant depuis 2010.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":3800},"menace_principale":"Piraterie faible. Contrôle indonésien total, risque de fermeture en cas de conflit."},{"id":"malacca","nom":"Détroit de Malacca","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (MY, SG, ID)","importance_globale":"Route maritime la plus fréquentée au monde. Point de passage majeur du commerce Est-Ouest : Moyen-Orient/Afrique → Chine/Japon/Corée. Chine dépend à ~80% de son pétrole importé via ce détroit (« dilemme de Malacca »).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":94000,"petrole_mb_j":16,"conteneurs_muid":22,"pct_commerce_mondial":25,"pct_petrole_mondial":25},"menace_principale":"Piraterie historique (en forte baisse depuis 2005 via patrouilles MSSP tripartites Malaisie-Singapour-Indonésie), tensions Chine-USA autour de la Mer de Chine méridionale en cas de conflit."},{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":54716,"zee_km2":6159032,"pib_maritime_pct":6.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":88,"flotte_marchande_navires":11500,"flotte_marchande_rang":4,"peche_annuelle_mt":7.5,"peche_annuelle_rang":2,"notes":"2ᵉ plus longue côte mondiale (avec 17 000 îles). ZEE 6,2 M km² (3ᵉ mondial). 2ᵉ producteur pêche mondial. Malacca-Sunda-Lombok stratégiques.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Prabowo Subianto président depuis octobre 2024 — après 25 ans de tentatives et interdiction visa US (violations droits humains).","Gibran Rakabuming (fils de Jokowi, 37 ans) vice-président — succession de facto.","Nouvelle capitale Nusantara (Bornéo) en construction depuis 2022 — coût estimé 33 Md$.","4e pays le plus peuplé au monde après Inde, Chine et USA.","Économie du nickel : bénéficie de la transition EV. Bans US 2024 sur nickel indonésien lié Chine.","BRICS depuis janvier 2025.","Coalition « super-large » Prabowo (7 partis) = ~80% Assemblée — inquiétudes démocratiques."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-02-14","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":81.8,"vainqueur":"Prabowo Subianto (Gerindra, 58.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Prabowo Subianto, président depuis oct. 2024 avec Gibran Rakabuming (fils de Jokowi) VP.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Indonesian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-04-17","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Joko Widodo (PDI-P, 55.5%)","gouvernement_issu":"Jokowi, 2ᵉ mandat 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Indonesian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"IQ","iso3":"IRQ","slug":"irak","nom_courant_fr":"Irak","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Irak","nom_officiel_local":"Jumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bagdad","source":{"nom":"COSIT","url":"https://cosit.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":47020774,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irq","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":438317,"source":{"nom":"COSIT","url":"https://cosit.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nizar Amidi","source":{"nom":"Présidence irakienne","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"iq.puk","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-04-15","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Kurde (UPK). Convention maintenue : présidence toujours attribuée à un Kurde. Succède à Abdul Latif Rashid.","notes_en":"Kurde (UPK). Convention maintenue : présidence toujours attribuée à un Kurde. Succède à Abdul Latif Rashid."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Constitution 2005","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ali al-Zaidi","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement irakien","url":"https://gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"iq.ccf","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-05-14","source":{"nom":"Gov.iq / Al-Monitor","url":"https://gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chiite, soutenu par le Cadre de coordination pro-iranien. Succède à Mohammed Chia al-Soudani (2022-2026) après législatives de novembre 2025.","notes_en":"Chiite, soutenu par le Cadre de coordination pro-iranien. Succède à Mohammed Chia al-Soudani (2022-2026) après législatives de novembre 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président sur proposition du bloc parlementaire majoritaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"iq.ccf","sieges":130,"notes":"Cadre de coordination — Bloc chiite pro-iranien.","source":{"nom":"IHEC","url":"https://ihec.iq/","date_donnee":"2021-10-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Cadre de coordination — Bloc chiite pro-iranien."},{"parti_id":"iq.kdp","sieges":33,"source":{"nom":"IHEC","url":"https://ihec.iq/","date_donnee":"2021-10-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"iq.puk","sieges":18,"source":{"nom":"IHEC","url":"https://ihec.iq/","date_donnee":"2021-10-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-05-14","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of irak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_irak","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-05-14","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of irak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_irak","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire fédérale multiethnique. Système « muhassassa » : partage des postes par confession (PM chiite, président kurde, président du parlement sunnite). Kurdistan irakien : région autonome.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire fédérale multiethnique. Système « muhassassa » : partage des postes par confession (PM chiite, président kurde, président du parlement sunnite). Kurdistan irakien : région autonome."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Nuwwāb (Conseil des représentants)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":329,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel + quota femmes 25% + 9 sièges minorités.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-10-10","distribution":[{"parti_id":"iq.sadrist","sieges":73,"voix_pct":null,"notes":"Sièges rendus 2022 → redistribués vers CCF."},{"parti_id":"iq.ccf","sieges":130,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"iq.kdp","sieges":33,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"iq.puk","sieges":18,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":75,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"IHEC","url":"https://ihec.iq/","date_donnee":"2021-10-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel + quota femmes 25% + 9 sièges minorités."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême fédérale","source":{"nom":"SJC","url":"https://www.hjc.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi n° 30 de 2005","url":"https://www.hjc.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur proposition du Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 63 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://presidency.iq/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":264,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5803,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-0.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"COSIT","url":"https://cosit.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":53.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-6.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRQ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"3 September 2015","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"24 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":32.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":22.9},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":27.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.7},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":3.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut (95% des exportations)","Or","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Dattes","Ferraille"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments (blé, riz)","Médicaments","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":5,"notes":"2e producteur OPEP."},{"produit":"Dattes","rang_mondial":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Iraq","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/irq","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.7,"source":{"nom":"MoF Iraq","url":"https://mof.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":47.2,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://mof.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"IQD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":25.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie très dynamique — âge médian 21 ans.","esperance_vie_femmes":74.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.5,"age_median":21.4,"indice_fecondite":3.22,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irq","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1202791,"deces_2025":195889,"solde_naturel_2025":1006902},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SSO)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":17,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Système public secteur privé + régime spécial secteur public (généreux).","source":{"nom":"SSO Iraq","url":"https://www.molsa.gov.iq/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSO)","description_en":"Système public secteur privé + régime spécial secteur public (généreux)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.22,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, corruption endémique, influence des milices.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime hybride, corruption endémique, influence des milices."},"notes_speciales":["Système « muhassassa » : partage confessionnel des postes hérité 2005 — souvent critiqué comme facteur de corruption.","Kurdistan autonome : Erbil est capitale régionale. Élections parlementaires kurdes octobre 2024.","Combats anti-Daech officiellement terminés 2017 — cellules dormantes actives.","Frappes iraniennes sur Erbil (janvier 2024) et frappes US contre milices pro-iraniennes en Irak (février 2024).","Présence militaire US en réduction — accord de retrait annoncé 2024 pour 2026."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Irak","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=IQ&ceid=IQ:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":193000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":232000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":45,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Ligue arabe"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A1M Abrams, T-72, T-90S","quantite":320,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16IQ, Su-25, T-50 Golden Eagle","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie/Corée du Sud"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-171, Mi-28NE, EC635, IA-407 (Bell 407)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/France/USA"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M113, BMP-1, MRAP (Cougar, MaxxPro)","quantite":5000,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA/Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M198, M109A5, M270 MLRS","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["Ligue arabe"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Système « muhassassa » : partage confessionnel des postes hérité 2005 — souvent critiqué comme facteur de corruption.","Kurdistan autonome : Erbil est capitale régionale. Élections parlementaires kurdes octobre 2024.","Combats anti-Daech officiellement terminés 2017 — cellules dormantes actives.","Frappes iraniennes sur Erbil (janvier 2024) et frappes US contre milices pro-iraniennes en Irak (février 2024).","Présence militaire US en réduction — accord de retrait annoncé 2024 pour 2026."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-10-10","type":"legislative_anticipee","participation_pct":41,"vainqueur":"Mouvement sadriste (Moqtada al-Sadr, 73 sièges sur 329)","gouvernement_issu":"Sadristes se sont retirés en juin 2022, permettant au Cadre de coordination chiite (CCF) de constituer le gouvernement. Mohammed Chia al-Soudani PM depuis octobre 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Iraqi_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-05-12","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Alliance Sairoun (Moqtada al-Sadr, 54 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Adil Abdul-Mahdi PM (2018-2019), Mustafa al-Kadhimi (2020-2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Iraqi_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":58,"zee_km2":540,"peche_annuelle_mt":30000,"notes":"Accès très limité au golfe Persique (58 km de côte via Bassorah). Pêche marginale.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/irak","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"IR","iso3":"IRN","slug":"iran","nom_courant_fr":"Iran","nom_officiel_fr":"République islamique d'Iran","nom_officiel_local":"Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Téhéran","source":{"nom":"SCI Iran","url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":92417681,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1648195,"source":{"nom":"SCI","url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mojtaba Khamenei","source":{"nom":"Bureau du Guide suprême","url":"https://english.khamenei.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Guide suprême (Rahbar)","parti_id":"ir.principlists","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-03-08","source":{"nom":"Bureau du Guide","url":"https://english.khamenei.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Fils d'Ali Khamenei, désigné 3e Guide suprême par l'Assemblée des experts après la mort de son père (février 2026, lors des frappes conjointes US-Israël).","notes_en":"Fils d'Ali Khamenei, désigné 3e Guide suprême par l'Assemblée des experts après la mort de son père (février 2026, lors des frappes conjointes US-Israël)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu à vie par l'Assemblée des experts (88 clercs élus).","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 107","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Massoud Pezeshkian","source":{"nom":"Présidence iranienne","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ir.reformists","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-07-30","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Médecin, réformateur modéré. Élu après la mort du président Raïssi dans un crash d'hélicoptère (mai 2024). Marge de manœuvre limitée face au Guide suprême.","notes_en":"Médecin, réformateur modéré. Élu après la mort du président Raïssi dans un crash d'hélicoptère (mai 2024). Marge de manœuvre limitée face au Guide suprême."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Candidats filtrés par le Conseil des gardiens.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ir.principlists","sieges":200,"notes":"Majorité principliste au Majlis 2024.","source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.moi.ir/","date_donnee":"2024-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Majorité principliste au Majlis 2024."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-03-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_iran","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-03-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_iran","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Théocratie hybride : Guide suprême (à vie, non-élu) au sommet + Président (élu, exécutif limité) + Majlis (parlement) + Conseil des gardiens (filtre les lois et les candidats). Pasdaran (Gardiens de la Révolution) sont l'armée idéologique dominante.","explication_concrete_en":"Théocratie hybride : Guide suprême (à vie, non-élu) au sommet + Président (élu, exécutif limité) + Majlis (parlement) + Conseil des gardiens (filtre les lois et les candidats). Pasdaran (Gardiens de la Révolution) sont l'armée idéologique dominante."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami (Assemblée consultative islamique)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":290,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans 207 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-03-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ir.principlists","sieges":200,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"ir.moderates","sieges":45,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"ir.reformists","sieges":20,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":25,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.moi.ir/","date_donnee":"2024-03-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans 207 circonscriptions."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil des gardiens de la Constitution (12 membres) + Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Judiciary","url":"https://www.judiciary.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 91","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"6 clercs nommés par le Guide + 6 juristes nommés par le Chef de la justice avec approbation Majlis."},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Chef de la justice : nommé à vie par le Guide suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans renouvelable pour le Conseil des gardiens.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president.ir/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Le Conseil des gardiens filtre TOUTES les candidatures présidentielles, législatives, aux Experts.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":371,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":4264,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":50.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Inflation élevée chronique sous sanctions."},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":37.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":40.5},{"pays":"Irak","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":27.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":26.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":12.1},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":3.9},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":3.4}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Produits pétrochimiques","Gaz naturel","Pistaches","Tapis persans"],"top_categories_import":["Automobile","Machines","Céréales (blé, riz, maïs)","Métaux","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":8,"notes":"~4% des réserves prouvées mondiales."},{"produit":"Gaz naturel (réserves)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Champ North/South Pars partagé avec Qatar."},{"produit":"Pistaches","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Tapis persans","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Patrimoine UNESCO."},{"produit":"Safran","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~90% de la production mondiale."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Iran","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/irn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":11.4,"source":{"nom":"MinFin Iran","url":"https://www.mefa.ir/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":16.1,"source":{"nom":"MinFin","url":"https://www.mefa.ir/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"devise":"IRR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2055,"annee_bascule_note":"Fécondité tombée de 6,5 en 1985 à 1,66 en 2024 — une des chutes les plus rapides du monde.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":76,"age_median":34.5,"indice_fecondite":1.68,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1161783,"deces_2025":439354,"solde_naturel_2025":722429},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SSO + Fonds spéciaux)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":30,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":76,"description":"Cotisation 30% (23% employeur + 7% salarié). Sécurité sociale iranienne (SSO).","source":{"nom":"SSO Iran","url":"https://www.tamin.ir/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSO + Fonds spéciaux)","description_en":"Cotisation 30% (23% employeur + 7% salarié). Sécurité sociale iranienne (SSO)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.14,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Autocratie électorale — élections tenues mais candidatures filtrées.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Autocratie électorale — élections tenues mais candidatures filtrées."},"notes_speciales":["**Guide suprême Khamenei** au pouvoir depuis 1989 — 36 ans. Rôle de premier acteur.","Président Raïssi tué dans un crash d'hélicoptère mai 2024 → Pezeshkian réformateur modéré.","Sanctions US réactivées 2018 (retrait accord nucléaire par Trump I) puis durcies 2025 (Trump II).","Attaques directes Israël-Iran avril + octobre 2024 (bombardements aériens) — inédit.","Mouvement « Femme, vie, liberté » depuis mort de Mahsa Amini (septembre 2022) — répression massive.","« Axe de la résistance » iranien (Hezbollah, Houthis, Hamas, milices irakiennes) affaibli depuis 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Iran","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=IR&ceid=IR:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":610000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":350000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":220000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":24.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":5.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":16,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OCS","BRICS","« Axe de la résistance » (Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis, milices chiites Iraq/Syrie)","Coopération militaire Russie et Chine (drones Shahed exportés vers Russie 2022-2026)","Coopération militaire Russie et Chine (drones Shahed vers Russie 2022-2026)","Partenariat stratégique 25 ans Chine-Iran (2021)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Karrar, T-72Z, Zulfiqar, Chieftain","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Iran/Russie/UK"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-14 Tomcat, F-4E Phantom, MiG-29, Su-24","quantite":320,"generation":"ancien","origine":"USA/Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Shahed-136, Mohajer-6, Karrar","quantite":1000,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Iran"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates Moudge + patrouilleurs rapides IRGCN","quantite":90,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Iran"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Kilo (3) + Fateh + Ghadir/Nahang (~20)","quantite":27,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/Iran"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU-2 (livrés Russie 2016)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bavar-373 (national)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO — Aerospace Industries Organization","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"Khordad-15 (SAM)","quantite":10,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"S-300PMU-2 Favorit","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bavar-373 (S-300 iranien)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"Iran Aviation Industries","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"Talash / Sayyad-3 (SAM à longue portée iranien)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO","pays_fabricant":"Iran"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, Boragh, Rakhsh","quantite":2000,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Iran/Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"Zoljanah, Zolfaghar, Fajr-5, HM-41","quantite":3800,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Iran"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-1J Cobra, Bell 214, Mi-17","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","origine":"USA/Russie"}]},"notes_speciales":["Frappes majeures USA-Israël en février 2026 ayant tué le Guide suprême Khamenei ; nouveau Guide Mojtaba Khamenei depuis mars 2026.","« Axe de la résistance » (Hezbollah, Houthis, Hamas, milices irakiennes) fortement affaibli 2024-2026.","Programme nucléaire : capacité de fabrication (~1 mois) mais pas d'ogives assemblées confirmées.","IRGC (Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution) = force parallèle avec sa propre marine, aviation, missiles.","Double structure militaire : **Armée régulière (Artesh)** ~350 000 hommes + **Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution (IRGC/Sepah)** ~190 000 + Basij (paramilitaires, ~90 000 mobilisés).","Force al-Qods (IRGC-QF) — opérations extérieures via proxies (« Axe de la résistance »).","Programme balistique majeur : missiles Shahab, Fattah (revendiqué hypersonique 2023), drones Shahed-136 exportés en masse vers la Russie.","Programme nucléaire : enrichissement d'uranium à 60% depuis 2021 (JCPOA de facto rompu 2018), négociations gelées depuis 2024.","Frappes israéliennes 2024-2025 (Damas, avril 2024 ; représailles missiles Iran d'octobre 2024 ; frappes réciproques 2025)."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Syrie","mission":"Forces al-Qods (IRGC-QF) — bases Latakia, Alep, T4, soutien Assad","effectifs":2000,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"Bilatéral (Assad)","mission_en":"Forces al-Qods (IRGC-QF) — bases Latakia, Alep, T4, soutien Assad","cadre_en":"Bilatéral (Assad)"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Encadrement des milices chiites Hachd al-Chaabi via IRGC","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Bilatéral (via milices)","mission_en":"Encadrement des milices chiites Hachd al-Chaabi via IRGC","cadre_en":"Bilatéral (via milices)"},{"pays":"Yémen (via proxies)","mission":"Fourniture d'armements et conseils aux Houthis","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Indirect","mission_en":"Fourniture d'armements et conseils aux Houthis","cadre_en":"Indirect"},{"pays":"Liban (via proxies)","mission":"Financement et armement Hezbollah","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1982","cadre":"Indirect","mission_en":"Financement et armement Hezbollah","cadre_en":"Indirect"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Frappes majeures USA-Israël en février 2026 ayant tué le Guide suprême Khamenei ; nouveau Guide Mojtaba Khamenei depuis mars 2026.","« Axe de la résistance » (Hezbollah, Houthis, Hamas, milices irakiennes) fortement affaibli 2024-2026.","Programme nucléaire : capacité de fabrication (~1 mois) mais pas d'ogives assemblées confirmées.","IRGC (Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution) = force parallèle avec sa propre marine, aviation, missiles.","Double structure militaire : **Armée régulière (Artesh)** ~350 000 hommes + **Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution (IRGC/Sepah)** ~190 000 + Basij (paramilitaires, ~90 000 mobilisés).","Force al-Qods (IRGC-QF) — opérations extérieures via proxies (« Axe de la résistance »).","Programme balistique majeur : missiles Shahab, Fattah (revendiqué hypersonique 2023), drones Shahed-136 exportés en masse vers la Russie.","Programme nucléaire : enrichissement d'uranium à 60% depuis 2021 (JCPOA de facto rompu 2018), négociations gelées depuis 2024.","Frappes israéliennes 2024-2025 (Damas, avril 2024 ; représailles missiles Iran d'octobre 2024 ; frappes réciproques 2025)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OCS","BRICS","“Axis of resistance” (Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis, Shiite militias Iraq/Syria)","Russia and China military cooperation (Shahed drones exported to Russia 2022-2026)","Russia and China military cooperation (Shahed drones to Russia 2022-2026)","25-year China-Iran strategic partnership (2021)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"ormuz","nom":"Détroit d'Ormuz","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IR, OM, AE)","importance_globale":"Voie de sortie unique du pétrole du Golfe persique — Arabie saoudite, Émirats, Koweït, Iran, Bahreïn, Qatar. Seul point de passage possible pour ~30% du commerce pétrolier mondial et ~20% du GNL. Alternative : oléoduc Petroline Arabie saoudite (5 mb/j capacité) vers mer Rouge, oléoduc Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (1,5 mb/j capacité) vers Fujaïrah.","trafic_annuel":{"petrole_mb_j":20.9,"gnl_bcm_an":105,"pct_petrole_mondial":30,"pct_gnl_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Iran (Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution, IRGC-N) menace régulièrement la fermeture — mines, chaloupes rapides, missiles anti-navires (Nasr, Noor, Qader)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2440,"zee_km2":168718,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"flotte_marchande_navires":900,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.65,"notes":"Bandar Abbas, Chabahar (accord Inde 2024). Contrôle nord Ormuz. IRGC-Navy actif.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Guide suprême Khamenei** au pouvoir depuis 1989 — 36 ans. Rôle de premier acteur.","Président Raïssi tué dans un crash d'hélicoptère mai 2024 → Pezeshkian réformateur modéré.","Sanctions US réactivées 2018 (retrait accord nucléaire par Trump I) puis durcies 2025 (Trump II).","Attaques directes Israël-Iran avril + octobre 2024 (bombardements aériens) — inédit.","Mouvement « Femme, vie, liberté » depuis mort de Mahsa Amini (septembre 2022) — répression massive.","« Axe de la résistance » iranien (Hezbollah, Houthis, Hamas, milices irakiennes) affaibli depuis 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-07-05","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":49.8,"vainqueur":"Masoud Pezeshkian (réformateur, 54.8% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Pezeshkian, président depuis août 2024 — succède à Ebrahim Raïssi (mort dans un crash d'hélicoptère le 19 mai 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Iranian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-06-18","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ebrahim Raïssi (Conservateur, 62.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Raïssi, président 2021-2024 (décédé en fonction).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Iranian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"IE","iso3":"IRL","slug":"irlande","nom_courant_fr":"Irlande","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Irlande","nom_officiel_local":"Éire / Republic of Ireland","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Dublin","source":{"nom":"CSO Ireland","url":"https://www.cso.ie/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5484367,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":69825,"source":{"nom":"CSO Ireland","url":"https://www.cso.ie/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1973,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Opt-out — maintien du Common Travel Area avec le Royaume-Uni.","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Opt-out — maintien du Common Travel Area avec le Royaume-Uni."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Politique de neutralité militaire depuis 1939.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Politique de neutralité militaire depuis 1939."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Catherine Connolly","source":{"nom":"Présidence irlandaise","url":"https://www.president.ie/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Uachtarán na hÉireann (Président de la République)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Historiquement affilié au Labour Party, exerce sa fonction sans étiquette.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-11-11","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.ie/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Députée indépendante, ancienne Leas-Cheann Comhairle. Succède à Michael D. Higgins (mandat de 14 ans).","notes_en":"Députée indépendante, ancienne Leas-Cheann Comhairle. Succède à Michael D. Higgins (mandat de 14 ans)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour (vote préférentiel unique). Mandat 7 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution irlandaise","url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d5bd8c-constitution-of-ireland/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Micheál Martin","source":{"nom":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/ireland-two-main-centre-right-parties-form-coalition-government","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Taoiseach","parti_id":"ie.ff","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-01-23","notes":"Accord de coalition FF + FG + indépendants signé le 15 janvier 2025. Micheál Martin (FF) Taoiseach pour les 3 premières années ; rotation avec Simon Harris (FG) en novembre 2027.","source":{"nom":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/ireland-two-main-centre-right-parties-form-coalition-government","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accord de coalition FF + FG + indépendants signé le 15 janvier 2025. Micheál Martin (FF) Taoiseach pour les 3 premières années ; rotation avec Simon Harris (FG) en novembre 2027."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président sur proposition du Dáil.","source":{"nom":"Constitution irlandaise, art. 13","url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d5bd8c-constitution-of-ireland/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ie.ff","sieges":48,"notes":"Coalition FF + FG + Regional Independent Group post-élections novembre 2024.","source":{"nom":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/ireland-two-main-centre-right-parties-form-coalition-government","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Coalition FF + FG + Regional Independent Group post-élections novembre 2024."},{"parti_id":"ie.fg","sieges":38,"source":{"nom":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/ireland-two-main-centre-right-parties-form-coalition-government","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-01-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of irlande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_irlande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-01-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of irlande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_irlande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire bicamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel, mais rôle largement protocolaire (peut refuser certaines lois et les renvoyer à la Cour suprême). Chef du gouvernement dispose de la réalité du pouvoir.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire bicamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel, mais rôle largement protocolaire (peut refuser certaines lois et les renvoyer à la Cour suprême). Chef du gouvernement dispose de la réalité du pouvoir."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Dáil Éireann","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la confiance au gouvernement.","sieges_total":174,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au vote unique transférable (STV) dans 43 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre basse. Vote la confiance au gouvernement.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au vote unique transférable (STV) dans 43 circonscriptions.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-11-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ie.ff","sieges":48},{"parti_id":"ie.fg","sieges":38},{"parti_id":"ie.sf","sieges":39},{"parti_id":"ie.socdem","sieges":11},{"parti_id":"ie.lab_ie","sieges":11},{"parti_id":"ie.aontu","sieges":2},{"parti_id":"ie.pbps","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"ie.indep","sieges":22}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Irish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Irish_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Micheál Martin (FF) Taoiseach depuis janv. 2025 — coalition FF + FG + Indépendants régionaux."}},{"nom":"Seanad Éireann","role":"Chambre haute, pouvoirs limités.","sieges_total":60,"mode_designation":"43 élus par des panels professionnels, 6 par des universités, 11 nommés par le Taoiseach.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute, pouvoirs limités.","mode_designation_en":"43 élus par des panels professionnels, 6 par des universités, 11 nommés par le Taoiseach."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","Accord de rotation Taoiseach : Martin (FF) 2025-2027, puis Harris (FG) 2027-fin de législature.","Politique de neutralité militaire — non membre de l'OTAN, non-participation au Common Travel Area Schengen.","Élection présidentielle prévue octobre 2025 — Michael D. Higgins ne peut pas se représenter (fin de son 2e mandat)."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.87,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Irlande","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=IE&ceid=IE:en","langue":"en"},{"nom":"RTÉ News","url_rss":"https://www.rte.ie/rss/news.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Irish Times","url_rss":"https://www.irishtimes.com/cmlink/news-1.1319192","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2055,"annee_bascule_note":"L'Irlande a la démographie la plus dynamique de l'UE : indice de fécondité élevé, jeunesse relative, immigration forte. Projection CSO : maintien d'un solde naturel positif au moins jusqu'aux années 2050.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.4,"age_median":38.3,"indice_fecondite":1.47,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/irl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":54844,"deces_2025":35648,"solde_naturel_2025":19196},"retraites":{"age_legal":66,"age_taux_plein":66,"systeme_type":"Mixte (State Pension universelle + occupational + auto-enrolment 2025)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":15.05,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":42,"description":"State Pension à taux forfaitaire (~277 €/semaine). Auto-enrolment introduit en 2025 (My Future Fund). Cotisation PRSI : 11,05% employeur + 4% salarié. Débat récurrent sur l'âge à 67 puis 68 ans, gelé politiquement.","source":{"nom":"Citizens Information / OCDE","url":"https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/social_welfare/social_welfare_payments/older_and_retired_people/state_pension_contributory/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Mixte (State Pension universelle + occupational + auto-enrolment 2025)","description_en":"State Pension à taux forfaitaire (~277 €/semaine). Auto-enrolment introduit en 2025 (My Future Fund). Cotisation PRSI : 11,05% employeur + 4% salarié. Débat récurrent sur l'âge à 67 puis 68 ans, gelé politiquement."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":718,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":130652,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":12.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":32.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/IRL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"20 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 April 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.24,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/IRL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":27.8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.1},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":6.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pharmaceutiques","Services numériques (via multinationales)","Dispositifs médicaux","Produits chimiques","Agroalimentaire (beurre, boeuf)"],"top_categories_import":["Avions","Ordinateurs","Automobile","Produits pharmaceutiques","Hydrocarbures"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pharmacie (13/15 top mondiaux ont un site en Irlande)","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Cluster Cork-Waterford."},{"produit":"Sièges européens des GAFAM","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"Google, Meta, Apple, LinkedIn, Airbnb, TikTok — Dublin capitale digitale européenne."},{"produit":"Boeuf","rang_europeen":6},{"produit":"Whiskey","rang_mondial":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Ireland","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/irl","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.3,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":21.5,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Supreme Court of Ireland","source":{"nom":"Courts.ie","url":"https://www.courts.ie/supreme-court","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"Constitution irlandaise","url":"https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d5bd8c-constitution-of-ireland/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis du gouvernement (Cabinet), après proposition du Judicial Appointments Advisory Board.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 35","url":"https://www.gov.ie/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.gov.ie/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-29","type":"legislative","participation_pct":59.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ie.ff","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition Fianna Fáil + Fine Gael + Regional Independents. Micheál Martin Taoiseach jusqu'à novembre 2027, puis Simon Harris.","notes":"Sinn Féin recule légèrement, effondrement des Verts (-11 sièges).","source":{"nom":"RTÉ / CSO","url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2024/","date_donnee":"2024-11-29","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2020-02-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":62.9,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ie.sf","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition historique FF + FG + Greens (rotation Martin/Varadkar/Harris).","source":{"nom":"RTÉ","url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/election-2020/","date_donnee":"2020-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":7500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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d'accord.","Budget défense parmi les plus faibles d'Europe (0,3% PIB) — objectif de doublement à 1,5 Md€ pour 2028."],"notes_speciales_en":["Neutralité militaire constitutionnelle (Article 29) — modifiable par référendum uniquement.","Non-membre de l'OTAN mais participe au Partenariat pour la paix depuis 1999 et à PESCO depuis 2017.","Débat 2023-2024 sur le « triple lock » (trois verrous pour déploiement OMP) — pas d'accord.","Budget défense parmi les plus faibles d'Europe (0,3% PIB) — objectif de doublement à 1,5 Md€ pour 2028."],"alliances_militaires_en":["EU (military neutrality)","Military neutrality (Constitution 1937)","PESCO (non-binding cooperation since 2017)","Partenariat pour la Paix OTAN"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1448,"zee_km2":410310,"pib_maritime_pct":1.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":100,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.24,"notes":"ZEE 5x supérieure au territoire. 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Higgins ne peut pas se représenter (fin de son 2e mandat)."]},{"iso2":"IS","iso3":"ISL","slug":"islande","nom_courant_fr":"Islande","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Islande","nom_officiel_local":"Ísland","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Reykjavík","source":{"nom":"Statistics Iceland","url":"https://www.statice.is/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":392404,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/isl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":103000,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Iceland","url":"https://www.statice.is/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidat 2010-2015, retrait sous gouvernement de droite. 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Débat rouvert 2024."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"notes":"Membre associé (non-UE).","source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membre associé (non-UE)."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"notes":"Fondateur, sans armée.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Fondateur, sans armée."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1950,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"AELE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein).","notes_en":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Halla Tómasdóttir","source":{"nom":"Présidence islandaise","url":"https://www.forseti.is/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Forseti Íslands (Président)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-08-01","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élue le 1er juin 2024 (34% face à 11 candidats). Fonction essentiellement protocolaire.","notes_en":"Élue le 1er juin 2024 (34% face à 11 candidats). Fonction essentiellement protocolaire."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. 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Coalition Samfylkingin + Viðreisn + Flokkur fólksins."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le Président après consultations, doit obtenir la confiance de l'Althing.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.government.is/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"is.samfylkingin","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Iceland élections","url":"https://www.statice.is/","date_donnee":"2024-11-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"is.vidreisn","sieges":11,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Iceland","url":"https://www.statice.is/","date_donnee":"2024-11-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"is.flokkur_folks","sieges":10,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Iceland","url":"https://www.statice.is/","date_donnee":"2024-11-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-12-21","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of islande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_islande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-12-21","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of islande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_islande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel mais rôle largement cérémoniel. Chambre unique (Althing) : plus vieux parlement encore en activité au monde (930).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel mais rôle largement cérémoniel. Chambre unique (Althing) : plus vieux parlement encore en activité au monde (930)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Alþingi","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":63,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel dans 6 circonscriptions + sièges d'ajustement pour la proportionnalité nationale. 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 March 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"19 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":22.7},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":11.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":8.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":11.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":8.2}],"top_categories_export":["Aluminium","Poissons (morue, hareng)","Ferro-alliages","Produits pharmaceutiques","Équipements marins"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Métaux","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Aluminium","rang_mondial":11,"notes":"Production basée sur énergie géothermique et hydraulique bon marché."},{"produit":"Pêche (morue, hareng)","rang_europeen":3},{"produit":"Énergie géothermique (électricité)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~30% de l'électricité, 90% du chauffage."},{"produit":"Tourisme (~2 M visiteurs/an)","rang_mondial":45,"notes":"6x la population du pays."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Iceland","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/isl","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":44.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":45,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"ISK","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel positif, l'un des plus dynamiques d'Europe.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.2,"age_median":37.6,"indice_fecondite":1.56,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/isl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":4395,"deces_2025":2668,"solde_naturel_2025":1727},"retraites":{"age_legal":67,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Mixte (pension d'État + fonds de pension obligatoires très capitalisés)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":15.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":76,"description":"Système à 3 piliers : pension d'État (universelle), fonds de pension obligatoires (~15% du salaire, cotisation 4% salarié + 11,5% employeur), pension privée volontaire. Les fonds capitalisés représentent ~200% du PIB. Système parmi les mieux financés au monde.","source":{"nom":"OCDE Pensions at a Glance","url":"https://www.oecd.org/pensions/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Mixte (pension d'État + fonds de pension obligatoires très capitalisés)","description_en":"Système à 3 piliers : pension d'État (universelle), fonds de pension obligatoires (~15% du salaire, cotisation 4% salarié + 11,5% employeur), pension privée volontaire. Les fonds capitalisés représentent ~200% du PIB. Système parmi les mieux financés au monde."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.83,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Plus vieux parlement au monde encore en activité (Althing, 930).","Kristrún Frostadóttir : 3e femme PM d'Islande.","Halla Tómasdóttir : 2e femme présidente d'Islande.","Neutre militairement (pas d'armée) mais membre fondateur de l'OTAN."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Islande","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=is&gl=IS&ceid=IS:is","langue":"is"},{"nom":"RÚV","url_rss":"https://www.ruv.is/rss/frettir","langue":"is"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Icelandic Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Coast_Guard","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":250,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Icelandic Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Coast_Guard","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":138,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","OTAN (fondateur — sans armée régulière propre)","JEF","Défense assurée par l'OTAN (accord bilatéral USA 1951-2006, retour rotatif 2006+)"],"equipement":{},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Keflavík","mission":"Base OTAN — hub aérien nord-atlantique, US Air Force rotationnelle depuis 2006","effectifs":200,"depuis":"1951","cadre":"OTAN + accord bilatéral USA","mission_en":"Base OTAN — hub aérien nord-atlantique, US Air Force rotationnelle depuis 2006","cadre_en":"OTAN + accord bilatéral USA"}],"notes_speciales":["Seul pays de l'OTAN sans armée régulière propre — défense assurée par ses alliés.","Coast Guard islandaise (Landhelgisgæslan) : 220 hommes, 3 patrouilleurs — activité anti-terrorisme et SAR nord-atlantique.","Base OTAN de Keflavík : hub aérien nord-atlantique, US Air Force rotationnelle depuis retour 2006 après retrait 2006.","Accueille exercice NATO Northern Viking (annuel) — dominance aéromaritime GIUK Gap."],"notes_speciales_en":["Seul pays de l'OTAN sans armée régulière propre — défense assurée par ses alliés.","Coast Guard islandaise (Landhelgisgæslan) : 220 hommes, 3 patrouilleurs — activité anti-terrorisme et SAR nord-atlantique.","Base OTAN de Keflavík : hub aérien nord-atlantique, US Air Force rotationnelle depuis retour 2006 après retrait 2006.","Accueille exercice NATO Northern Viking (annuel) — dominance aéromaritime GIUK Gap."],"alliances_militaires_en":["NATO","NATO (founder — without its own regular army)","JEF","Defense provided by NATO (USA bilateral agreement 1951-2006, rotating return 2006+)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":4970,"zee_km2":751345,"pib_maritime_pct":25,"pib_maritime_md_usd":8,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.4,"notes":"Économie maritime = 25% PIB. 1er per capita pêche mondiale. Base OTAN Keflavík. Différend historique quotas Islande-UE.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Plus vieux parlement au monde encore en activité (Althing, 930).","Kristrún Frostadóttir : 3e femme PM d'Islande.","Halla Tómasdóttir : 2e femme présidente d'Islande.","Neutre militairement (pas d'armée) mais membre fondateur de l'OTAN."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-30","type":"legislative_anticipee","participation_pct":80.6,"vainqueur":"Alliance sociale-démocrate (Samfylkingin, 15 sièges) + Parti de l'indépendance (14)","gouvernement_issu":"Kristrún Frostadóttir (Samfylkingin) PM depuis déc. 2024 — coalition sociale-libérale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Icelandic parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Icelandic_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-09-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti de l'indépendance (16 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Katrín Jakobsdóttir puis Bjarni Benediktsson PM (nov. 2023 - nov. 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"IL","iso3":"ISR","slug":"israel","nom_courant_fr":"Israël","nom_officiel_fr":"État d'Israël","nom_officiel_local":"Medīnat Yisrāʾēl","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Jérusalem","source":{"nom":"CBS Israel","url":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Capitale déclarée. La majorité des ambassades sont à Tel-Aviv."},"population":{"valeur":10122800,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/isr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":22072,"source":{"nom":"CBS","url":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Sans territoires occupés.","notes_en":"Sans territoires occupés."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Isaac Herzog","source":{"nom":"Présidence israélienne","url":"https://www.president.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président (fonction cérémonielle)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-07-07","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par la Knesset. Mandat 7 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale : le Président","url":"https://main.knesset.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Benyamin Nétanyahou","source":{"nom":"Cabinet israélien","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"il.likud","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-12-29","source":{"nom":"Cabinet israélien","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"PM sortant. **Knesset dissoute en juillet 2026**, élections anticipées prévues le 27 octobre 2026.","notes_en":"PM sortant. **Knesset dissoute en juillet 2026**, élections anticipées prévues le 27 octobre 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président sur proposition de la majorité de la Knesset.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale : le Gouvernement","url":"https://main.knesset.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"il.likud","sieges":32,"source":{"nom":"CEC Israel","url":"https://votes25.bechirot.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"il.shas","sieges":11,"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://votes25.bechirot.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"il.utj","sieges":7,"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://votes25.bechirot.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"il.rz","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://votes25.bechirot.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-12-29","notes":"Benjamin Netanyahu investi PM pour un 6ᵉ mandat le 29 décembre 2022 — coalition avec partis religieux et ultra-nationalistes.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_israel","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-10-27","notes":"Fin normale de la 25ᵉ Knesset (législature de 4 ans à compter des élections du 1er nov. 2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_israel","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire (pas de constitution formelle, Lois fondamentales à la place). Système proportionnel intégral avec seuil bas → morcellement politique extrême. 25e Knesset (2022) : coalition droite religieuse la plus à droite.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire (pas de constitution formelle, Lois fondamentales à la place). Système proportionnel intégral avec seuil bas → morcellement politique extrême. 25e Knesset (2022) : coalition droite religieuse la plus à droite."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Knesset","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":120,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel intégral national. Seuil 3,25%.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-11-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"il.likud","sieges":32,"voix_pct":23.4},{"parti_id":"il.yesh","sieges":24,"voix_pct":17.8},{"parti_id":"il.rz","sieges":14,"voix_pct":10.8},{"parti_id":"il.mahane","sieges":12,"voix_pct":9.1},{"parti_id":"il.shas","sieges":11,"voix_pct":8.2},{"parti_id":"il.utj","sieges":7,"voix_pct":5.9},{"parti_id":"il.avoda","sieges":4,"voix_pct":3.7},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":16,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Israel","url":"https://votes25.bechirot.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2022-11-01","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel intégral national. Seuil 3,25%."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême d'Israël","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://supreme.court.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale : le pouvoir judiciaire","url":"https://main.knesset.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Comité judiciaire de 9 membres (juges, ministres, députés, avocats). Réforme judiciaire 2023 contestée a modifié la composition.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale","url":"https://main.knesset.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale","url":"https://main.knesset.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Réforme judiciaire Nétanyahou 2023 (loi « caractère déraisonnable ») invalidée en partie par la Cour suprême en janvier 2024 — crise institutionnelle historique.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":611,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":60335,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ralenti par la guerre."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":68.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ISR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Déficit creusé par les dépenses militaires."},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"1 October 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.98,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/ISR.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":27.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.1},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":12.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.9}],"top_categories_export":["Diamants taillés","Équipements médicaux","Instruments optiques","Logiciels et services IT","Armes"],"top_categories_import":["Diamants bruts","Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Machines","Équipements militaires"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Diamants taillés","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Startup / venture capital","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"« Startup nation » — 2e écosystème après la Silicon Valley."},{"produit":"Industrie de défense (Rafael, IAI, Elbit)","rang_mondial":8,"notes":"~13 Md$ d'exportations 2024 — record."},{"produit":"Gaz naturel offshore (Leviathan, Tamar)","notes":"Exporte vers Égypte et Jordanie."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Israel","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/isr","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.3,"source":{"nom":"MoF Israel","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_finance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":41.9,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_finance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Dépenses militaires ~7% PIB."},"devise":"ILS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":18.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2080,"annee_bascule_note":"Fécondité 2,9 — record OCDE. Croissance dynamique.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.1,"age_median":30.5,"indice_fecondite":2.87,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/isr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":188284,"deces_2025":53651,"solde_naturel_2025":134633},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition (Bituach Leumi) + capitalisation obligatoire","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":21.83,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":68,"description":"Système à 3 piliers : pension universelle basique + pension contributive Bituach Leumi (Sécurité sociale) + fonds de pension privé obligatoire (18,5%).","source":{"nom":"Bituach Leumi","url":"https://www.btl.gov.il/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (Bituach Leumi) + capitalisation obligatoire","description_en":"Système à 3 piliers : pension universelle basique + pension contributive Bituach Leumi (Sécurité sociale) + fonds de pension privé obligatoire (18,5%)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"V-Dem V16 : Israël classée parmi les pays en plus fort recul démocratique 2020-2024 — chute de 0,20.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"V-Dem V16 : Israël classée parmi les pays en plus fort recul démocratique 2020-2024 — chute de 0,20."},"notes_speciales":["**Guerre à Gaza depuis 7 octobre 2023** — bilan estimé > 45 000 morts palestiniens. Cessez-le-feu janvier 2025 fragile.","Guerre au Liban septembre-novembre 2024 contre le Hezbollah — cessez-le-feu 27 novembre.","Frappes directes Israël-Iran avril + octobre 2024 (premier échange direct).","Réforme judiciaire 2023 contestée — invalidée en partie par la Cour suprême janvier 2024.","Nétanyahou visé par mandat CPI (novembre 2024) pour crimes de guerre à Gaza.","Coalition 25e Knesset la plus à droite de l'histoire — sionisme religieux au ministère de la Sécurité + Finances."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Israël","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=IL&ceid=IL:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":169500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":465000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":34.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":15,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":90,"alliances_militaires":["Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Partenariat stratégique USA (garanti par MOU)","Accords d'Abraham (Émirats, Bahreïn, Maroc — 2020)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Merkava Mk IV/V (Barak)","quantite":490,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Israël"},{"nom":"Merkava Mk III/II","quantite":750,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Israël"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35I Adir","quantite":45,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA/Israël"},{"nom":"F-15I Ra'am, F-16I Sufa","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Iron Dome (Kipat Barzel)","quantite":10,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael Advanced Defense Systems + mPrest","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"David's Sling","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael + Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Israël/USA"},{"nom":"Arrow 3","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Israël/USA","fabricant":"IAI + Boeing","pays_fabricant":"Israël/USA"},{"nom":"Patriot PAC-2/3","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1991,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Namer, Eitan, M113 modernisés, Achzarit","quantite":2300,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Israël"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PULS (Rocket / Rampage / EXTRA)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"M109A5 / Doher","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1963,"origine":"USA/Israël","fabricant":"BAE Systems (base) + IMI (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Israël"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130J-30 Karnaf II","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-130E/H Karnaf","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Boeing 707 (ravitaillement, retrait)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KC-46A Pegasus (commande 2020)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache, UH-60 Black Hawk","quantite":140,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Heron TP (Eitan)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Hermes 900 Kochav","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Harop (loitering)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"SkyStriker (kamikaze)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Sa'ar 6 (corvettes), Sa'ar 4.5/5","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne/Israël"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Dolphin I (3) + Dolphin II AIP (2, + 1 en construction)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Allemagne"}]},"notes_speciales":["Guerre à Gaza (oct 2023-) + guerre au Liban (sept-nov 2024) + frappes directes contre l'Iran 2024 + 2026.","Politique de « l'ambiguïté nucléaire » — jamais confirmée officiellement.","Service militaire obligatoire 32 mois (H) / 24 mois (F). Réserve massive.","Iron Dome intercepte >90% des roquettes ; David's Sling et Arrow 3 pour missiles balistiques.","Doctrine de dissuasion opaque (« ambiguïté nucléaire ») — jamais confirmé publiquement mais 90 têtes estimées (SIPRI 2025).","Conscription universelle H/F (32 mois hommes, 24 mois femmes) — société civile fortement militarisée.","Coupole de fer (Iron Dome) + David's Sling + Arrow-3 — défense multi-couches unique au monde.","Renseignement (Mossad, Aman, Shin Bet) — capacités technologiques et humaines de tout premier plan (Unit 8200).","Industrie de défense majeure : IAI, Elbit Systems, Rafael — 3ᵉ exportateur mondial par ratio PIB."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"**Politique de l'« ambiguïté nucléaire » (amimut)** — jamais confirmation officielle d'un arsenal, ni signature du TNP. Estimation FAS 2025 : 90 têtes. Cible : dissuasion existentielle contre coalition arabe puis Iran. **Doctrine Begin** (1981) : refus qu'un ennemi acquière l'arme nucléaire (frappes Osirak 1981, Deir ez-Zor 2007, Natanz 2024, Fordo 2026). Triade présumée : F-15I / F-16I porteurs, missiles Jericho III (portée 6500 km), sous-marins Dolphin avec missiles de croisière nucléaires. Réserve stratégique du Néguev (Dimona).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Bande de Gaza","mission":"Opérations militaires depuis 7 octobre 2023 — Tsahal engagée en profondeur, retrait partiel négocié 2025","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Autonome — opération Épées de fer","mission_en":"Opérations militaires depuis 7 octobre 2023 — Tsahal engagée en profondeur, retrait partiel négocié 2025","cadre_en":"Autonome — opération Épées de fer"},{"pays":"Cisjordanie","mission":"Occupation militaire (Zone C sous contrôle israélien direct) — Division Judée-Samarie","effectifs":12000,"depuis":"1967","cadre":"Occupation","mission_en":"Occupation militaire (Zone C sous contrôle israélien direct) — Division Judée-Samarie","cadre_en":"Occupation"},{"pays":"Golan syrien","mission":"Occupation depuis 1967 (annexion en 1981, non reconnue internationalement)","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"1967","cadre":"Occupation","mission_en":"Occupation depuis 1967 (annexion en 1981, non reconnue internationalement)","cadre_en":"Occupation"},{"pays":"Liban Sud","mission":"Zone tampon opérationnelle depuis conflit sept-nov 2024 avec Hezbollah","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Autonome — cessez-le-feu novembre 2024","mission_en":"Zone tampon opérationnelle depuis conflit sept-nov 2024 avec Hezbollah","cadre_en":"Autonome — cessez-le-feu novembre 2024"},{"pays":"Sinaï — MFO","mission":"Multinational Force and Observers (accord de paix Camp David 1979)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1979","cadre":"Multilatéral (surveillance égyptienne)","mission_en":"Multinational Force and Observers (accord de paix Camp David 1979)","cadre_en":"Multilatéral (surveillance égyptienne)"}],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"**Politique de l'« ambiguïté nucléaire » (amimut)** — jamais confirmation officielle d'un arsenal, ni signature du TNP. Estimation FAS 2025 : 90 têtes. Cible : dissuasion existentielle contre coalition arabe puis Iran. **Doctrine Begin** (1981) : refus qu'un ennemi acquière l'arme nucléaire (frappes Osirak 1981, Deir ez-Zor 2007, Natanz 2024, Fordo 2026). Triade présumée : F-15I / F-16I porteurs, missiles Jericho III (portée 6500 km), sous-marins Dolphin avec missiles de croisière nucléaires. Réserve stratégique du Néguev (Dimona).","notes_speciales_en":["Guerre à Gaza (oct 2023-) + guerre au Liban (sept-nov 2024) + frappes directes contre l'Iran 2024 + 2026.","Politique de « l'ambiguïté nucléaire » — jamais confirmée officiellement.","Service militaire obligatoire 32 mois (H) / 24 mois (F). Réserve massive.","Iron Dome intercepte >90% des roquettes ; David's Sling et Arrow 3 pour missiles balistiques.","Doctrine de dissuasion opaque (« ambiguïté nucléaire ») — jamais confirmé publiquement mais 90 têtes estimées (SIPRI 2025).","Conscription universelle H/F (32 mois hommes, 24 mois femmes) — société civile fortement militarisée.","Coupole de fer (Iron Dome) + David's Sling + Arrow-3 — défense multi-couches unique au monde.","Renseignement (Mossad, Aman, Shin Bet) — capacités technologiques et humaines de tout premier plan (Unit 8200).","Industrie de défense majeure : IAI, Elbit Systems, Rafael — 3ᵉ exportateur mondial par ratio PIB."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Major non-NATO ally USA","USA strategic partnership (guaranteed by MOU)","Abraham Accords (UAE, Bahrain, Morocco — 2020)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":273,"zee_km2":26397,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":30,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.002,"notes":"Haïfa (COSCO investissement), Ashdod. Gaz offshore Leviathan/Tamar.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Guerre à Gaza depuis 7 octobre 2023** — bilan estimé > 45 000 morts palestiniens. Cessez-le-feu janvier 2025 fragile.","Guerre au Liban septembre-novembre 2024 contre le Hezbollah — cessez-le-feu 27 novembre.","Frappes directes Israël-Iran avril + octobre 2024 (premier échange direct).","Réforme judiciaire 2023 contestée — invalidée en partie par la Cour suprême janvier 2024.","Nétanyahou visé par mandat CPI (novembre 2024) pour crimes de guerre à Gaza.","Coalition 25e Knesset la plus à droite de l'histoire — sionisme religieux au ministère de la Sécurité + Finances."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-11-01","type":"legislative","participation_pct":70.6,"vainqueur":"Coalition Likoud + partis religieux et ultra-nationalistes (64 sièges sur 120)","gouvernement_issu":"Benjamin Netanyahu, PM (6ᵉ mandat) depuis décembre 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Israeli legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-03-23","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Coalition Yamina + Yesh Atid + partis divers (61 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Naftali Bennett puis Yair Lapid, gouvernement de rotation 2021-2022 (fin du long règne Netanyahu).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Israeli legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Israeli_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"IT","iso3":"ITA","slug":"italie","nom_courant_fr":"Italie","nom_officiel_fr":"République italienne","nom_officiel_local":"Repubblica Italiana","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Rome","source":{"nom":"Istat","url":"https://www.istat.it/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":58915656,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ita","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":302073,"source":{"nom":"Istat","url":"https://www.istat.it/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne — États fondateurs","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/italy_fr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN — membres fondateurs","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe — États fondateurs","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sergio Mattarella","source":{"nom":"Quirinale","url":"https://www.quirinale.it/page/mattarella","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":"it.pd","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2015-02-03","notes":"Réélu le 29 janvier 2022 pour un second mandat de 7 ans expirant en février 2029. Ancien membre du PD mais fonction constitutionnellement au-dessus des partis.","source":{"nom":"Quirinale","url":"https://www.quirinale.it/page/mattarella","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Réélu le 29 janvier 2022 pour un second mandat de 7 ans expirant en février 2029. Ancien membre du PD mais fonction constitutionnellement au-dessus des partis."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement en séance commune + délégués régionaux, à la majorité des 2/3 aux 3 premiers tours, puis à la majorité absolue.","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne, article 83","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione/parte-ii/titolo-ii","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Giorgia Meloni","source":{"nom":"Governo italiano — Presidente","url":"https://www.governo.it/it/il-presidente","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri","parti_id":"it.fdi","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-10-22","notes":"Première femme à la tête du gouvernement italien. Au 4 septembre 2026, gouvernement le plus longévif de l'histoire républicaine italienne.","source":{"nom":"Governo italiano","url":"https://www.governo.it/it/il-presidente","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Première femme à la tête du gouvernement italien. Au 4 septembre 2026, gouvernement le plus longévif de l'histoire républicaine italienne."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le Président de la République. Doit obtenir la confiance des deux chambres du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne, articles 92-94","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione/parte-ii/titolo-iii","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"it.fdi","sieges":119,"source":{"nom":"Openpolis / Wikipedia legislature XIX","url":"https://www.openpolis.it/esercizi/la-composizione-delle-nuove-aule-parlamentari","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"it.lega","sieges":66,"source":{"nom":"Openpolis / Wikipedia legislature XIX","url":"https://www.openpolis.it/esercizi/la-composizione-delle-nuove-aule-parlamentari","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"it.fi","sieges":45,"source":{"nom":"Openpolis / Wikipedia legislature XIX","url":"https://www.openpolis.it/esercizi/la-composizione-delle-nuove-aule-parlamentari","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"it.nm","sieges":7,"source":{"nom":"Openpolis / Wikipedia legislature XIX","url":"https://www.openpolis.it/esercizi/la-composizione-delle-nuove-aule-parlamentari","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-10-22","notes":"Giorgia Meloni Première ministre depuis le 22 octobre 2022 — coalition FdI + Lega + Forza Italia + petits partis.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of italie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_italie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-10-22","notes":"Fin normale de la 19ᵉ législature (mandat de 5 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of italie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_italie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":24,"notes":"24 ministres de plein exercice (dont 9 sans portefeuille) + secrétaires d'État.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Governo Meloni","url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_Meloni","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Ministres avec portefeuille + ministres sans portefeuille figurant au décret présidentiel de nomination."},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Bicamérisme parfait rare en Europe : Camera et Senato ont exactement les mêmes pouvoirs législatifs, votent la confiance au gouvernement séparément. Instabilité gouvernementale chronique (69 gouvernements depuis 1946 avant Meloni). Le Président est arbitre et joue un rôle politique important en période de crise.","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"Bicamérisme parfait rare en Europe : Camera et Senato ont exactement les mêmes pouvoirs législatifs, votent la confiance au gouvernement séparément. Instabilité gouvernementale chronique (69 gouvernements depuis 1946 avant Meloni). Le Président est arbitre et joue un rôle politique important en période de crise."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Camera dei deputati","role":"Chambre des députés. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement, à parité avec le Sénat.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Système « Rosatellum bis » : mixte — 37% des sièges au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour, 61% au scrutin proportionnel de liste, 2% à la circonscription étrangère. Seuil de 3% (partis) / 10% (coalitions).","source":{"nom":"Camera dei deputati — sistema elettorale","url":"https://www.camera.it/leg19/1","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":3,"sieges_total":400,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au suffrage universel. Nombre réduit de 630 à 400 par le référendum constitutionnel de 2020.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-09-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"it.fdi","sieges":119,"voix_pct":26.04},{"parti_id":"it.lega","sieges":66,"voix_pct":8.83},{"parti_id":"it.fi","sieges":45,"voix_pct":8.28},{"parti_id":"it.nm","sieges":7,"voix_pct":0.87},{"parti_id":"it.pd","sieges":69,"voix_pct":19.07},{"parti_id":"it.avs","sieges":12,"voix_pct":3.63},{"parti_id":"it.piu_europa","sieges":2,"voix_pct":2.83},{"parti_id":"it.m5s","sieges":52,"voix_pct":15.43},{"parti_id":"it.terzo_polo","sieges":21,"voix_pct":7.79},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":7,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Elezioni politiche italiane 2022","url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_politiche_in_Italia_del_2022","date_donnee":"2022-09-25","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre des députés. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement, à parité avec le Sénat.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au suffrage universel. Nombre réduit de 630 à 400 par le référendum constitutionnel de 2020."},{"nom":"Senato della Repubblica","role":"Chambre haute. Mêmes pouvoirs législatifs que la Camera. Vote la confiance au gouvernement de façon indépendante.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Rosatellum bis, mêmes règles que la Camera : 37% uninominal / 61% proportionnel de liste. Le Sénat compte aussi les sénateurs à vie nommés par le Président de la République.","source":{"nom":"Senato della Repubblica","url":"https://www.senato.it/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":3,"sieges_total":205,"mode_designation":"200 élus + 5 sénateurs à vie nommés par le Président de la République + ex-Présidents de la République sénateurs à vie de droit.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-09-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"it.fdi","sieges":63,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.lega","sieges":29,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.fi","sieges":18,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.nm","sieges":6,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.pd","sieges":40,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.m5s","sieges":28,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"it.terzo_polo","sieges":9,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":7,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_senateurs_a_vie","sieges":5,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Openpolis / Wikipedia Senato XIX","url":"https://www.openpolis.it/esercizi/la-composizione-delle-nuove-aule-parlamentari","date_donnee":"2022-09-25","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre haute. Mêmes pouvoirs législatifs que la Camera. Vote la confiance au gouvernement de façon indépendante.","mode_designation_en":"200 élus + 5 sénateurs à vie nommés par le Président de la République + ex-Présidents de la République sénateurs à vie de droit."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Corte costituzionale","source":{"nom":"Corte costituzionale","url":"https://www.cortecostituzionale.it/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"notes":"5 nommés par le Président de la République, 5 élus par le Parlement en séance commune, 5 élus par les magistratures suprêmes (Cassation, Conseil d'État, Cour des comptes).","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne, article 135","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione/parte-ii/titolo-vi","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Répartition tripartite égale : Président, Parlement, magistratures suprêmes.","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne, article 135","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione/parte-ii/titolo-vi","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans non renouvelables.","source":{"nom":"Constitution italienne, article 135","url":"https://www.senato.it/istituzione/la-costituzione/parte-ii/titolo-vi","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":2550,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":43270,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":137.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ITA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"11 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"19 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.82,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/ITA.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":11.8},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":10.3},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.1}],"top_categories_export":["Machines et équipements","Automobile et pièces","Mode et cuir (habillement, chaussures)","Produits pharmaceutiques","Agroalimentaire"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines et équipements","Produits chimiques","Métaux","Textile-habillement"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Vin","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"1er producteur mondial en volume (devant la France certaines années)."},{"produit":"Huile d'olive","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après l'Espagne."},{"produit":"Machines-outils","rang_mondial":5,"notes":"Cœur du \"Made in Italy\" industriel, tissu Nord-Est/Émilie-Romagne."},{"produit":"Mode (habillement, cuir, luxe)","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Milan pôle mondial."},{"produit":"Automobile (Stellantis)","rang_mondial":8,"notes":"Fiat, Ferrari, Lamborghini."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Italy","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ita","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":49.6,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-09-25","type":"legislative","participation_pct":63.9,"vainqueur_parti_id":"it.fdi","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Meloni (FdI + Lega + FI + NM).","notes":"Fratelli d'Italia devient premier parti d'Italie (26%), effondrement du M5S dans certaines régions, retour de Berlusconi (dernières élections avant sa mort en juin 2023).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Elezioni politiche 2022","url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_politiche_in_Italia_del_2022","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2018-03-04","type":"legislative","participation_pct":72.9,"vainqueur_parti_id":"it.m5s","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Conte I (M5S + Lega), puis Conte II (M5S + PD), puis Draghi (union nationale).","notes":"Percée du M5S (32,7%) et de la Lega (17,4%). Législature marquée par 3 gouvernements successifs.","source":{"nom":"Ministero dell'Interno","url":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2013-02-24","type":"legislative","participation_pct":75.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"it.pd","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Letta (grande coalition) puis Renzi, puis Gentiloni.","source":{"nom":"Ministero dell'Interno","url":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Gouvernement Meloni : au 4 septembre 2026, plus long gouvernement de l'histoire républicaine italienne.","Bicamérisme parfait : Camera et Senato ont les mêmes pouvoirs. Réforme constitutionnelle de 2020 : réduction de 945 à 600 parlementaires.","Instabilité chronique : 69 gouvernements entre 1946 et 2022. La longévité du gouvernement Meloni est une anomalie historique."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.73,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Léger recul du score V-Dem depuis l'arrivée du gouvernement Meloni (contrôle des médias publics, réforme judiciaire) mais reste catégorisée « démocratie libérale ».","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Léger recul du score V-Dem depuis l'arrivée du gouvernement Meloni (contrôle des médias publics, réforme judiciaire) mais reste catégorisée « démocratie libérale »."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Italie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=it&gl=IT&ceid=IT:it","langue":"it"},{"nom":"ANSA","url_rss":"https://www.ansa.it/sito/ansait_rss.xml","langue":"it"},{"nom":"La Repubblica","url_rss":"https://www.repubblica.it/rss/homepage/rss2.0.xml","langue":"it"},{"nom":"Corriere della Sera","url_rss":"https://xml2.corriereobjects.it/rss/homepage.xml","langue":"it"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1993,"annee_bascule_note":"L'Italie a un solde naturel négatif depuis 1993 (avec pic à -320 000 en 2022). La population décroît depuis 2015 malgré un solde migratoire positif.","esperance_vie_femmes":86,"esperance_vie_hommes":82,"age_median":48.6,"indice_fecondite":1.18,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ita","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":371169,"deces_2025":648072,"solde_naturel_2025":-276903},"retraites":{"age_legal":67,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition, notionnelle depuis 1995 (NDC)","duree_cotisation_ans":42,"taux_cotisation_pct":33,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":82,"description":"Système NDC (Notional Defined Contribution) : chaque cotisation ouvre un droit virtuel indexé. Âge légal 67 ans (ajusté à l'espérance de vie tous les 2 ans). Cotisation totale 33% (23,81% employeur + 9,19% salarié). Système généreux mais soutenable par l'ajustement automatique âge-espérance de vie.","source":{"nom":"INPS / OCDE Pensions at a Glance","url":"https://www.inps.it/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition, notionnelle depuis 1995 (NDC)","description_en":"Système NDC (Notional Defined Contribution) : chaque cotisation ouvre un droit virtuel indexé. Âge légal 67 ans (ajusté à l'espérance de vie tous les 2 ans). Cotisation totale 33% (23,81% employeur + 9,19% salarié). Système généreux mais soutenable par l'ajustement automatique âge-espérance de vie."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":165500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":18300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":176000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":30.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":14,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","GCAP (chasseur futur UK-IT-JP)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Ariete C1 (upgradé)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara + Iveco (Consorzio Iveco Fiat-Oto Melara)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A7/A8 (commande 2024)","quantite":132,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann + Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Italie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A/B Lightning II","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (final assembly Cameri)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Italie"},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon","quantite":94,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH (Leonardo lead Italie)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-avions Cavour (F-35B)","quantite":1,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Porte-hélicoptères Trieste (LHD)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Frégates FREMM","quantite":10,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Italie/France","fabricant":"Fincantieri + Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"Italie/France"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"U-Boote Type U212 NFS","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne/Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri + ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Italie"},{"nom":"U-Boote Type U212A Todaro","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Italie/Allemagne","fabricant":"Fincantieri (licence TKMS)","pays_fabricant":"Italie/Allemagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Freccia (IFV Centauro base)","quantite":380,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Consorzio Iveco-Oto Melara (Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Centauro II (mgs 120mm)","quantite":96,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"CIO (Iveco + Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"VBM Freccia (base VBTP)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"CIO","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PzH 2000 (licence Allemagne)","quantite":68,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Allemagne/Italie","fabricant":"KMW / OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Italie"},{"nom":"MLRS (M270)","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AW129 Mangusta / AW249 Fenice","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo Helicopters (ex-AgustaWestland)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"NH90 TTH","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"NHIndustries (Leonardo lead)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"AW101 Merlin","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Italie/UK","fabricant":"Leonardo + Westland","pays_fabricant":"Italie/UK"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":22,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-27J Spartan","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"KC-767A (ravitaillement)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SAMP/T Mamba (co-France)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"France/Italie","fabricant":"Eurosam (MBDA + Thales + Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"Aster 30 (naval + terrestre)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"Europe"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL — commandement de secteur Ouest, contingent italien majeur","effectifs":1075,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL — commandement de secteur Ouest, contingent italien majeur","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR — commandement rotatif italien fréquent (mission MSU)","effectifs":900,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR — commandement rotatif italien fréquent (mission MSU)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Coalition anti-Daech / Mission NATO Iraq — cadres et instructeurs","effectifs":850,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Coalition anti-Daech + OTAN","mission_en":"Coalition anti-Daech / Mission NATO Iraq — cadres et instructeurs","cadre_en":"Coalition anti-Daech + OTAN"},{"pays":"Djibouti","mission":"Base militaire de soutien italienne (BMIS)","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"Bilatéral — anti-piraterie","mission_en":"Base militaire de soutien italienne (BMIS)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral — anti-piraterie"},{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"EUTM Somalia (formation forces somaliennes)","effectifs":130,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUTM Somalia (formation forces somaliennes)","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence (contingent italien battlegroup)","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence (contingent italien battlegroup)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Hongrie","mission":"NATO Air Policing occasionnel","effectifs":80,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Air Policing occasionnel","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Golfe Persique","mission":"Opération Prima Parthica — protection navigation","effectifs":260,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Autonome / coalition","mission_en":"Opération Prima Parthica — protection navigation","cadre_en":"Autonome / coalition"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge","mission":"Opération Aspides (UE, protection commerce Bab-el-Mandeb)","effectifs":240,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"Opération Aspides (UE, protection commerce Bab-el-Mandeb)","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Niger","mission":"MISIN — mission bilatérale (retrait en cours 2025-2026)","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"Bilatéral","status":"retire","mission_en":"MISIN — mission bilatérale (retrait en cours 2025-2026)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["2ᵉ contributeur européen aux missions ONU/OTAN par volume déployé, derrière la France.","Bases italiennes clés : Aviano (nucléaire OTAN B61 — partage nucléaire), Sigonella (drones), Camp Darby.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~40 têtes B61 américaines stockées à Aviano et Ghedi (F-35 vecteurs).","Programme GCAP (chasseur 6ᵉ génération) avec Royaume-Uni et Japon — remplacera Eurofighter et F-35 d'ici 2035.","Industrie de défense majeure : Leonardo (hélicos, radars, optronique), Fincantieri (navires), IVECO Defence Vehicles."],"notes_speciales_en":["2ᵉ contributeur européen aux missions ONU/OTAN par volume déployé, derrière la France.","Bases italiennes clés : Aviano (nucléaire OTAN B61 — partage nucléaire), Sigonella (drones), Camp Darby.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~40 têtes B61 américaines stockées à Aviano et Ghedi (F-35 vecteurs).","Programme GCAP (chasseur 6ᵉ génération) avec Royaume-Uni et Japon — remplacera Eurofighter et F-35 d'ici 2035.","Industrie de défense majeure : Leonardo (hélicos, radars, optronique), Fincantieri (navires), IVECO Defence Vehicles."],"alliances_militaires_en":["NATO","EU","GCAP (future fighter UK-IT-JP)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"otrante","nom":"Détroit d'Otrante","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IT, AL)","importance_globale":"Passage entre mer Adriatique et mer Ionienne (Méditerranée). Route commerciale Italie ↔ Grèce/Turquie. Route migratoire alternative Albanie → Italie (moins active depuis 1999).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":25000},"menace_principale":"Trafics divers (armes, drogues, migrants). Pas de menace militaire directe."},{"id":"messine","nom":"Détroit de Messine","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IT)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la Sicile et la Calabre italienne. Route Méditerranée orientale-occidentale. Trafic ferry très intense (Sicile-continent). Projet historique de pont : approuvé par Meloni 2023 (13,5 Md€, mise en service 2032).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":9000},"menace_principale":"Courants forts (Scylla et Charybde de la mythologie), risque sismique (séisme 1908 : 200 000 morts)."},{"id":"sicile","nom":"Détroit de Sicile","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IT, TN, MT)","importance_globale":"Passage entre le bassin oriental et occidental de la Méditerranée. Route migratoire principale de la Méditerranée centrale : ~150 000 traversées vers l'Italie en 2023 (>2 000 morts/an).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":60000},"menace_principale":"Crise migratoire (Tunisie → Lampedusa), naufrages meurtriers, tensions Italie–Tunisie sur les patrouilles."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":7600,"zee_km2":541915,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"pib_maritime_md_usd":68,"flotte_marchande_navires":1400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.17,"notes":"Fincantieri (1er constructeur croisière mondial). Gioia Tauro hub Med. Trafic Sicile-continent (100 rotations ferry/j Messine).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Gouvernement Meloni : au 4 septembre 2026, plus long gouvernement de l'histoire républicaine italienne.","Bicamérisme parfait : Camera et Senato ont les mêmes pouvoirs. Réforme constitutionnelle de 2020 : réduction de 945 à 600 parlementaires.","Instabilité chronique : 69 gouvernements entre 1946 et 2022. La longévité du gouvernement Meloni est une anomalie historique."]},{"iso2":"JM","iso3":"JAM","slug":"jamaique","nom_courant_fr":"Jamaïque","nom_officiel_fr":"Jamaïque","nom_officiel_local":"Jamaica","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kingston","source":{"nom":"STATIN","url":"https://statinja.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":2837077,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jam","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":10991,"source":{"nom":"STATIN","url":"https://statinja.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CARICOM","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1973,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III","source":{"nom":"King's House","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Représenté par la Gouverneure générale Patrick Allen.","notes_en":"Représenté par la Gouverneure générale Patrick Allen."},"fonction":"Roi de Jamaïque","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","source":{"nom":"Monarchie Commonwealth","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Débat national sur la transition vers une république d'ici 2025-2026.","notes_en":"Débat national sur la transition vers une république d'ici 2025-2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (Commonwealth).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Andrew Holness","source":{"nom":"Cabinet jamaïcain","url":"https://opm.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prime Minister","parti_id":"jm.jlp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-03-03","source":{"nom":"OPM Jamaïque","url":"https://opm.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e mandat consécutif après victoire JLP aux législatives du 3 septembre 2025 (34 sièges contre 29 PNP).","notes_en":"3e mandat consécutif après victoire JLP aux législatives du 3 septembre 2025 (34 sièges contre 29 PNP)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par la Gouverneure générale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"jm.jlp","sieges":49,"source":{"nom":"EOJ","url":"https://www.eoj.com.jm/","date_donnee":"2020-09-03","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2016-03-03","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of jamaique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_jamaique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2021-03-03","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of jamaique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_jamaique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire Westminster. Débat sur transition vers république. Bipartisme JLP vs PNP.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie parlementaire Westminster. Débat sur transition vers république. Bipartisme JLP vs PNP."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"House of Representatives","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":63,"mode_designation":"FPTP dans 63 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-09-03","distribution":[{"parti_id":"jm.jlp","sieges":34,"voix_pct":52.9},{"parti_id":"jm.pnp","sieges":29,"voix_pct":46.8}],"source":{"nom":"EOJ","url":"https://www.eoj.com.jm/","date_donnee":"2025-09-03","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"FPTP dans 63 circonscriptions."},{"nom":"Senate","role":"Chambre haute nommée.","sieges_total":21,"mode_designation":"13 nommés par le PM, 8 par le leader de l'opposition.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute nommée.","mode_designation_en":"13 nommés par le PM, 8 par le leader de l'opposition."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Londres) + Supreme Court of Judicature","source":{"nom":"Supreme Court","url":"https://supremecourt.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":37,"source":{"nom":"Supreme Court","url":"https://supremecourt.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par la Gouverneure générale sur recommandation du PM après consultation du chef de l'opposition.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://kingshouse.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Le Privy Council de Londres reste juridiction ultime — la Jamaïque n'a pas adhéré à la CCJ contrairement aux autres membres CARICOM.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":8106,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-0.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":67.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JAM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"25 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"18 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":34.5},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":17.6},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":13},{"pays":"Islande","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":4.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":42.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.7},{"pays":"Trinité-et-Tobago","part_pct":4.4}],"top_categories_export":["Alumine et bauxite","Rhum","Bananes","Café Blue Mountain","Sucre"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Alimentation","Automobile","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Bauxite / Alumine","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Café Blue Mountain","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Café premium ~50$/kg — le plus cher au monde."},{"produit":"Rhum","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Musique (Bob Marley, reggae, dancehall)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Tourisme (~30% PIB)","rang_caraibes":2,"notes":"~3,3 M visiteurs/an."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Jamaica","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/jam","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.9,"source":{"nom":"MinFin Jamaica","url":"https://www.mof.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.5,"source":{"nom":"MinFin","url":"https://www.mof.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"JMD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2055,"annee_bascule_note":"Émigration massive : diaspora ~1 M (au Royaume-Uni, USA, Canada).","esperance_vie_femmes":74.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.1,"age_median":31.2,"indice_fecondite":1.35,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jam","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":32485,"deces_2025":23281,"solde_naturel_2025":9204},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II privé","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":6,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":42,"description":"National Insurance Scheme (NIS) — cotisation 6% (3% employeur + 3% salarié).","source":{"nom":"NIS Jamaica","url":"https://www.mlss.gov.jm/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + Pilier II privé","description_en":"National Insurance Scheme (NIS) — cotisation 6% (3% employeur + 3% salarié)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.66,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Débat national sur la transition vers une république — Holness a évoqué un référendum d'ici 2025-2026.","Culture musicale mondiale (reggae, ska, dancehall — patrimoine UNESCO).","Bipartisme JLP vs PNP hérité de l'indépendance (1962).","Diaspora ~1 M — transferts ~14% PIB.","Violence liée aux gangs — taux d'homicide parmi les plus élevés des Caraïbes."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Jamaïque","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=JM&ceid=JM:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":4000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":950,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.24,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":122,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 407","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"AW139","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Bell 407","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS355 Écureuil","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cadillac Gage","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Damen OPV","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Damen","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs Metal Shark","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Metal Shark","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"alliances_militaires":["CARICOM","Commonwealth","Coopération USA"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Haïti","mission":"MSS — contingent jamaïcain","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Multinational — CARICOM contribution","mission_en":"MSS — contingent jamaïcain","cadre_en":"Multinational — CARICOM contribution"}],"notes_speciales":["Coopération USA renforcée — Third Frontier Border Initiative anti-drogue.","Contribution CARICOM à la MSS Haïti (2024)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Coopération USA renforcée — Third Frontier Border Initiative anti-drogue.","Contribution CARICOM à la MSS Haïti (2024)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CARICOM","Commonwealth","USA cooperation"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1022,"zee_km2":258137,"pib_maritime_pct":8,"notes":"Kingston 30ᵉ port conteneurs. Hub transbordement Caraïbes.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Débat national sur la transition vers une république — Holness a évoqué un référendum d'ici 2025-2026.","Culture musicale mondiale (reggae, ska, dancehall — patrimoine UNESCO).","Bipartisme JLP vs PNP hérité de l'indépendance (1962).","Diaspora ~1 M — transferts ~14% PIB.","Violence liée aux gangs — taux d'homicide parmi les plus élevés des Caraïbes."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-09-03","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Jamaica Labour Party (JLP, 49 sièges sur 63)","gouvernement_issu":"Andrew Holness PM (JLP, 2ᵉ mandat 2020-2025). Élections générales prévues fin 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Jamaican general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-02-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"JLP (33 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Andrew Holness PM 2016-2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Jamaican general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Jamaican_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"JP","iso3":"JPN","slug":"japon","nom_courant_fr":"Japon","nom_officiel_fr":"État du Japon","nom_officiel_local":"Nihon-koku","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tokyo","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":123366734,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jpn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":377975,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1956,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Naruhito","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Empereur","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-05-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire. Loi de succession de 1947 limite aux hommes de la lignée masculine.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sanae Takaichi","source":{"nom":"Cabinet japonais","url":"https://www.kantei.go.jp/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"jp.ldp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-10-21","source":{"nom":"Kantei","url":"https://www.kantei.go.jp/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"**1re femme Premier ministre du Japon**. Succède à Ishiba démissionnaire (sept. 2025). Anticipation dissolue → snap élections 8 février 2026 → supermajorité historique PLD+Ishin (352/465).","notes_en":"**1re femme Premier ministre du Japon**. Succède à Ishiba démissionnaire (sept. 2025). Anticipation dissolue → snap élections 8 février 2026 → supermajorité historique PLD+Ishin (352/465)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par la Diète (Chambre des représentants).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"jp.ldp","sieges":316,"source":{"nom":"MIC Japan","url":"https://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/","date_donnee":"2026-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"jp.ishin","sieges":36,"notes":"Nouveau partenaire de coalition.","source":{"nom":"MIC Japan","url":"https://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/","date_donnee":"2026-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Nouveau partenaire de coalition."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-10-21","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of japon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_japon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-10-21","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of japon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_japon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (constitution 1947 « pacifiste » imposée par les USA). PLD dominant depuis 70 ans. Empereur : rôle purement symbolique.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (constitution 1947 « pacifiste » imposée par les USA). PLD dominant depuis 70 ans. Empereur : rôle purement symbolique."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Shūgi-in (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":465,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 289 circonscriptions uninominales + 176 sièges proportionnels de bloc.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-02-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"jp.ldp","sieges":316,"voix_pct":51.8},{"parti_id":"jp.ishin","sieges":36,"voix_pct":12},{"parti_id":"jp.dpp","sieges":49,"voix_pct":18.5},{"parti_id":"jp.komei","sieges":20,"voix_pct":5.4},{"parti_id":"jp.dpfp","sieges":22,"voix_pct":5.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":22,"voix_pct":6.7}],"source":{"nom":"MIC Japan","url":"https://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/","date_donnee":"2026-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 289 circonscriptions uninominales + 176 sièges proportionnels de bloc."},{"nom":"Sangi-in (Chambre des conseillers)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":248,"mode_designation":"Système mixte proportionnel + circonscription.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte proportionnel + circonscription."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Cabinet (approuvés par référendum aux élections).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":4435,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":35973,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":206.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JPN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"16 September 2015","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"19 January 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"8 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":2.65,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/JPN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":20.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":17.8},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Taïwan","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":4.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":24.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":10.1},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":4.3},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":4.2}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (Toyota, Honda, Nissan)","Machines industrielles","Semi-conducteurs et équipements","Aciers spéciaux","Instruments optiques"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut","GNL","Charbon","Ordinateurs","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Toyota = 1er constructeur mondial en 2024."},{"produit":"Robotique industrielle","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Fanuc, Yaskawa."},{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs (équipements)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Anime et manga","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Aciers spéciaux (Nippon Steel)","rang_mondial":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Japon","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/jpn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":36.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":39.6,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"JPY","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":5.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2007,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2007. Perte ~800 000 hab/an. Population passée de 128 M (2010) à 124 M (2025).","esperance_vie_femmes":87.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.1,"age_median":50.2,"indice_fecondite":1.15,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jpn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":703190,"deces_2025":1640778,"solde_naturel_2025":-937588},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (KNP+EPI) + capitalisation individuelle","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":18.3,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":34,"description":"Système Répartition (KNP+EPI) + capitalisation individuelle. Cotisation 18.3%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (KNP+EPI) + capitalisation individuelle","description_en":"Système Répartition (KNP+EPI) + capitalisation individuelle. Cotisation 18.3%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.72,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["PLD au pouvoir presque continu depuis 1955 — **a perdu sa majorité en octobre 2024** (première fois depuis 2009).","Ishiba PM depuis octobre 2024 — gouverne en minorité grâce à alliance ad hoc avec Kōmeitō et DPFP.","Population en déclin depuis 2010 — pays le plus âgé au monde.","Dette publique 254% PIB — record OCDE mais quasi-entièrement domestique.","Politique de défense en pleine mutation : doublement des dépenses militaires d'ici 2027, alliance USA + AUKUS + Corée du Sud face à Chine et Corée du Nord.","Salaires en hausse pour la première fois depuis 30 ans (2024) sous pression syndicale.","Constitution « pacifiste » (art. 9) — révision en discussion."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Japon","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ja&gl=JP&ceid=JP:ja","langue":"ja"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":247000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":55700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12650,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":55.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":7,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Alliance USA","QUAD","Alliance USA (Traité 1960)","Trilatérale USA-Japon-Corée (2023)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Type 10","quantite":130,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Type 90","quantite":340,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A/B Lightning II","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-15J (Kai)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1981,"origine":"USA/Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (licence Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"Japon/USA"},{"nom":"Mitsubishi F-2","quantite":90,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (base F-16)","pays_fabricant":"Japon/USA"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-hélicoptères classe Izumo (converti F-35B)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"IHI Marine United","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Maya (Aegis)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Japan Marine United","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Atago (Aegis)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Kongo (Aegis)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries + IHI","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Mogami (FFM)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Asahi","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Akizuki","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi + Mitsui","pays_fabricant":"Japon"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Taigei","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries + Kawasaki","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Soryu","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries + Kawasaki","pays_fabricant":"Japon"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Type 89 (IFV)","quantite":68,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Type 16 MCV (canon 105mm)","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Type 96 APC","quantite":340,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Komatsu","pays_fabricant":"Japon"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"Type 99 (SPH 155mm)","quantite":130,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Japan Steel Works + Mitsubishi","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"M270 MLRS","quantite":99,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"HIMARS (commande)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"20 exemplaires prévus"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64DJP Apache","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"USA/Japon","fabricant":"Boeing / Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Japon"},{"nom":"AH-1S Cobra (licence)","quantite":70,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"USA/Japon","fabricant":"Bell / Fuji Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"USA/Japon","notes":"Retrait progressif"},{"nom":"UH-60JA Black Hawk (licence)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"USA/Japon","fabricant":"Sikorsky / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"USA/Japon"},{"nom":"OH-1 Ninja","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-2 (Kawasaki)","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":16,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1984,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"KC-46A Pegasus","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3 MSE","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Type 03 Chū-SAM Kai (national)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Japon","fabricant":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","pays_fabricant":"Japon"},{"nom":"Aegis Ashore (annulé 2020 → Aegis System Equipped Vessels 2027)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"USA/Japon","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin + MHI","pays_fabricant":"USA/Japon"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Djibouti","mission":"Base d'auto-défense japonaise (JMSDF) — seule base outre-mer","effectifs":180,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Bilatéral — anti-piraterie golfe d'Aden","mission_en":"Base d'auto-défense japonaise (JMSDF) — seule base outre-mer","cadre_en":"Bilatéral — anti-piraterie golfe d'Aden"},{"pays":"Golfe d'Aden","mission":"Anti-piraterie — 2 destroyers en rotation + P-3C Orion","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2009","cadre":"Coalition CTF-151","mission_en":"Anti-piraterie — 2 destroyers en rotation + P-3C Orion","cadre_en":"Coalition CTF-151"},{"pays":"Golan","mission":"UNDOF (observateurs, contingent réduit)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"1996","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNDOF (observateurs, contingent réduit)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS (état-major, retrait unités combat 2017)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS (état-major, retrait unités combat 2017)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Détroit d'Ormuz / Mer d'Oman","mission":"Mission d'information et recueil de renseignements (2020-)","effectifs":260,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Autonome — protection navigation","mission_en":"Mission d'information et recueil de renseignements (2020-)","cadre_en":"Autonome — protection navigation"},{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Multilatéral","mission_en":"Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)","cadre_en":"Multilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["Constitution pacifiste (article 9, 1947) — les *Jieitai* (JSDF) sont juridiquement des forces d'auto-défense, non une armée.","Révision doctrinale majeure 2022 : doublement du budget défense sur 5 ans (2% du PIB en 2027), capacités de « contre-frappe » assumées.","Alliance avec les USA : 55 000 GI sur le sol japonais (Okinawa 70%), 7ᵉ Flotte américaine basée à Yokosuka.","Programme AUKUS observation partenaire pillar 2 (technologies avancées), coopération GCAP (chasseur futur avec UK + Italie).","Tensions territoriales : Kouriles (Russie), Senkaku (Chine), Takeshima/Dokdo (Corée)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Constitution pacifiste (article 9, 1947) — les *Jieitai* (JSDF) sont juridiquement des forces d'auto-défense, non une armée.","Révision doctrinale majeure 2022 : doublement du budget défense sur 5 ans (2% du PIB en 2027), capacités de « contre-frappe » assumées.","Alliance avec les USA : 55 000 GI sur le sol japonais (Okinawa 70%), 7ᵉ Flotte américaine basée à Yokosuka.","Programme AUKUS observation partenaire pillar 2 (technologies avancées), coopération GCAP (chasseur futur avec UK + Italie).","Tensions territoriales : Kouriles (Russie), Senkaku (Chine), Takeshima/Dokdo (Corée)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Alliance USA","QUAD","USA Alliance (1960 Treaty)","USA-Japan-Korea trilateral (2023)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"osumi","nom":"Détroit d'Osumi","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (JP)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la mer de Chine orientale (sud du Japon) et l'océan Pacifique. Utilisé par la marine chinoise pour sortir des eaux insulaires japonaises — sous surveillance permanente japonaise. Route commerciale secondaire vers Osaka/Kobe.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":20000},"menace_principale":"Passages fréquents de la PLA-Navy chinoise (2022+) — porte-avions Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian. Réponse JMSDF systématique."},{"id":"corée-tsushima","nom":"Détroit de Corée (Tsushima)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (KR, JP)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la mer de l'Est (mer du Japon) et la mer de Chine orientale. Route commerciale majeure Corée du Sud / Japon → Chine, Asie SE, Europe via Malacca. Bataille navale historique décisive : Tsushima 1905 (défaite russe face au Japon).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":42000,"tonnage_mt_an":1400},"menace_principale":"Menace nord-coréenne (missiles balistiques survolant régulièrement le Japon depuis 2017). Rivalité Corée du Sud-Japon (îles Takeshima/Dokdo — contentieux territorial)."},{"id":"miyako","nom":"Détroit de Miyako","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (JP)","importance_globale":"Passage clé entre l'archipel Ryukyu (Okinawa, Miyako, Ishigaki) et l'océan Pacifique — porte de sortie principale de la PLA-Navy chinoise vers le Pacifique ouvert. Contient l'espace aérien japonais mais eaux internationales. Vital pour la « première chaîne d'îles » (First Island Chain) OTAN Pacifique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":12000},"menace_principale":"Sorties massives de la PLA-Navy vers exercices Pacifique 2022+. Encerclements de Taïwan passent souvent par ici. Doctrine chinoise Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":29751,"zee_km2":4479000,"pib_maritime_pct":5.8,"pib_maritime_md_usd":245,"flotte_marchande_navires":3900,"flotte_marchande_rang":3,"peche_annuelle_mt":3.4,"ports_top10_mondial":0,"notes":"Nation insulaire — dépendance maritime totale. 3ᵉ flotte marchande mondiale. Puissance pêche historique (thon rouge Pacifique). Chantiers navals importants.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["PLD au pouvoir presque continu depuis 1955 — **a perdu sa majorité en octobre 2024** (première fois depuis 2009).","Ishiba PM depuis octobre 2024 — gouverne en minorité grâce à alliance ad hoc avec Kōmeitō et DPFP.","Population en déclin depuis 2010 — pays le plus âgé au monde.","Dette publique 254% PIB — record OCDE mais quasi-entièrement domestique.","Politique de défense en pleine mutation : doublement des dépenses militaires d'ici 2027, alliance USA + AUKUS + Corée du Sud face à Chine et Corée du Nord.","Salaires en hausse pour la première fois depuis 30 ans (2024) sous pression syndicale.","Constitution « pacifiste » (art. 9) — révision en discussion."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-10-27","type":"legislative","participation_pct":53.9,"vainqueur":"Coalition PLD-Komeito perd la majorité (215 sièges sur 465, majorité requise 233)","gouvernement_issu":"Shigeru Ishiba (PLD), gouvernement minoritaire depuis nov. 2024. Remplacé par Sanae Takaichi (PLD, 1ʳᵉ femme PM) en oct. 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Japanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Japanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-10-31","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PLD-Komeito (293 sièges sur 465)","gouvernement_issu":"Fumio Kishida (PLD), PM oct. 2021-oct. 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Japanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Japanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"JO","iso3":"JOR","slug":"jordanie","nom_courant_fr":"Jordanie","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume hachémite de Jordanie","nom_officiel_local":"al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah al-Hāshimiyyah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Amman","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11520684,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":89342,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1955,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdallah II","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi","parti_id":"jo.hachemites","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1999-02-07","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (dynastie hachémite).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jaafar Hassan","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"jo.mith","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-09-18","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Roi.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"jo.imf","sieges":31,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-09-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"jo.mith","sieges":21,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-09-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"jo.uni_jo","sieges":86,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-09-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1999-02-07","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of jordanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_jordanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2004-02-07","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of jordanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_jordanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle où le Roi conserve les pouvoirs effectifs (nomination gouvernement, dissolution parlement). Dynastie hachémite depuis 1946.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie constitutionnelle où le Roi conserve les pouvoirs effectifs (nomination gouvernement, dissolution parlement). Dynastie hachémite depuis 1946."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Nuwwāb (Chambre des députés)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":138,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel + uninominal + quotas femmes/chrétiens/circassiens.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-09-10","distribution":[{"parti_id":"jo.imf","sieges":31,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"jo.mith","sieges":21,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"jo.uni_jo","sieges":86,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-09-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel + uninominal + quotas femmes/chrétiens/circassiens."},{"nom":"Majlis al-Aʿyān (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":69,"mode_designation":"Nommés par le Roi.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Nommés par le Roi."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":62,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5355,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":21.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":82.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-6.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/JOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 May 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":25.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":13.7},{"pays":"Irak","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":3.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":17.2},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.7}],"top_categories_export":["Vêtements","Engrais (phosphates, potasse)","Or","Produits pharmaceutiques","Fruits et légumes"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Aliments","Machines","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Phosphates","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Potasse (mer Morte)","rang_mondial":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Jordanie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/jor","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":25.3,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"JOD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":3.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":80.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.9,"age_median":24.3,"indice_fecondite":2.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/jor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":235621,"deces_2025":35956,"solde_naturel_2025":199665},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SSC)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":21.75,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Système principal Répartition (SSC). Cotisation 21.75%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSC)","description_en":"Système principal Répartition (SSC). Cotisation 21.75%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.22,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Réfugiés : ~2,5 millions palestiniens naturalisés + ~700 000 syriens.","Traité de paix avec Israël depuis 1994.","Abdallah II sur le trône depuis 26 ans.","Frères musulmans (IAF) sont opposition principale au parlement 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Jordanie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=JO&ceid=JO:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":100500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":65000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":4.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":78,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Ligue arabe","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","Traité de paix Israël-Jordanie (1994)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Al-Hussein Challenger 1, M60A3 Phoenix","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"UK/USA"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16A/B/C/D Block 30/40 (99 unités)","quantite":99,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-1F Cobra, UH-60L Black Hawk, MD-530F","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"USA"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"YPR-765, Al-Fahd, Ratel, RG-31, M113","quantite":1350,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A2/A3 155mm","quantite":273,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M110A2 203mm","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BMY","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M198 155mm","quantite":78,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk XXI","quantite":80,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":250,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"CH-4B (Chine)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"IAI Heron","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Frontière syrienne","mission":"Sécurisation contre trafics + djihadistes (~380 km)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation contre trafics + djihadistes (~380 km)","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Frontière irakienne","mission":"Sécurisation contre trafics + Daech (~181 km)","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation contre trafics + Daech (~181 km)","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":5,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Côte d'Ivoire","mission":"ONUCI (retrait 2017)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"ONUCI (retrait 2017)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Cisjordanie","mission":"Ambassadeur historique au Waqf (Al-Aqsa) — pas de force projetée","effectifs":0,"depuis":"Historique","cadre":"Rôle diplomatique","mission_en":"Ambassadeur historique au Waqf (Al-Aqsa) — pas de force projetée","cadre_en":"Rôle diplomatique"}],"notes_speciales":["Un des plus forts alliés régionaux des USA (Major NNA) et de l'OTAN — coopération renseignement majeure sur Daech, Al-Qaïda.","Traité de paix Israël-Jordanie (1994) — 2ᵉ pays arabe après l'Égypte à normaliser. Frontière la plus longue avec Israël.","Refuge historique pour réfugiés : 700 000 Syriens (2011+), 2 M Palestiniens (1948+), 1 M Iraquiens (2003+).","Aide militaire USA ~1,5 Md USD/an — pilier régional stable."],"notes_speciales_en":["Un des plus forts alliés régionaux des USA (Major NNA) et de l'OTAN — coopération renseignement majeure sur Daech, Al-Qaïda.","Traité de paix Israël-Jordanie (1994) — 2ᵉ pays arabe après l'Égypte à normaliser. Frontière la plus longue avec Israël.","Refuge historique pour réfugiés : 700 000 Syriens (2011+), 2 M Palestiniens (1948+), 1 M Iraquiens (2003+).","Aide militaire USA ~1,5 Md USD/an — pilier régional stable."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Ligue arabe","Major non-NATO ally USA","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty (1994)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":26,"zee_km2":375,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"notes":"Aqaba seul port — accès stratégique mer Rouge.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Réfugiés : ~2,5 millions palestiniens naturalisés + ~700 000 syriens.","Traité de paix avec Israël depuis 1994.","Abdallah II sur le trône depuis 26 ans.","Frères musulmans (IAF) sont opposition principale au parlement 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-09-10","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Front d'action islamique (17 sièges sur 138) — plus forte percée en 30 ans","gouvernement_issu":"Jafar Hassan PM depuis sept. 2024 (nommé par le roi Abdallah II).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Jordanian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Jordanian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-11-10","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Indépendants pro-royalistes (majorité)","gouvernement_issu":"Bicher Al-Khasawneh PM 2020-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Jordanian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Jordanian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"KZ","iso3":"KAZ","slug":"kazakhstan","nom_courant_fr":"Kazakhstan","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Kazakhstan","nom_officiel_local":"Qazaqstan Respublikasy","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Astana","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":20843754,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kaz","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":2724900,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CEEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2015,"source":{"nom":"CEEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kassym-Jomart Tokaïev","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"kz.amanat","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-03-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Successeur de Nazarbaïev (1990-2019). A rompu avec son prédécesseur après émeutes janvier 2022.","notes_en":"Successeur de Nazarbaïev (1990-2019). A rompu avec son prédécesseur après émeutes janvier 2022."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel. Réélu 2022 pour un mandat unique de 7 ans (réforme post-émeutes janvier 2022).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Olzhas Bektenov","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"kz.amanat","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-02-06","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement kazakh","url":"https://www.gov.kz/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit en 2026. **Réforme constitutionnelle en vigueur depuis le 1er juillet 2026** : passage à un parlement unicaméral (Kurultai / National Congress, 145 sièges) après référendum du 15 mars 2026.","notes_en":"Reconduit en 2026. **Réforme constitutionnelle en vigueur depuis le 1er juillet 2026** : passage à un parlement unicaméral (Kurultai / National Congress, 145 sièges) après référendum du 15 mars 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec approbation Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"kz.amanat","sieges":62,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-03-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-03-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kazakhstan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-03-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kazakhstan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"9e plus grand pays du monde. Régime autoritaire mais ouvertures depuis 2022 (« Nouveau Kazakhstan »). Position stratégique entre Russie et Chine.","explication_concrete_en":"9e plus grand pays du monde. Régime autoritaire mais ouvertures depuis 2022 (« Nouveau Kazakhstan »). Position stratégique entre Russie et Chine."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Kurultai (National Congress) unicaméral","role":"Chambre unique depuis la réforme constitutionnelle du 1er juillet 2026 (remplace Majilis + Sénat).","sieges_total":145,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 105 proportionnels de liste + 40 uninominaux régionaux.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-06-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"kz.amanat","sieges":92,"voix_pct":55.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":53,"voix_pct":44.6}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Kazakhstan","url":"https://election.gov.kz/","date_donnee":"2026-06-14","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique depuis la réforme constitutionnelle du 1er juillet 2026 (remplace Majilis + Sénat).","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 105 proportionnels de liste + 40 uninominaux régionaux."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":11,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 4 par le Majilis, 4 par le Sénat.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":303,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":14855,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":6.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":11.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KAZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"21 August 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"15 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"9 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.8},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":30.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":23.6},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5.8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":4.1}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Uranium (1er mondial)","Ferro-alliages","Cuivre","Blé"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Uranium","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~40% de la production mondiale (Kazatomprom)."},{"produit":"Pétrole brut (champs Tengiz, Kashagan)","rang_mondial":12},{"produit":"Blé","rang_mondial":10},{"produit":"Fusée Baïkonour (loué à la Russie)","notes":"1er cosmodrome au monde depuis 1957."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Kazakhstan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/kaz","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":18.1,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":19.9,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"KZT","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":19.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":78.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.3,"age_median":31.6,"indice_fecondite":2.98,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kaz","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":406891,"deces_2025":139591,"solde_naturel_2025":267300},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition + capitalisation individuelle (UAPF)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition + capitalisation individuelle (UAPF). Cotisation 10%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + capitalisation individuelle (UAPF)","description_en":"Système Répartition + capitalisation individuelle (UAPF). Cotisation 10%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.2,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Ouvertures depuis 2022 mais reste autoritaire.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Ouvertures depuis 2022 mais reste autoritaire."},"notes_speciales":["Tokaïev président depuis 2019 (successeur de Nazarbaïev). Rupture après émeutes janvier 2022 (~230 morts).","Réforme constitutionnelle 2022 : mandat unique 7 ans, plus grande décentralisation.","Position stratégique entre Russie et Chine — équilibre difficile depuis invasion Ukraine.","Contournement des sanctions russes via commerce parallèle.","Nazarbaïev retiré (« Leader de la nation ») — statut symbolique."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Kazakhstan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ru&gl=KZ&ceid=KZ:ru","langue":"ru"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":70000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":34500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":61,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTSC","OCS","OTSC (Organisation du Traité de sécurité collective)","OCS (Organisation de coopération de Shanghai)","UEEA (Union eurasiatique)","Coopération USA (Prosperity Guardian, C5+1)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B / T-72BA","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-80U","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Omsktransmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-72B/BA (modernisé)","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS / Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-64 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Malyshev","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"T-90 (annoncé 2023, non-confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30SM","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-31BM","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-29A","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Su-27/Su-30SM","quantite":44,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-29 (retrait progressif)","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"URSS / Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-31 (intercepteur)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-25 Frogfoot","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80","quantite":320,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1986,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"GAZ Group","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Barys 8x8 (national)","quantite":55,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Kazakhstan/Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"KAE + Paramount 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d'équilibre entre Russie/Chine/Ouest.","Émeutes de janvier 2022 : intervention OTSC (2 500 soldats russes) suite déclenchée par le président Tokaïev — retrait après 10 jours.","Diversification militaire post-2022 : coopération accrue avec Turquie (drones Bayraktar TB2 envisagés), Corée du Sud (K9 en discussions)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Ex-4ᵉ puissance nucléaire du monde à l'effondrement URSS 1991 — démantelée volontairement 1991-1995 (Traité de Lisbonne, START).","Neutralité stratégique post-2022 : ne soutient pas les sanctions russes mais refuse l'annexion Donbass, position d'équilibre entre Russie/Chine/Ouest.","Émeutes de janvier 2022 : intervention OTSC (2 500 soldats russes) suite déclenchée par le président Tokaïev — retrait après 10 jours.","Diversification militaire post-2022 : coopération accrue avec Turquie (drones Bayraktar TB2 envisagés), Corée du Sud (K9 en discussions)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CSTO","OCS","CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization)","SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)","EAEU (Eurasian Union)","USA cooperation (Prosperity Guardian, C5+1)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"notes":"Mer Caspienne. Aktaou port principal.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Tokaïev président depuis 2019 (successeur de Nazarbaïev). Rupture après émeutes janvier 2022 (~230 morts).","Réforme constitutionnelle 2022 : mandat unique 7 ans, plus grande décentralisation.","Position stratégique entre Russie et Chine — équilibre difficile depuis invasion Ukraine.","Contournement des sanctions russes via commerce parallèle.","Nazarbaïev retiré (« Leader de la nation ») — statut symbolique."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-03-19","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"Amanat (parti présidentiel, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, 53.9%, 62 sièges sur 98)","gouvernement_issu":"Tokayev président (réélu novembre 2022, 81.3%). Oljas Bektenov PM depuis février 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Kazakh legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kazakh_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-11-20","type":"presidentielle_anticipee","vainqueur":"Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (indépendant, 81.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Tokayev mandat unique de 7 ans (nouveau format constitutionnel) — succède aux réformes post-janvier 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Kazakh presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kazakh_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"KE","iso3":"KEN","slug":"kenya","nom_courant_fr":"Kenya","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Kenya","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Kenya","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Nairobi","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":57532493,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ken","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":580367,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"COMESA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"COMESA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMESA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"William Ruto","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ke.uda","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-13","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct pour 5 ans (50,5% en 2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ke.uda","sieges":145,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Kenyan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kenyan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"William Ruto","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"ke.uda","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-13","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-09-13","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kenya","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-09-13","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kenya","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. 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Kenya","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ken","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":23.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kenya","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"KES","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":28.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.9,"esperance_vie_femmes":68.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":63.5,"indice_fecondite":3.3,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — 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Répression, ~60 morts.","Hub économique et logistique de l'Afrique de l'Est — Nairobi siège de l'ONU-Habitat, PNUE.","Contingent kényan à la tête de la mission MSS en Haïti (2024)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Daily Nation","url_rss":"https://nation.africa/kenya/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Standard","url_rss":"https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/rss/kenya.php","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":24100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":5000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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MRAP","quantite":600,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-101 105mm","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-5E Tiger II modernisés","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"USA"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 407GT, MD-530F, Mi-17, Z-9WA","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Nyayo (Vosper)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"OPV Jasiri (Cochin Shipyard Inde — livraison 2012)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Inde","fabricant":"Cochin Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Inde"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs Damen 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(2024-2025) : accord anti-terroriste régional."],"alliances_militaires_en":["EAC","USA cooperation (Manda, Wajir bases), United Kingdom (BATUK Nanyuki)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":536,"zee_km2":116942,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.14,"notes":"Mombasa 1er port Afrique de l'Est.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Manifestations Gen-Z massives en juin 2024 contre le projet de loi de finances — retiré. Répression, ~60 morts.","Hub économique et logistique de l'Afrique de l'Est — Nairobi siège de l'ONU-Habitat, PNUE.","Contingent kényan à la tête de la mission MSS en Haïti (2024)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-08-09","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"William Ruto (UDA, 50.5%)","gouvernement_issu":"William Ruto, président depuis sept. 2022. Musalia Mudavadi Premier ministre (rétabli 2023).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Kenyan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kenyan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-08-08","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Uhuru Kenyatta (Jubilee, 54.3%, résultat annulé puis validé à la reprise du 26 octobre)","gouvernement_issu":"Uhuru Kenyatta 2ᵉ mandat 2017-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Kenyan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kenyan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"KG","iso3":"KGZ","slug":"kirghizistan","nom_courant_fr":"Kirghizistan","nom_officiel_fr":"République kirghize","nom_officiel_local":"Kırğız Respublikası","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bichkek","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":7343064,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kgz","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":199951,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OSCE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"OSCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OTSC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"OTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UEEA (Union eurasiatique)","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2015,"source":{"nom":"UEEA (Union eurasiatique)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sadyr Japarov","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"kg.atajurt","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-01-28","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct à deux tours pour 5 ans, renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Adylbek Kasymaliev","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président du Cabinet des ministres","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-16","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président avec accord du Jogorku Kenesh.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"kg.ataj","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Kyrgyz parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kyrgyz_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-01-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-01-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kirghizistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle depuis le référendum constitutionnel d'avril 2021 qui a considérablement renforcé les pouvoirs du président (retour au régime présidentiel après 11 ans de parlementarisme). Le président nomme le Cabinet des ministres et peut dissoudre le Jogorku Kenesh.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle depuis le référendum constitutionnel d'avril 2021 qui a considérablement renforcé les pouvoirs du président (retour au régime présidentiel après 11 ans de parlementarisme). Le président nomme le Cabinet des ministres et peut dissoudre le Jogorku Kenesh."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Jogorku Kenesh","role":"Chambre unique (monocamérale).","sieges_total":90,"mode_designation":"54 sièges à la proportionnelle nationale (seuil 5%) + 36 sièges à la majorité uninominale dans les circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Mixte : proportionnel + uninominal","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-11-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"kg.atajurt","sieges":16,"voix_pct":17},{"parti_id":"kg.ishenim","sieges":15,"voix_pct":13.7},{"parti_id":"kg.yntymak","sieges":14,"voix_pct":11},{"parti_id":"kg.alliance","sieges":12,"voix_pct":9.7},{"parti_id":"kg.butunkg","sieges":6,"voix_pct":6.9},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":27,"voix_pct":41.7}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique (monocamérale).","mode_designation_en":"54 sièges à la proportionnelle nationale (seuil 5%) + 36 sièges à la majorité uninominale dans les circonscriptions."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême et Chambre constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":25,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Jogorku Kenesh sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans, non renouvelable","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":22,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2984,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":11.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":8.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":36,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KGZ","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"28 March 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"24 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 October 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":24.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":21.4},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":15},{"pays":"Ouzbékistan","part_pct":10.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":7.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":40.5},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":22.1},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":3.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":2.4}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Coton","Textiles","Uranium","Fruits et légumes"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Véhicules","Vêtements","Aliments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":22,"notes":"Mine de Kumtor — jusqu'à 10% du PIB."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Kirghizistan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/kgz","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.2,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.4,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"KGS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":19.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":76.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":68.4,"indice_fecondite":2.6,"naissances_2025":142455,"deces_2025":32309,"solde_naturel_2025":110146,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kgz","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"},"age_median":27.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"annee_bascule_note":"Projection ONU tendance actuelle."},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Public par répartition + capitalisation obligatoire (loi 2010)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":27.25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Système à deux piliers : premier pilier public par répartition, deuxième pilier obligatoire par capitalisation. Cotisation 27,25% de la masse salariale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kirghizistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghizistan","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public par répartition + capitalisation obligatoire (loi 2010)","description_en":"Système à deux piliers : premier pilier public par répartition, deuxième pilier obligatoire par capitalisation. Cotisation 27,25% de la masse salariale."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.24,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul démocratique depuis 2020 : consolidation présidentielle, pressions sur médias et opposition.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul démocratique depuis 2020 : consolidation présidentielle, pressions sur médias et opposition."},"notes_speciales":["Régime présidentiel renforcé depuis 2021 après le coup constitutionnel de Sadyr Japarov.","Trois révolutions colorées en 15 ans (2005, 2010, 2020) — instabilité politique chronique.","Économie très dépendante des remises des travailleurs migrants en Russie (~30% du PIB).","Membre de l'OTSC et de l'UEEA — orbite russe, mais rapprochement avec la Chine (BRI)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"24.kg","url_rss":"https://24.kg/rss/","langue":"ru"},{"nom":"Google Actualités — Kirghizistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ru&gl=KG&ceid=KG:ru","langue":"ru"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":10500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":57000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":9500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.15,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":89,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B, T-64","quantite":150,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, BTR-70/80","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-21, L-39 Albatros","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Régime présidentiel renforcé depuis 2021 après le coup constitutionnel de Sadyr Japarov.","Trois révolutions colorées en 15 ans (2005, 2010, 2020) — instabilité politique chronique.","Économie très dépendante des remises des travailleurs migrants en Russie (~30% du PIB).","Membre de l'OTSC et de l'UEEA — orbite russe, mais rapprochement avec la Chine (BRI)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-11-28","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti majoritaire — Ata-Jurt, Ishenim, Yntymak (~15% chacun)","gouvernement_issu":"Sadyr Japarov président depuis janvier 2021 (élu 79.2%). Adylbek Kasymaliev PM depuis décembre 2024 (précédemment Akylbek Japarov 2021-2024, sans lien de parenté).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Kyrgyz parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kyrgyz_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-01-10","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Sadyr Japarov (79.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Sadyr Japarov président après crise post-électorale d'octobre 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Kyrgyz presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kyrgyz_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"KI","iso3":"KIR","slug":"kiribati","nom_courant_fr":"Kiribati","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Kiribati","nom_officiel_local":"Ribaberiki Kiribati","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tarawa Sud","source":{"nom":"Kiribati National Statistics Office","url":"https://nso.gov.ki/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":134000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/KI","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"33 atolls sur ~3,5 M km² d'océan (ZEE), à cheval sur les 4 hémisphères.","notes_en":"33 atolls sur ~3,5 M km² d'océan (ZEE), à cheval sur les 4 hémisphères."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":811,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kiribati/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Superficie terrestre. ZEE ~3,5 M km².","notes_en":"Superficie terrestre. ZEE ~3,5 M km²."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1999","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1979,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/kiribati","date_donnee":"1979","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1979,"notes":"Sortie temporaire du PIF 2022-2023 (Micronesian Presidential Summit rift), retour en 2023.","source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1979","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Sortie temporaire du PIF 2022-2023 (Micronesian Presidential Summit rift), retour en 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Taneti Maamau","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Kiribati","url":"https://www.president.gov.ki/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Beretitenti (Président de la République et chef du gouvernement)","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-03-11","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Kiribati","url":"https://www.president.gov.ki/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"parti_id":"ki.tob"},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Taneti Maamau (Beretitenti)","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Kiribati","url":"https://www.president.gov.ki/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-03-11","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Kiribati","url":"https://www.president.gov.ki/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Cumule les fonctions de chef de l'État et chef du gouvernement (régime présidentiel). Réélu pour un 3e mandat en juin 2024. Politique pro-Chine (rupture avec Taïwan en 2019).","notes_en":"Cumule les fonctions de chef de l'État et chef du gouvernement (régime présidentiel). Réélu pour un 3e mandat en juin 2024. Politique pro-Chine (rupture avec Taïwan en 2019)."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ki.tkm","sieges":34,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Kiribati parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Kiribati_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2016-03-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kiribati","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2020-03-11","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kiribati","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Kiribati : régime présidentiel unique en Océanie. Le Beretitenti (Président) est élu au suffrage universel direct parmi 3-4 candidats désignés par le Parlement — combinant élection populaire et filtre parlementaire. Cumule les rôles de chef d'État et chef de gouvernement.","explication_concrete_en":"Kiribati : régime présidentiel unique en Océanie. Le Beretitenti (Président) est élu au suffrage universel direct parmi 3-4 candidats désignés par le Parlement — combinant élection populaire et filtre parlementaire. Cumule les rôles de chef d'État et chef de gouvernement."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Maneaba ni Maungatabu (Assemblée nationale)","sieges_total":45,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Choisit les 3-4 candidats à la présidence, qui sont ensuite soumis au vote universel.","mode_designation":"44 sièges élus dans 22 circonscriptions à 2 sièges (majoritaire à deux tours) + 1 siège désigné pour le représentant de la communauté banabéenne (Rabi Island, Fidji).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-08-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ki.tkm","sieges":34},{"parti_id":"ki.bkm","sieges":11}],"notes":"Le TKM (Boutokaan Kiribati Moa Party) du président Taneti Maamau conserve une majorité écrasante.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Kiribati parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Kiribati_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'appel de Kiribati + Haute Cour","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kiribati","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":2,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Chief Justice nommé par le Président sur avis du Cabinet, juges puisnés par le Chief Justice et le Cabinet.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Kiribati, Chapter VIII","url":"https://www.paclii.org/ki/legis/consol_act/cok277/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Contrats de 3-5 ans renouvelables.","controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Président sur avis du Cabinet.","duree_mandat_en":"Contrats de 3-5 ans renouvelables.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la High Court sous la Constitution de 1979."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.279,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2140,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":9.3,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":26.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":71.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.1,"age_median":23.8,"indice_fecondite":3.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Kiribati","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/kiribati","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.6,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Wikipédia V-Dem Democracy Indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":35.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":8.1},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Fidji","part_pct":18.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":16.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":14.7},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":7.8}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Poisson (thon)","part_pct":65},{"categorie":"Navires","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Copra","part_pct":4}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":5},{"categorie":"Poisson préparé","part_pct":4}],"productions_notables":["Licences de pêche au thon (ZEE de 3,5 M km²)","Copra","Aide budgétaire"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Licences de pêche au thon (ZEE de 3,5 M km²)","Copra","Aide budgétaire"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-08-14","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"TKM (34/45 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Taneti Maamau réélu Président en juin 2024 pour un troisième mandat (60% des voix).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Kiribati parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Kiribati_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-04-14","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"TKM","gouvernement_issu":"Taneti Maamau, 2e mandat présidentiel (2020-2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Kiribati parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kiribati_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":115,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Kiribati","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/KIR","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Recettes dominées par les licences de pêche thonière (~$150M/an, ~50% du PIB) et les revenus du Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund (RERF), fonds souverain constitué à partir des exportations de phosphate d'ici les années 1970."},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":102,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Kiribati","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/KIR","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Dollar australien (AUD)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kiribati Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati_Police_Service","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Kiribati Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati_Police_Service","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Pacific Islands Forum","Coopération de sécurité maritime avec l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée nationale. Sécurité intérieure : Kiribati Police Service.","En septembre 2019, Kiribati a rompu ses relations avec Taïwan et reconnu la RPC — bascule diplomatique majeure dans le Pacifique.","Kiribati est composé de 33 atolls et îles coralliennes sur une superficie maritime de 3,5 M km² — sa survie même à long terme est menacée par la montée des eaux.","Terrain fondamental d'affrontement stratégique Chine-Occident dans le Pacifique central."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1143,"zee_km2":3441810,"peche_annuelle_mt":195000,"notes":"3,5 M km² de ZEE — l'une des plus vastes au monde. Licences thonières = ~50% du PIB. Créé en 2008 la Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), aire marine protégée massive.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Kiribati EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/301","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Fonds provident (KPF)","age_legal":50,"description":"Kiribati Provident Fund : cotisations 7.5% employé + 7.5% employeur, retirées à 50 ans en capital. Pas de pension universelle. Personnes âgées largement soutenues par les transferts familiaux (I-Kiribati travaillant à l'étranger).","source":{"nom":"Kiribati Provident Fund","url":"https://kpf.gov.ki","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}}},{"iso2":"XK","iso3":"XKX","slug":"kosovo","nom_courant_fr":"Kosovo","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Kosovo","nom_officiel_local":"Republika e Kosovës / Република Косово","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Pristina","source":{"nom":"ASK Kosovo","url":"https://ask.rks-gov.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1576876,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/xkx","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":10908,"source":{"nom":"ASK","url":"https://ask.rks-gov.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidature déposée décembre 2022. Reconnaissance non universelle bloque le processus.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidature déposée décembre 2022. Reconnaissance non universelle bloque le processus."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Utilise l'euro unilatéralement depuis 2002.","source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Utilise l'euro unilatéralement depuis 2002."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Libéralisation des visas en vigueur depuis janvier 2024.","source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Libéralisation des visas en vigueur depuis janvier 2024."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"KFOR déployée depuis 1999.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"KFOR déployée depuis 1999."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidature bloquée par la Serbie et alliés.","source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidature bloquée par la Serbie et alliés."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Vjosa Osmani","source":{"nom":"Présidence kosovare","url":"https://www.president-ksgov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidentja e Republikës","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-04-04","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president-ksgov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élue par le Parlement. 2e femme présidente. Ex-Vetëvendosje, indépendante depuis.","notes_en":"Élue par le Parlement. 2e femme présidente. Ex-Vetëvendosje, indépendante depuis."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élue par l'Assemblée à la majorité des 2/3, ou majorité absolue au 3e tour.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president-ksgov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Albin Kurti","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement kosovar","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Kryeministri i Republikës","parti_id":"xk.vv","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-02-11","source":{"nom":"Kryeministri Kosovës","url":"https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e cabinet Kurti, confirmé par le Kuvendi (66 pour / 49 contre). Formé après législatives anticipées de décembre 2025.","notes_en":"3e cabinet Kurti, confirmé par le Kuvendi (66 pour / 49 contre). Formé après législatives anticipées de décembre 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président, doit obtenir la confiance de l'Assemblée.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president-ksgov.net/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"xk.vv","sieges":48,"source":{"nom":"CEC Kosovo","url":"https://kqz-ks.org/","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-02-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kosovo","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-02-11","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_kosovo","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. 20 sièges garantis pour les minorités (10 serbes + 10 autres). Cadre juridique co-supervisé par les représentants internationaux jusqu'en 2012.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. 20 sièges garantis pour les minorités (10 serbes + 10 autres). Cadre juridique co-supervisé par les représentants internationaux jusqu'en 2012."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Kuvendi i Republikës së Kosovës","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":120,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique. 20 sièges réservés aux minorités (10 serbes garantis).","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-02-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"xk.vv","sieges":48,"voix_pct":40.9},{"parti_id":"xk.pdk","sieges":24,"voix_pct":21.4},{"parti_id":"xk.ldk","sieges":20,"voix_pct":18.3},{"parti_id":"xk.aak","sieges":8,"voix_pct":7.3},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":20,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Kosovo","url":"https://kqz-ks.org/","date_donnee":"2025-02-09","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique. 20 sièges réservés aux minorités (10 serbes garantis)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Gjykata Kushtetuese e Republikës së Kosovës","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://gjk-ks.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 114","url":"https://gjk-ks.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur proposition de l'Assemblée. 2 doivent être issus des communautés non-albanaises.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://gjk-ks.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non 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Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Thongloun Sisoulith","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président et Secrétaire général du PPRL","parti_id":"la.lprp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-03-22","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sonexay Siphandone","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"la.lprp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-12-30","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"la.lprp","sieges":158,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-02-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":6,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-02-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-03-22","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_laos","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-03-22","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_laos","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République populaire à parti unique (PPRL depuis 1975). Un des 5 États communistes au monde. Économie de marché « socialiste » depuis 1986.","explication_concrete_en":"République populaire à parti unique (PPRL depuis 1975). Un des 5 États communistes au monde. 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Statut « intérimaire » de 4 mois."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-05-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of lettonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_lettonie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-05-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of lettonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_lettonie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu par le Parlement, rôle largement protocolaire. Coalitions généralement multipartistes.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu par le Parlement, rôle largement protocolaire. 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Composition parlementaire et coalition Kulbergs à approfondir.","Gouvernement Kulbergs = transition intérimaire de 4 mois annoncée en mai 2026, successeur du gouvernement Siliņa (Jaunā Vienotība, PPE, 2023-2026)."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.72,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Lettonie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=lv&gl=LV&ceid=LV:lv","langue":"lv"},{"nom":"LSM.lv (Latvian Public Broadcasting)","url_rss":"https://eng.lsm.lv/rss/","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":14.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1991,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif structurellement depuis l'indépendance. 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Cotisation 20% partagée employeur/salarié."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":49,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LVA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":26116,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LVA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LVA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"31 May 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"29 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.79,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/LVA.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Lituanie","part_pct":17.4},{"pays":"Estonie","part_pct":11.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":5.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Lituanie","part_pct":18.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Estonie","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":4.2}],"top_categories_export":["Bois et papier","Produits agricoles","Métaux","Machines","Produits pétroliers raffinés"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Bois et papier","rang_europeen":8},{"produit":"Produits agricoles (céréales, lait)","rang_europeen":20},{"produit":"Fintech (Riga hub)","rang_europeen":15}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — 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Puis Siliņa 2023. Puis Kulbergs 2026 (transition).","source":{"nom":"CEC Latvia","url":"https://www.cvk.lv/","date_donnee":"2022-10-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2018-10-06","type":"legislative","participation_pct":54.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":"lv.jv","gouvernement_issu":"Kariņš I (JV + KPV + JKP + Alliance nationale + Développement/Pour !).","source":{"nom":"CEC Latvia","url":"https://www.cvk.lv/","date_donnee":"2018-10-06","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":7600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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UK)","quantite":123,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Royaume-Uni (occasion)","fabricant":"Alvis","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni","notes":"Retrait progressif."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk (commande 2020)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky (Lockheed Martin)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk (contrat 2019 — livraisons 2022-2027)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retrait 2024."}],"chars":[],"avions_combat":[],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Chasseurs de mines classe Alkmaar (Tripartite ex-NL)","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"Van der Giessen-de Noord","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Corvettes Skrunda (patrouilleurs)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Allemagne / Lettonie","fabricant":"Riga Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Lettonie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"IRIS-T SLM (contrat 2024 — commande conjointe Lituanie-Estonie)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Stinger MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"RBS-70 NG","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Suède"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Estonie / Lituanie","mission":"Coopération baltes eFP","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Coopération baltes eFP","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Lettonie — Ādaži","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — commandement rotatif canadien puis brigade permanente","effectifs":3200,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN — plus grande brigade eFP","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — commandement rotatif canadien puis brigade permanente","cadre_en":"OTAN — plus grande brigade eFP"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq","effectifs":10,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR","effectifs":30,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"EUTM Mali / retrait Barkhane 2022","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"UE","status":"retire","mission_en":"EUTM Mali / retrait Barkhane 2022","cadre_en":"UE"}],"notes_speciales":["Base Ādaži devenue plus grande base OTAN eFP — brigade permanente canadienne 2026.","Budget défense 3,2% PIB 2024 — objectif 5% pérennisé (loi de programmation 2024).","Conscription rétablie janvier 2024 — 11 mois, 1er service en 2024.","Frontière russe/biélorusse totale ~500 km — sécurisation prioritaire."],"notes_speciales_en":["Base Ādaži devenue plus grande base OTAN eFP — brigade permanente canadienne 2026.","Budget défense 3,2% PIB 2024 — objectif 5% pérennisé (loi de programmation 2024).","Conscription rétablie janvier 2024 — 11 mois, 1er service en 2024.","Frontière russe/biélorusse totale ~500 km — sécurisation prioritaire."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","JEF","Baltic cooperation"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":498,"zee_km2":28452,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":40,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.09,"notes":"Riga, Ventspils, Liepāja — anciens ports du transit russe.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité et exécutif vérifiés. Composition parlementaire et coalition Kulbergs à approfondir.","Gouvernement Kulbergs = transition intérimaire de 4 mois annoncée en mai 2026, successeur du gouvernement Siliņa (Jaunā Vienotība, PPE, 2023-2026)."]},{"iso2":"LB","iso3":"LBN","slug":"liban","nom_courant_fr":"Liban","nom_officiel_fr":"République libanaise","nom_officiel_local":"al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Beyrouth","source":{"nom":"CAS Liban","url":"http://www.cas.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":5849421,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/lbn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":10452,"source":{"nom":"CAS","url":"http://www.cas.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Joseph Aoun","source":{"nom":"Présidence libanaise","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-01-09","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ancien commandant des Forces armées libanaises. Élu après 2 ans de vacance présidentielle. Convention : président toujours maronite chrétien.","notes_en":"Ancien commandant des Forces armées libanaises. Élu après 2 ans de vacance présidentielle. Convention : président toujours maronite chrétien."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement à la majorité 2/3. Mandat 6 ans non renouvelable consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nawaf Salam","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement libanais","url":"https://www.pcm.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"lb.salam","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-02-08","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://www.pcm.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-président de la Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ). Convention : PM toujours sunnite.","notes_en":"Ex-président de la Cour internationale de Justice (CIJ). Convention : PM toujours sunnite."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président après consultation du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.presidency.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"lb.hezbollah","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.moim.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2022-05-15","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"lb.amal","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"MoI","url":"https://www.moim.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2022-05-15","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"lb.cpl","sieges":17,"source":{"nom":"MoI","url":"https://www.moim.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2022-05-15","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-02-08","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_liban","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-02-08","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of liban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_liban","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire confessionnelle (Pacte national 1943 + Accord de Taëf 1989). Postes clef partagés par communauté : président maronite, PM sunnite, président du parlement chiite. Système fragile — vacance présidentielle 2022-2025.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire confessionnelle (Pacte national 1943 + Accord de Taëf 1989). Postes clef partagés par communauté : président maronite, PM sunnite, président du parlement chiite. Système fragile — vacance présidentielle 2022-2025."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Nuwwāb","role":"Chambre unique — 128 sièges répartis à parité chrétiens/musulmans, puis par confession.","sieges_total":128,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 15 circonscriptions avec quotas confessionnels.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-05-15","distribution":[{"parti_id":"lb.hezbollah","sieges":15,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"lb.amal","sieges":14,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"lb.fl","sieges":19,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"lb.cpl","sieges":17,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"lb.futur","sieges":8,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":55,"voix_pct":null,"notes":"Indépendants + petites listes."}],"source":{"nom":"Ministère de l'Intérieur","url":"https://www.moim.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2022-05-15","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique — 128 sièges répartis à parité chrétiens/musulmans, puis par confession.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 15 circonscriptions avec quotas confessionnels."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil constitutionnel","source":{"nom":"Conseil constitutionnel","url":"https://cc.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"Loi 250/1993","url":"https://cc.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"5 nommés par le Parlement, 5 par le gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Loi 250/1993","url":"https://cc.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Loi 250/1993","url":"https://cc.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":34,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Économie effondrée depuis 2019 (perte ~50% du PIB)."},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6443,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Amorce de reprise 2025."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":14.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"A culminé à 250% en 2023."},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"OIT","url":"https://www.ilo.org/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":139.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"SD","perspective":null,"source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"11 March 2020","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"C","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"13 December 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":14.8},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"Syrie","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Grèce","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":5.7}],"top_categories_export":["Bijoux et or","Machines","Aliments transformés","Vêtements","Produits chimiques"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Aliments","Machines","Produits pharmaceutiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Services bancaires (historique)","notes":"Effondrés depuis 2019 — pertes ~70 Md$ pour les déposants."},{"produit":"Vin (Bekaa)","rang_mondial":40}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Lebanon","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/lbn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":10,"source":{"nom":"MoF Liban","url":"https://www.finance.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://www.finance.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"devise":"LBP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":16,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Émigration massive depuis 2019 — perte de 200 000+ personnes actives.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.9,"age_median":33.5,"indice_fecondite":2.23,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/lbn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":93345,"deces_2025":35301,"solde_naturel_2025":58044},"retraites":{"age_legal":64,"age_taux_plein":64,"systeme_type":"Indemnité de fin de service (pas de pension continue)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":8.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":25,"description":"Pas de système de pensions à proprement parler — indemnité forfaitaire de fin de service. Loi 2023 pour créer un régime contributif.","source":{"nom":"NSSF Liban","url":"https://www.cnss.gov.lb/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Indemnité de fin de service (pas de pension continue)","description_en":"Pas de système de pensions à proprement parler — indemnité forfaitaire de fin de service. Loi 2023 pour créer un régime contributif."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.3,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie confessionnelle fragile. Système bloqué mais élections tenues.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Démocratie confessionnelle fragile. Système bloqué mais élections tenues."},"notes_speciales":["**Vacance présidentielle 2 ans** (novembre 2022 - janvier 2025) — record. Résolue par élection de Joseph Aoun.","PM Nawaf Salam entré en fonction février 2025 — ancien président de la CIJ.","Explosion du port de Beyrouth (4 août 2020) — enquête judiciaire bloquée depuis.","Guerre Israël-Hezbollah septembre-novembre 2024 : décapitation Hezbollah (mort de Nasrallah), cessez-le-feu 27 novembre 2024.","**Effondrement économique 2019-2024** : monnaie divisée par 20, banques bloquées, pertes ~70 Md$ pour les déposants, exode.","~1,5 million de réfugiés syriens sur ~5,5 M habitants — pression majeure."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Liban","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=LB&ceid=LB:ar","langue":"ar"},{"nom":"L'Orient-Le Jour","url_rss":"https://www.lorientlejour.com/rss","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":72000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":20000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":14,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":108,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M60A3","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS (occasion USA)","quantite":84,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"T-54/T-55 (retrait progressif)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M113A2","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Casspir MK III (donations UAE 2016)","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel LMT","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"MRAP MaxxPro (donations USA 2015)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Navistar","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AMX-13 VCI","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M198 155mm","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M114 155mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Hawker Hunter (retrait 2014)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Hawker","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"A-29B Super Tucano (contrat 2015)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis / Brésil","fabricant":"Sierra Nevada Corp / Embraer","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis / Brésil"},{"nom":"Cessna 208 (Airborne Warning)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cessna","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-1H Huey (occasion USA)","quantite":43,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS565 Panther / SA342 Gazelle","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"MD-500","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"MD Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"alliances_militaires":["Ligue arabe (statut modéré)","Coopération USA (aide militaire ~800 M USD/an)","Coopération France (formation)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Frontière sud (Israël)","mission":"FINUL (avec ONU) — Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"1978","cadre":"ONU + coordination","mission_en":"FINUL (avec ONU) — Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban","cadre_en":"ONU + coordination"},{"pays":"Frontière syrienne","mission":"Sécurisation contre réfugiés + spillover conflit syrien","effectifs":8000,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation contre réfugiés + spillover conflit syrien","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Hezbollah","mission":"Coexistence défensive avec le Hezbollah (armée parallèle 100 000 hommes) — accord tacite","effectifs":0,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"État de fait","mission_en":"Coexistence défensive avec le Hezbollah (armée parallèle 100 000 hommes) — accord tacite","cadre_en":"État de fait"}],"notes_speciales":["Effondrement économique historique 2019+ (dévaluation 98%, pauvreté 82%) — Armée dépendante d'aide externe (USA 800M/an, France 100M).","Hezbollah — force parallèle mieux équipée que l'armée nationale : 100 000+ combattants, 150 000+ roquettes/missiles (dont Fatah-110, Scud, Fajr), doctrine dissuasion vs Israël.","Guerre Israël-Hezbollah septembre-novembre 2024 : décapitation du commandement (Nasrallah, Safi al-Din), invasion terrestre israélienne Liban Sud, cessez-le-feu 27 novembre 2024.","Élection présidentielle 9 janvier 2025 : Joseph Aoun (commandant armée) élu 13ᵉ président — fin de 2 ans de vacance."],"notes_speciales_en":["Effondrement économique historique 2019+ (dévaluation 98%, pauvreté 82%) — Armée dépendante d'aide externe (USA 800M/an, France 100M).","Hezbollah — force parallèle mieux équipée que l'armée nationale : 100 000+ combattants, 150 000+ roquettes/missiles (dont Fatah-110, Scud, Fajr), doctrine dissuasion vs Israël.","Guerre Israël-Hezbollah septembre-novembre 2024 : décapitation du commandement (Nasrallah, Safi al-Din), invasion terrestre israélienne Liban Sud, cessez-le-feu 27 novembre 2024.","Élection présidentielle 9 janvier 2025 : Joseph Aoun (commandant armée) élu 13ᵉ président — fin de 2 ans de vacance."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Arab League (moderate status)","USA cooperation (military aid ~800 M USD/year)","Cooperation France (training)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":225,"zee_km2":19516,"pib_maritime_pct":1.5,"notes":"Beyrouth (destruction port 2020 — 218 morts). Contentieux ZEE gazière avec Israël (accord 2022).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Vacance présidentielle 2 ans** (novembre 2022 - janvier 2025) — record. Résolue par élection de Joseph Aoun.","PM Nawaf Salam entré en fonction février 2025 — ancien président de la CIJ.","Explosion du port de Beyrouth (4 août 2020) — enquête judiciaire bloquée depuis.","Guerre Israël-Hezbollah septembre-novembre 2024 : décapitation Hezbollah (mort de Nasrallah), cessez-le-feu 27 novembre 2024.","**Effondrement économique 2019-2024** : monnaie divisée par 20, banques bloquées, pertes ~70 Md$ pour les déposants, exode.","~1,5 million de réfugiés syriens sur ~5,5 M habitants — pression majeure."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-05-15","type":"legislative","participation_pct":41,"vainqueur":"Aucun bloc majoritaire — Hezbollah + Amal + alliés perdent la majorité. Forces libanaises (chrétiens) devancent le Courant patriotique libre.","gouvernement_issu":"Najib Mikati PM (jusqu'en fév. 2025), puis Nawaf Salam PM depuis fév. 2025. Joseph Aoun président depuis janv. 2025 (après 2 ans de vacance présidentielle).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Lebanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-05-06","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Alliance du 8 mars (Hezbollah + Amal + CPL, 71 sièges sur 128)","gouvernement_issu":"Saad Hariri puis Hassan Diab puis Najib Mikati (2018-2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Lebanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"LR","iso3":"LBR","slug":"liberia","nom_courant_fr":"Libéria","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Libéria","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Liberia","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Monrovia","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":5731206,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/lbr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":111369,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Joseph Boakai","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"lr.up","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-22","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct novembre 2023 (50,6%), alternance.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"lr.up","sieges":30,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Liberian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Liberian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Joseph Boakai","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"lr.up","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-22","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-01-22","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_liberia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-01-22","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_liberia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Alternance 2024 après 6 ans de George Weah.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Guinée","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Corée du 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Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"LRD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":30.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.9,"esperance_vie_femmes":66.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":63.7,"indice_fecondite":4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/liberia","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":175243,"deces_2025":45941,"solde_naturel_2025":129302,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":18.8},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"NASSCORP","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":8.75,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 8,75%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libéria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libéria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"NASSCORP","description_en":"Cotisation 8,75%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.55,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale, alternances régulières post-guerre civile.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Démocratie électorale, alternances régulières post-guerre civile."},"notes_speciales":["Fondé en 1822 par des esclaves affranchis américains — plus vieille république d'Afrique (indépendance 1847).","Deux guerres civiles 1989-1997 et 1999-2003 (~250 000 morts).","Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 1ère femme présidente africaine (2006-2018), Prix Nobel de la paix 2011.","Économie dépendante du fer (Arcelor-Mittal, réouverture 2024) et caoutchouc (Firestone)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"FrontPage Africa","url_rss":"https://frontpageafricaonline.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":2000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.02,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":579,"zee_km2":249734,"pib_maritime_pct":12,"pib_maritime_md_usd":0.4,"flotte_marchande_navires":5000,"flotte_marchande_rang":2,"notes":"2ᵉ pavillon mondial (pavillon de complaisance). Historique post-guerre civile. Peu de trafic port réel.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fondé en 1822 par des esclaves affranchis américains — plus vieille république d'Afrique (indépendance 1847).","Deux guerres civiles 1989-1997 et 1999-2003 (~250 000 morts).","Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 1ère femme présidente africaine (2006-2018), Prix Nobel de la paix 2011.","Économie dépendante du fer (Arcelor-Mittal, réouverture 2024) et caoutchouc (Firestone)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-10","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Joseph Boakai (Unity Party, 50.6% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Joseph Boakai président depuis janv. 2024 succédant à George Weah.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Liberian general 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Forum de dialogue politique — mandat expiré, mais maintenu de facto.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-03-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of libye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_libye","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-03-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of libye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_libye","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Pays divisé de facto en deux gouvernements : GNU à Tripoli (reconnu ONU) et gouvernement de Benghazi soutenu par le maréchal Khalifa Haftar (LNA). Élections nationales suspendues depuis 2021.","explication_concrete_en":"Pays divisé de facto en deux gouvernements : GNU à Tripoli (reconnu ONU) et gouvernement de Benghazi soutenu par le maréchal Khalifa Haftar (LNA). Élections nationales suspendues depuis 2021."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des représentants (HoR, siège Tobrouk)","role":"Chambre unique (contestée par le GNU).","sieges_total":200,"mode_designation":"Uninominal + proportionnel (élection 2014, mandat expiré).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre unique (contestée par le GNU).","mode_designation_en":"Uninominal + proportionnel (élection 2014, mandat expiré).","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2014-06-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ly.transition","sieges":200}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Chambre des représentants (Tobrouk, 200 sièges) élue en 2014, mandat perpétuellement prorogé. Aucune élection nationale depuis. Deux gouvernements rivaux : GNU Tripoli (Dbeibah, reconnu ONU) vs GNS Benghazi (Hammad)."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême (Tripoli)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":90,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Conseil supérieur de la magistrature.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 70 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":45,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5999,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":15.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-31.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LBY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":14.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.3},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":7.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14.1},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Égypte","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Gaz naturel","Or","Produits pétroliers","Ferraille"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Véhicules","Céréales","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":18,"notes":"~95 % des recettes de l'État — production instable selon conflit."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Libye","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/lby","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":60,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":55,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"LYD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":18.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.5,"esperance_vie_femmes":76,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.4,"indice_fecondite":2.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/libye","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":123029,"deces_2025":48734,"solde_naturel_2025":74295,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":28.9},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SS Fund)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Fragmenté entre Ouest et Est. Deux banques centrales, deux régimes de retraite parallèles depuis 2016.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Libye","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libye","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SS Fund)","description_en":"Fragmenté entre Ouest et Est. Deux banques centrales, deux régimes de retraite parallèles depuis 2016."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.1,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"État défaillant, guerre civile intermittente depuis 2011.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"État défaillant, guerre civile intermittente depuis 2011."},"notes_speciales":["Pays divisé depuis 2014 : deux gouvernements (Tripoli / Benghazi), deux banques centrales.","Guerre civile 2011 (chute Kadhafi), 2014-2020, cessez-le-feu 2020 mais élections nationales bloquées.","Interventions étrangères multiples : Turquie (soutien GNU), Russie (Wagner/Africa Corps soutient LNA), Émirats, Égypte.","Réserves pétrolières les plus vastes d'Afrique (48 Md barils) — enjeu géopolitique majeur."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Libya Observer","url_rss":"https://www.libyaobserver.ly/rss.xml","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":32000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":25000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":78,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Armée duale : forces GNU (Tripoli, soutien turc) vs LNA d'Haftar (Benghazi, soutien russe/émirati).","Présence Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimée à 1 200-2 000 hommes (2025).","Aéroports d'al-Watiya et al-Khadim militarisés."],"notes_speciales_en":["Armée duale : forces GNU (Tripoli, soutien turc) vs LNA d'Haftar (Benghazi, soutien russe/émirati).","Présence Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimée à 1 200-2 000 hommes (2025).","Aéroports d'al-Watiya et al-Khadim militarisés."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72, T-55 (héritage Kadhafi, parc éclaté)","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1, EE-9, EE-11, Cougar MRAP (UAE)","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-21/23 (parc guerre)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8/17, Mi-24, PC-6","quantite":50,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (Turquie, GNU) + Wing Loong II (Chine, LNA)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Turquie/Chine"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1770,"zee_km2":351589,"pib_maritime_pct":1.5,"notes":"Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata. Pays divisé — trafic instable.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Pays divisé depuis 2014 : deux gouvernements (Tripoli / Benghazi), deux banques centrales.","Guerre civile 2011 (chute Kadhafi), 2014-2020, cessez-le-feu 2020 mais élections nationales bloquées.","Interventions étrangères multiples : Turquie (soutien GNU), Russie (Wagner/Africa Corps soutient LNA), Émirats, Égypte.","Réserves pétrolières les plus vastes d'Afrique (48 Md barils) — enjeu géopolitique majeur."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-12-24","type":"presidentielle_reportee","vainqueur":"Élection reportée sine die. Dualité de gouvernements depuis (GNU Tripoli vs GNS Benghazi/Tobrouk).","gouvernement_issu":"Abdel Hamid Dbeibah (GNU Tripoli, reconnu ONU) + Osama Hammad (GNS Benghazi, désigné par le Parlement de Tobrouk).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Libyan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Libyan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2014-06-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Chambre des représentants de Tobrouk (contestée par l'Ouest)","gouvernement_issu":"Bipolarisation Est (Tobrouk-Haftar) / Ouest (GNU Tripoli) depuis 2014.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2014 Libyan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"LT","iso3":"LTU","slug":"lituanie","nom_courant_fr":"Lituanie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Lituanie","nom_officiel_local":"Lietuvos Respublika","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Vilnius","source":{"nom":"Statistics Lithuania","url":"https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":2888774,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ltu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":65300,"source":{"nom":"Statistics Lithuania","url":"https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2015,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Gitanas Nausėda","source":{"nom":"President.lt / Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanas_Nausėda","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-07-12","notes":"Réélu au second tour le 26 mai 2024 pour un second mandat de 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"President.lt","url":"https://www.lrp.lt/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Réélu au second tour le 26 mai 2024 pour un second mandat de 5 ans."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution lituanienne","url":"https://www.lrs.lt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mindaugas Sinkevičius","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement lituanien","url":"https://lrv.lt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Ministrė Pirmininkė","parti_id":"lt.lsdp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-06-15","source":{"nom":"LRV","url":"https://lrv.lt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e PM lituanien en un an après Gintautas Paluckas (déc. 2024-mars 2026) et Inga Ruginienė (mars-juin 2026). Coalition LSDP + NA + DP.","notes_en":"3e PM lituanien en un an après Gintautas Paluckas (déc. 2024-mars 2026) et Inga Ruginienė (mars-juin 2026). Coalition LSDP + NA + DP."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Proposée par le président, approuvée par le Seimas.","source":{"nom":"Constitution lituanienne","url":"https://www.lrs.lt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"lt.lsdp","sieges":52,"notes":"Coalition centre-gauche LSDP + Nemuno aušra + Démocrates \"Pour la Lituanie\".","source":{"nom":"IPU Parline","url":"https://data.ipu.org/parliament/LT/LT-LC01/election/LT-LC01-E20241013","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Coalition centre-gauche LSDP + Nemuno aušra + Démocrates \"Pour la Lituanie\"."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-06-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of lituanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_lituanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-06-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of lituanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_lituanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime semi-présidentiel : président élu au suffrage universel avec des pouvoirs en politique étrangère et de défense, PM domine l'exécutif intérieur. Chambre unique (Seimas).","explication_concrete_en":"Régime semi-présidentiel : président élu au suffrage universel avec des pouvoirs en politique étrangère et de défense, PM domine l'exécutif intérieur. Chambre unique (Seimas)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Seimas","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":141,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 71 sièges uninominaux à deux tours + 70 sièges proportionnels de liste. Seuil de 5%.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"lt.lsdp","sieges":52,"voix_pct":26.2},{"parti_id":"lt.tslkd","sieges":28,"voix_pct":17.7},{"parti_id":"lt.na","sieges":20,"voix_pct":15},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":41,"voix_pct":41.1}],"source":{"nom":"VRK Lituanie","url":"https://www.vrk.lt/","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 71 sièges uninominaux à deux tours + 70 sièges proportionnels de liste. Seuil de 5%."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","Instabilité gouvernementale 2025 : PM Paluckas (LSDP) démissionne fin juillet 2025 (scandale), remplacé par Ruginienė (LSDP) approuvée en août, entrée en fonction 25 septembre 2025.","Élections législatives d'octobre 2024 : LSDP arrive en tête (52/141), coalition avec Nemuno aušra et Démocrates."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.72,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Lituanie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=lt&gl=LT&ceid=LT:lt","langue":"lt"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1994,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1994. Émigration massive dans les années 2000-2010, freinée récemment.","esperance_vie_femmes":81.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":73,"age_median":44.6,"indice_fecondite":1.11,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ltu","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":19066,"deces_2025":37554,"solde_naturel_2025":-18488},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + capitalisation","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":12.52,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Âge égalisé H/F à 65 ans en 2026. Cotisation 12,52%. 2e pilier obligatoire pour les nouveaux entrants depuis 2019.","source":{"nom":"Sodra / OCDE","url":"https://www.sodra.lt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + capitalisation","description_en":"Âge égalisé H/F à 65 ans en 2026. Cotisation 12,52%. 2e pilier obligatoire pour les nouveaux entrants depuis 2019."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":95,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":32839,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":39.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LTU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"31 May 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"29 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":2.88,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/LTU.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 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Cotisation 24% (8% employeur + 8% salarié + 8% État). Départ possible dès 57 ans avec 40 années de cotisation. Réserve du régime : plus de 4 années de dépenses."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":101,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LUX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":148247,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LUX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LUX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"28 April 1994","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"31 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 March 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.24,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/LUX.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":22.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":15.6},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":12.3},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":21.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.9},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":4.9}],"top_categories_export":["Services financiers","Sidérurgie (ArcelorMittal)","Machines","Automobile (pneus Goodyear)","Produits chimiques"],"top_categories_import":["Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Métaux","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Services financiers (fonds d'investissement)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"2e centre mondial de fonds d'investissement après les États-Unis."},{"produit":"Sidérurgie (siège ArcelorMittal)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Satellites 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obligatoire).","source":{"nom":"Loi","url":"https://legilux.public.lu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":88.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"lu.csv","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition CSV + DP (Frieden), remplaçant la coalition DP + LSAP + Grüne de Xavier Bettel.","notes":"Vote obligatoire (raison du taux de participation).","source":{"nom":"Chambre des Députés","url":"https://www.chd.lu/","date_donnee":"2023-10-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2018-10-14","type":"legislative","participation_pct":89.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"lu.csv","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition DP + LSAP + Grüne (Bettel II).","source":{"nom":"Chambre des 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Luxembourg-Belgique","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — petit contingent Luxembourg-Belgique","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent luxembourgeois)","effectifs":30,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (contingent luxembourgeois)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"EUTM Mali (retrait 2022)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"UE","status":"retire","mission_en":"EUTM Mali (retrait 2022)","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":5,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","cadre_en":"OTAN"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée la plus petite de l'OTAN (~1 000 actifs) mais budget défense à 1,3% PIB (engagement 2% 2030).","Coopération intense BeNeLux et pool aérien MMF (Airbus MRTT/A400M à Eindhoven).","Contribution financière aide Ukraine parmi les plus élevées d'Europe (% PIB)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Armée la plus petite de l'OTAN (~1 000 actifs) mais budget défense à 1,3% PIB (engagement 2% 2030).","Coopération intense BeNeLux et pool aérien MMF (Airbus MRTT/A400M à Eindhoven).","Contribution financière aide Ukraine parmi les plus élevées d'Europe (% PIB)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","NATO (founder)","BeNeLux"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","Grand-Duc Henri : depuis 2008, le Grand-Duc n'a plus à sanctionner les lois — seulement à les promulguer, après refus de sanctionner la loi sur l'euthanasie.","L'un des plus hauts PIB/hab au monde. Économie fortement dépendante du secteur financier."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"MK","iso3":"MKD","slug":"macedoine-du-nord","nom_courant_fr":"Macédoine du Nord","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Macédoine du Nord","nom_officiel_local":"Република Северна Македонија / Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Skopje","source":{"nom":"State Statistical Office","url":"https://www.stat.gov.mk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1820909,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mkd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":25713,"source":{"nom":"State Statistical Office","url":"https://www.stat.gov.mk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidat depuis 2005. Négociations bloquées par un veto bulgare (langue, minorité bulgare, histoire) puis levé partiellement en 2022.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidat depuis 2005. Négociations bloquées par un veto bulgare (langue, minorité bulgare, histoire) puis levé partiellement en 2022."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2020,"notes":"Adhésion après changement de nom (Accord de Prespa 2018).","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Adhésion après changement de nom (Accord de Prespa 2018)."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova","source":{"nom":"Présidence macédonienne","url":"https://pretsedatel.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Претседател на Република Северна Македонија","parti_id":"mk.vmro","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-12","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://pretsedatel.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Première femme présidente de Macédoine. Élue au 2e tour (65%). Refuse d'utiliser le nom officiel « Macédoine du Nord » — provoque tensions avec la Grèce.","notes_en":"Première femme présidente de Macédoine. Élue au 2e tour (65%). Refuse d'utiliser le nom officiel « Macédoine du Nord » — provoque tensions avec la Grèce."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.sobranie.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hristijan Mickoski","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement macédonien","url":"https://vlada.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Претседател на Владата","parti_id":"mk.vmro","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-06-24","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://vlada.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Coalition VMRO-DPMNE + Vlen + ZNAM après victoire aux législatives du 8 mai 2024.","notes_en":"Coalition VMRO-DPMNE + Vlen + ZNAM après victoire aux législatives du 8 mai 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président, doit obtenir la confiance du Sobranie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.sobranie.mk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mk.vmro","sieges":58,"source":{"nom":"SEC Macédoine","url":"https://sec.mk/","date_donnee":"2024-05-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"mk.vlen","sieges":13,"source":{"nom":"SEC","url":"https://sec.mk/","date_donnee":"2024-05-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-06-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of macedoine-du-nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_macedoine_du_nord","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-06-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of macedoine-du-nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_macedoine_du_nord","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Multiethnique (~25% albanais). Coalitions obligatoires avec un parti albanais par convention (Accord d'Ohrid 2001).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Multiethnique (~25% albanais). Coalitions obligatoires avec un parti albanais par convention (Accord d'Ohrid 2001)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Собрание (Sobranie)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":120,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 6 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-05-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mk.vmro","sieges":58,"voix_pct":44.5},{"parti_id":"mk.sdsm","sieges":18,"voix_pct":14.7},{"parti_id":"mk.vlen","sieges":13,"voix_pct":10.6},{"parti_id":"mk.dui","sieges":19,"voix_pct":13.8},{"parti_id":"mk.levica","sieges":6,"voix_pct":6.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":6,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"SEC Macédoine","url":"https://sec.mk/","date_donnee":"2024-05-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 6 circonscriptions."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Уставен суд на Република Северна 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Route contourne Madagascar par l'ouest. Réserves gazières offshore majeures (Rovuma, Coral Sul FLNG — TotalEnergies suspendu 2021).","trafic_annuel":{"petrole_mb_j":5,"pct_petrole_mondial":5},"menace_principale":"Piraterie résiduelle, insurrection ISCAP à Cabo Delgado (2017+). Rivalités France (Mayotte, Îles Éparses) / Madagascar."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":4828,"zee_km2":1225259,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.12,"notes":"Toamasina. Contentieux Îles Éparses (France).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["1er producteur mondial de vanille (~80% de la production).","Île de Madagascar, la 4ᵉ plus grande île du monde — biodiversité exceptionnelle (endémisme ~90%).","Contentieux territorial : îles Éparses (France) — souveraineté revendiquée par Madagascar.","Instabilité chronique : coups d'État 1972, 1975, 1993, 2009 (Rajoelina 1er) ; épidémie peste régulière."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-11-16","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Andry Rajoelina (IRD, 58.9%, opposition boycott)","gouvernement_issu":"Rajoelina 2ᵉ mandat 2024-2028. Christian Ntsay PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Malagasy presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Malagasy_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-11-07","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Andry Rajoelina (55.7% au 2ᵉ tour)","gouvernement_issu":"Rajoelina 1er mandat 2019-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Malagasy presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malagasy_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"MY","iso3":"MYS","slug":"malaisie","nom_courant_fr":"Malaisie","nom_officiel_fr":"Malaisie","nom_officiel_local":"Malaysia","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kuala Lumpur","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":35977838,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mys","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":330803,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"BRICS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"notes":"Partenaire.","source":{"nom":"BRICS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Partenaire."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Roi élu)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-01-31","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Rotation quinquennale entre les 9 sultans des États malais.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Anwar Ibrahim","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"my.ph","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-11-24","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"A attendu ce poste 30 ans — plusieurs fois emprisonné (accusations sodomie sous Mahathir). Coalition inédite PH+BN.","notes_en":"A attendu ce poste 30 ans — plusieurs fois emprisonné (accusations sodomie sous Mahathir). Coalition inédite PH+BN."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Roi.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"my.ph","sieges":82,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"my.pn","sieges":74,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"my.bn","sieges":30,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-11-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malaisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malaisie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-11-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malaisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malaisie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Fédération de 13 États dont 9 sultanats. Monarchie constitutionnelle élective unique au monde. Multiethnique : Malais (~70%), Chinois (~22%), Indiens (~7%).","explication_concrete_en":"Fédération de 13 États dont 9 sultanats. Monarchie constitutionnelle élective unique au monde. Multiethnique : Malais (~70%), Chinois (~22%), Indiens (~7%)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Dewan Rakyat (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":222,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-11-19","distribution":[{"parti_id":"my.ph","sieges":82,"voix_pct":37.4},{"parti_id":"my.pn","sieges":74,"voix_pct":30.3},{"parti_id":"my.bn","sieges":30,"voix_pct":22.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":36,"voix_pct":9.9}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-11-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour."},{"nom":"Dewan Negara (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":70,"mode_designation":"26 élus par les États + 44 nommés par le Roi.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"role_en":"Chambre 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MYS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MYS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MYS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":70.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MYS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MYS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"19 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"14 April 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":6.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.3},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":7.8},{"pays":"Taïwan","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5.7}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs (assemblage/test)","Huile de palme","Électronique","Pétrole raffiné","GNL"],"top_categories_import":["Semi-conducteurs (composants)","Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Automobile","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Huile de palme","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après Indonésie."},{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs (assemblage/test)","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Étain","rang_mondial":9},{"produit":"Caoutchouc naturel","rang_mondial":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Malaisie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mys","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":18.1,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.4,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"MYR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2055,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.4,"age_median":31.2,"indice_fecondite":1.54,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mys","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":444758,"deces_2025":189711,"solde_naturel_2025":255047},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation obligatoire (EPF)","duree_cotisation_ans":10,"taux_cotisation_pct":24,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":35,"description":"Système Capitalisation obligatoire (EPF). Cotisation 24%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation obligatoire (EPF)","description_en":"Système Capitalisation obligatoire (EPF). Cotisation 24%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.52,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Progression depuis 2018 (fin de règne BN).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Progression depuis 2018 (fin de règne BN)."},"notes_speciales":["Anwar Ibrahim PM depuis novembre 2022 — après 30 ans d'attente et prisons multiples.","Sultan Ibrahim de Johor Yang di-Pertuan Agong depuis janvier 2024 — figure très populaire.","Scandale 1MDB (2015-2020) : Najib Razak (ex-PM) condamné à 12 ans de prison.","Politique de discrimination positive pour les Malais (Bumiputera) — critique de longue date.","Hub semi-conducteurs (Penang) — bénéficie du nearshoring hors Chine."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Malaisie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ms&gl=MY&ceid=MY:ms","langue":"ms"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":110000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":51600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":20100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":4.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":41,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN","FPDA (Five Power Defence Arrangements)","Non-aligné"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"PT-91M Pendekar (mod. T-72 Pologne)","quantite":48,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"Bumar-Łabędy","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"},{"nom":"PT-91M Pendekar (Twardy)","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"Bumar Łabędy","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30MKM","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"F/A-18D Hornet","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas (Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"FA-50M Fighting Eagle (commande 2023)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"FA-50MP Fighting Eagle (contrat 2023 — 18 unités)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"KAI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud","notes":"920 M USD."},{"nom":"Hawk 108/208 (retrait progressif)","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"MiG-29N (retirés 2018)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retirés."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Maharaja Lela (Gowind 2500)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"France/Malaisie","fabricant":"Naval Group + Boustead","pays_fabricant":"France/Malaisie","notes":"Programme retardé"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Lekiu (F30)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems Marine","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Maharaja Lela (Gowind 2500)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France / Malaisie","fabricant":"Naval Group / Boustead Naval Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"France / Malaisie","notes":"Programme troublé — retards, 2 sur 6 seulement."},{"nom":"OPV classe Kedah (MEKO 100)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Allemagne / Malaisie","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss / Boustead","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Malaisie"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Perdana Menteri (Scorpène)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"France/Espagne","fabricant":"DCNS (Naval Group) + Navantia","pays_fabricant":"France/Espagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Scorpène (Perdana Menteri)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"DCN / Navantia","pays_fabricant":"France / Espagne"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Adnan (K200A1 Corée)","quantite":267,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Doosan (Hanwha)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Condor Fahd","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Allemagne / Malaisie","fabricant":"Thyssen-Henschel","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"AV8 Gempita (Pars 4×4/8×8 turco-malaisien)","quantite":257,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Turquie / Malaisie","fabricant":"FNSS / Deftech","pays_fabricant":"Turquie / Malaisie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"G5 155mm","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Afrique du Sud","fabricant":"Denel Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"Afrique du Sud"},{"nom":"LG1 105mm","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"ASTROS II MLRS SS-40","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Avibras","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AW139","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"EC725 Cougar","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"S-70A Black Hawk","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AW109 (marine)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Jernas (Rapier upgrade)","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"MBDA / Thales UK","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"NASAMS (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Anka-S (contrat 2023)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"TAI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"CamCopter S-100","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Autriche","fabricant":"Schiebel","pays_fabricant":"Autriche"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Îles Spratleys","mission":"Contrôle militaire de 5 récifs (Swallow Reef, Ardasier, etc.)","effectifs":500,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Contrôle militaire de 5 récifs (Swallow Reef, Ardasier, etc.)","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Sabah (frontière avec Philippines)","mission":"Sécurisation contre incursions ASG et intrusions maritimes","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation contre incursions ASG et intrusions maritimes","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL","effectifs":1300,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":210,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":400,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Contentieux territorial mer de Chine méridionale : contrôle de 5 récifs des Spratleys — tensions garde-côtes chinois 2019+ (Luconia Shoals).","Programme Gowind 2500 (Naval Group) — retards importants, 2 sur 6 seulement livrées, réforme du programme post-2022.","Achats stratégiques 2023-2024 : FA-50MP (Corée du Sud, 18 unités), NASAMS (annoncé), Anka drones.","Sous-marins Scorpène — scandale corruption Razak (2002-2008), 1er PM condamné 2020."],"notes_speciales_en":["Contentieux territorial mer de Chine méridionale : contrôle de 5 récifs des Spratleys — tensions garde-côtes chinois 2019+ (Luconia Shoals).","Programme Gowind 2500 (Naval Group) — retards importants, 2 sur 6 seulement livrées, réforme du programme post-2022.","Achats stratégiques 2023-2024 : FA-50MP (Corée du Sud, 18 unités), NASAMS (annoncé), Anka drones.","Sous-marins Scorpène — scandale corruption Razak (2002-2008), 1er PM condamné 2020."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ASEAN","FPDA (Five Power Defense Arrangements)","Unaligned"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"malacca","nom":"Détroit de Malacca","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (MY, SG, ID)","importance_globale":"Route maritime la plus fréquentée au monde. Point de passage majeur du commerce Est-Ouest : Moyen-Orient/Afrique → Chine/Japon/Corée. Chine dépend à ~80% de son pétrole importé via ce détroit (« dilemme de Malacca »).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":94000,"petrole_mb_j":16,"conteneurs_muid":22,"pct_commerce_mondial":25,"pct_petrole_mondial":25},"menace_principale":"Piraterie historique (en forte baisse depuis 2005 via patrouilles MSSP tripartites Malaisie-Singapour-Indonésie), tensions Chine-USA autour de la Mer de Chine méridionale en cas de conflit."},{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":4675,"zee_km2":334671,"pib_maritime_pct":4,"flotte_marchande_navires":600,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.5,"notes":"Port Klang 12ᵉ port conteneurs. Contrôle nord Malacca. Contentieux Spratleys.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Anwar Ibrahim PM depuis novembre 2022 — après 30 ans d'attente et prisons multiples.","Sultan Ibrahim de Johor Yang di-Pertuan Agong depuis janvier 2024 — figure très populaire.","Scandale 1MDB (2015-2020) : Najib Razak (ex-PM) condamné à 12 ans de prison.","Politique de discrimination positive pour les Malais (Bumiputera) — critique de longue date.","Hub semi-conducteurs (Penang) — bénéficie du nearshoring hors Chine."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-11-19","type":"legislative_anticipee","participation_pct":74,"vainqueur":"Pakatan Harapan (PH, 82 sièges sur 222) devance Perikatan Nasional (74) et Barisan Nasional (30).","gouvernement_issu":"Anwar Ibrahim (PH), PM depuis nov. 2022 avec coalition PH + BN + partis régionaux (« gouvernement d'unité »).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Malaysian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-05-09","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Pakatan Harapan (Mahathir, 121 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Mahathir bin Mohamad, PM 2018-2020 — fin de 61 ans de règne du Barisan Nasional. Instabilité 2020-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Malaysian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"MW","iso3":"MWI","slug":"malawi","nom_courant_fr":"Malawi","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Malawi","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Malawi","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Lilongwe","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":22216120,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mwi","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":118484,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Lazarus Chakwera","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"mw.mcp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-06-28","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct (58,6% en 2020, alternance historique).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mw.mcp","sieges":55,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Malawian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Malawian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Lazarus Chakwera","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"mw.mcp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-06-28","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-06-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malawi","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-06-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malawi","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Alternance historique 2020 après annulation par la Cour constitutionnelle des résultats de 2019.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. Alternance historique 2020 après annulation par la Cour constitutionnelle des résultats de 2019."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":193,"mode_designation":"Uninominal majoritaire à un tour.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-09-16","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mw.mcp","sieges":60,"voix_pct":38},{"parti_id":"mw.dpp","sieges":65,"voix_pct":36},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":68,"voix_pct":26}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Uninominal majoritaire à un tour."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis de la JSC.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 65 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":625,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":28.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":78.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-11.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MWI","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Kenya","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Tanzanie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Tabac","Thé","Sucre","Café","Coton"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Fertilisants","Céréales","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Tabac","rang_mondial":8,"notes":"~60% des recettes d'exportation."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Malawi","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mwi","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"MWK","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":32.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.2,"esperance_vie_femmes":68.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":63.6,"indice_fecondite":3.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/malawi","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":691877,"deces_2025":117568,"solde_naturel_2025":574309,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":17.7},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Public + capitalisation privée","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 15% (5% employé + 10% employeur).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Malawi","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public + capitalisation privée","description_en":"Cotisation 15% (5% employé + 10% employeur)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.5,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale ; annulation historique de la présidentielle en 2020 par la Cour constitutionnelle.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Démocratie électorale ; annulation historique de la présidentielle en 2020 par la Cour constitutionnelle."},"notes_speciales":["Alternance historique 2020 après annulation par la Cour constitutionnelle des résultats de 2019 — cas rare de justice indépendante.","Économie très dépendante du tabac (~60% des recettes d'exportation) — diversification difficile.","Chocs climatiques répétés : cyclone Freddy 2023 (record mondial de longévité), sécheresse 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Nyasa Times","url_rss":"https://www.nyasatimes.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":1500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["SADC"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":130,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":900,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"alliances_militaires_en":["SADC"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Fox armored car, Panhard AML","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"UK/France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"SA-330 Puma, Mi-24","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France/Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Alternance historique 2020 après annulation par la Cour constitutionnelle des résultats de 2019 — cas rare de justice indépendante.","Économie très dépendante du tabac (~60% des recettes d'exportation) — diversification difficile.","Chocs climatiques répétés : cyclone Freddy 2023 (record mondial de longévité), sécheresse 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-06-23","type":"presidentielle_relancement","vainqueur":"Lazarus Chakwera (MCP-UTM, 58.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Chakwera président depuis juin 2020 — élection ordonnée après annulation du scrutin de 2019 par la Cour suprême (historique en Afrique).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Malawian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malawian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-05-21","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Peter Mutharika (DPP, 38.6%, annulé)","gouvernement_issu":"Élection annulée en février 2020 pour fraudes.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Malawian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Malawian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"ML","iso3":"MLI","slug":"mali","nom_courant_fr":"Mali","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Mali","nom_officiel_local":"République du Mali","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bamako","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":25198821,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mli","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1240192,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"AES (Alliance des États du Sahel)","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"AES 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Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ml.mfdr","sieges":121,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mali","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdoulaye Maïga","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-11-21","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-05-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mali","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-05-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mali","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime militaire transitoire depuis le double coup d'État de 2020-2021. Constitution de 2023 approuvée par référendum renforce le président. Élections reportées sine die.","explication_concrete_en":"Régime militaire transitoire depuis le double coup d'État de 2020-2021. Constitution de 2023 approuvée par référendum renforce le président. Élections reportées sine die."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Conseil national de transition (CNT)","role":"Assemblée transitoire non élue.","sieges_total":121,"mode_designation":"Nommés par la junte militaire.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Assemblée transitoire non élue.","mode_designation_en":"Nommés par la junte militaire.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-12-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ml.mfdr","sieges":121}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — National_Transitional_Council_(Mali)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council_(Mali)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil national de transition installé après le coup d'État de 2020, prorogé sine die depuis. 121 membres désignés par la junte et les organisations affiliées."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président et le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"7 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_priori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_priori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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coup d'État de 2020 et les sanctions CEDEAO."},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":38},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Burkina Faso","part_pct":3.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Sénégal","part_pct":16.5},{"pays":"Côte d'Ivoire","part_pct":15.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Coton","Bétail vivant","Fruits"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Céréales","Ciment","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":14,"notes":"3ᵉ producteur africain d'or après le Ghana et le Soudan."},{"produit":"Coton","rang_mondial":11}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Mali","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mli","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":21,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":24,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XOF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":39.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.3,"esperance_vie_femmes":61.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":58,"indice_fecondite":5.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — 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Faible taux de couverture (~10% de la population active).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mali","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (INPS + CRM)","description_en":"Deux caisses : INPS (privé), CRM (fonctionnaires). Faible taux de couverture (~10% de la population active)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.16,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime militaire depuis août 2020, retrait CEDEAO.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime militaire depuis août 2020, retrait CEDEAO."},"notes_speciales":["Double coup d'État militaire (2020, 2021) — Assimi Goïta au pouvoir depuis mai 2021.","Rupture avec la France (retrait de Barkhane, 2022) et l'ONU (retrait de la MINUSMA, 2023).","Partenariat militaire avec la Russie (Wagner/Africa Corps depuis fin 2021) — coalition avec Burkina et Niger dans l'AES.","Guerre au nord contre les groupes djihadistes (JNIM, EIGS) et sécessionnistes touareg (CSP-DPA, reprise Kidal novembre 2023)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Studio Tamani","url_rss":"https://www.studiotamani.org/index.php?format=feed&type=rss","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":26500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["AES (Mali-Burkina-Niger)"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":116,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Nord Mali (Kidal, Gao)","mission":"Reprise opérationnelle des zones djihadistes et touareg avec appui Africa Corps","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Autonome + Russie","mission_en":"Reprise opérationnelle des zones djihadistes et touareg avec appui Africa Corps","cadre_en":"Autonome + Russie"}],"notes_speciales":["Rupture accord de défense avec la France (2022) — retrait Barkhane.","Présence Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimée à 1 500-2 000 hommes (2025) — attaque Tinzaouaten juillet 2024.","Achats Su-25, hélicoptères Mi-24/35, drones Bayraktar TB-2."],"notes_speciales_en":["Rupture accord de défense avec la France (2022) — retrait Barkhane.","Présence Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimée à 1 500-2 000 hommes (2025) — attaque Tinzaouaten juillet 2024.","Achats Su-25, hélicoptères Mi-24/35, drones Bayraktar TB-2."],"alliances_militaires_en":["AES (Mali-Burkina-Niger)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B (livrés Russie 2022+), T-55","quantite":90,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80/82, BMP-1, MRAP Bastion","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24P/35M (livrés Russie 2020+)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Double coup d'État militaire (2020, 2021) — Assimi Goïta au pouvoir depuis mai 2021.","Rupture avec la France (retrait de Barkhane, 2022) et l'ONU (retrait de la MINUSMA, 2023).","Partenariat militaire avec la Russie (Wagner/Africa Corps depuis fin 2021) — coalition avec Burkina et Niger dans l'AES.","Guerre au nord contre les groupes djihadistes (JNIM, EIGS) et sécessionnistes touareg (CSP-DPA, reprise Kidal novembre 2023)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-08-18","type":"coup_militaire","vainqueur":"Comité national pour le salut du peuple (CNSP, colonel Assimi Goïta)","gouvernement_issu":"Assimi Goïta président depuis mai 2021 (2ᵉ coup). Choguel Kokalla Maïga PM (2021-2024). Retrait de la CEDEAO en janvier 2024. Choguel remplacé par Abdoulaye Maïga en nov. 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Malian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d'état","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-07-29","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (RPM, 67.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"IBK 2ᵉ mandat (renversé août 2020).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Malian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"MT","iso3":"MLT","slug":"malte","nom_courant_fr":"Malte","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Malte","nom_officiel_local":"Repubblika ta' Malta","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"La Valette","source":{"nom":"NSO Malte","url":"https://nso.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":579704,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mlt","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":316,"source":{"nom":"NSO Malte","url":"https://nso.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Densité la plus élevée d'Europe.","notes_en":"Densité la plus élevée d'Europe."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2008,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Neutralité constitutionnelle depuis 1980. Partenariat pour la paix depuis 1995.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Neutralité constitutionnelle depuis 1980. Partenariat pour la paix depuis 1995."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1965,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Myriam Spiteri Debono","source":{"nom":"Présidence maltaise","url":"https://president.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"President ta' Malta","parti_id":"mt.pl","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-04-04","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://president.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"2e femme présidente de Malte. Ancienne présidente du Parlement.","notes_en":"2e femme présidente de Malte. Ancienne présidente du Parlement."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élue par le Parlement à la majorité des 2/3 depuis 2020 (auparavant majorité simple).","source":{"nom":"Constitution maltaise","url":"https://parlament.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Robert Abela","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement maltais","url":"https://opm.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prim Ministru ta' Malta","parti_id":"mt.pl","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-01-13","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement maltais","url":"https://www.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit après législatives du 30 mai 2026. 4e mandat consécutif (PL 36 sièges sur 65).","notes_en":"Reconduit après législatives du 30 mai 2026. 4e mandat consécutif (PL 36 sièges sur 65)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président, doit obtenir la confiance du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mt.pl","sieges":44,"source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission Malta","url":"https://electoral.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2022-03-26","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-01-13","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malte","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-01-13","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of malte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_malte","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Bipartisme absolu depuis 1966 (PL vs PN, aucun 3e parti n'a jamais eu de siège). Système STV (vote unique transférable) rare en Europe.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Bipartisme absolu depuis 1966 (PL vs PN, aucun 3e parti n'a jamais eu de siège). Système STV (vote unique transférable) rare en Europe."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Il-Kamra tad-Deputati (Chambre des députés)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":79,"mode_designation":"Vote unique transférable (STV) dans 13 circonscriptions de 5 sièges chacune. Compléments pour proportionnalité.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-05-30","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mt.pl","sieges":42,"voix_pct":52.1},{"parti_id":"mt.pn","sieges":37,"voix_pct":45.8}],"source":{"nom":"Commission électorale de Malte","url":"https://electoral.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-05-30","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Vote unique transférable (STV) dans 13 circonscriptions de 5 sièges chacune. Compléments pour proportionnalité."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Qorti Kostituzzjonali ta' Malta","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle maltaise","url":"https://justice.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 95","url":"https://parlament.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"3 juges nommés parmi les juges de la Cour d'appel."},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur proposition du Judicial Appointments Committee (réforme 2020).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://parlament.mt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":28,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":49297,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"14 October 2016","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"18 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Slovénie","part_pct":6.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":18.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.4}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs (STMicroelectronics)","Produits pharmaceutiques","Machines","Poissons (thon)","Livres"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Ordinateurs","Machines","Automobile","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Jeux en ligne (iGaming)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"~12% du PIB. Régulateur MGA hub mondial du gaming online."},{"produit":"Services financiers offshore","rang_europeen":15},{"produit":"Tourisme (~3 M visiteurs/an)","rang_européen":30,"notes":"~15% du PIB."},{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs (STMicroelectronics Kirkop)","rang_européen":15},{"produit":"Pavillon maritime (Malta flag)","rang_européen":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Malta","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mlt","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":37.1,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.6,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.3,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2018,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2018. Population maintenue par immigration massive (~20% des résidents nés à l'étranger).","esperance_vie_femmes":84.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.2,"age_median":40.6,"indice_fecondite":1.01,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mlt","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":4464,"deces_2025":4232,"solde_naturel_2025":232},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (2 catégories : contributive + non-contributive)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":20,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans. Cotisation 20% (10% employeur + 10% salarié). Pas de pilier II obligatoire — 3e pilier volontaire fiscalement encouragé.","source":{"nom":"Département sécurité sociale","url":"https://socialsecurity.gov.mt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (2 catégories : contributive + non-contributive)","description_en":"Âge légal 65 ans. Cotisation 20% (10% employeur + 10% salarié). Pas de pilier II obligatoire — 3e pilier volontaire fiscalement encouragé."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.68,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul post-assassinat Daphne Caruana Galizia (2017) — critique OECI + Conseil de l'Europe.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul post-assassinat Daphne Caruana Galizia (2017) — critique OECI + Conseil de l'Europe."},"notes_speciales":["Plus petit État membre de l'UE (par population et superficie).","Densité de population la plus élevée d'Europe (~1 700 hab/km²).","Bipartisme absolu depuis 1966 — aucun 3e parti n'a jamais eu de siège.","Programme « golden passports » très controversé — arrêté sous pression UE.","Assassinat de la journaliste Daphne Caruana Galizia en 2017 : révélations Panama Papers, corruption d'État.","Neutralité constitutionnelle mais candidat de facto à l'OTAN depuis 2022."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Malte","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=mt&gl=MT&ceid=MT:mt","langue":"mt"},{"nom":"Times of Malta","url_rss":"https://timesofmalta.com/rss","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.09,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":130,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["UE (neutralité)"],"alliances_militaires_en":["UE (neutralité)"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée nationale. Sécurité intérieure : police + éventuellement garde-côtes. Défense externe généralement assurée par un allié (États-Unis, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande) ou traité."],"equipement":{"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs de l'Armed Forces of Malta","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AS-350B, King Air (surveillance maritime)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"France/USA"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun (Malte est neutre)","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"sicile","nom":"Détroit de Sicile","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IT, TN, MT)","importance_globale":"Passage entre le bassin oriental et occidental de la Méditerranée. Route migratoire principale de la Méditerranée centrale : ~150 000 traversées vers l'Italie en 2023 (>2 000 morts/an).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":60000},"menace_principale":"Crise migratoire (Tunisie → Lampedusa), naufrages meurtriers, tensions Italie–Tunisie sur les patrouilles."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":197,"zee_km2":55556,"pib_maritime_pct":15,"pib_maritime_md_usd":3,"flotte_marchande_navires":2500,"flotte_marchande_rang":5,"notes":"5ᵉ pavillon mondial (pavillon de complaisance UE). Hub méditerranéen (Freeport Marsaxlokk).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Plus petit État membre de l'UE (par population et superficie).","Densité de population la plus élevée d'Europe (~1 700 hab/km²).","Bipartisme absolu depuis 1966 — aucun 3e parti n'a jamais eu de siège.","Programme « golden passports » très controversé — arrêté sous pression UE.","Assassinat de la journaliste Daphne Caruana Galizia en 2017 : révélations Panama Papers, corruption d'État.","Neutralité constitutionnelle mais candidat de facto à l'OTAN depuis 2022."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-03-26","type":"legislative","participation_pct":85.5,"vainqueur":"Parti travailliste (PL, 55.1%, 44 sièges sur 79)","gouvernement_issu":"Robert Abela PM (2ᵉ mandat) depuis mars 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VI","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maroc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Roi","parti_id":"ma.alaouites","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1999-07-23","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maroc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire dynastie alaouite (règne depuis 1666).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maroc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ma.rni","sieges":102,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Moroccan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Moroccan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ma.pam","sieges":87,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 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Le Roi conserve d'importants pouvoirs (Commandeur des croyants, chef des armées, dissolution) mais le gouvernement est responsable devant le Parlement.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie constitutionnelle depuis la révision de 2011 (post-printemps arabe). Le Roi conserve d'importants pouvoirs (Commandeur des croyants, chef des armées, dissolution) mais le gouvernement est responsable devant le Parlement."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des représentants","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":395,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle par liste régionale + 90 sièges nationaux (dont 60 femmes, 30 jeunes).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-09-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ma.rni","sieges":102,"voix_pct":24.7},{"parti_id":"ma.pam","sieges":87,"voix_pct":20.8},{"parti_id":"ma.istiqlal","sieges":81,"voix_pct":19.3},{"parti_id":"ma.usfp","sieges":34,"voix_pct":8.6},{"parti_id":"ma.mp","sieges":29,"voix_pct":7.3},{"parti_id":"ma.pjd","sieges":13,"voix_pct":3.3},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":49,"voix_pct":16}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maroc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MAR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MAR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MAR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":67.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MAR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":19.1},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":4.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"France","part_pct":11.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile","Phosphates & engrais","Textile","Aéronautique","Agroalimentaire"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut","Machines","Céréales","Gaz","Automobile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Phosphates","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~72 % des réserves mondiales (OCP Group)."},{"produit":"Automobile (assemblage)","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"1er constructeur automobile d'Afrique — Renault Tanger, Stellantis Kenitra."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — 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Réforme paramétrique 2023 relève l'âge à 65 pour les nouveaux fonctionnaires.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maroc","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroc","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CNSS + CMR + RCAR)","description_en":"Système fragmenté : salariés privé (CNSS), fonctionnaires (CMR), semi-public (RCAR). Réforme paramétrique 2023 relève l'âge à 65 pour les nouveaux fonctionnaires."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.31,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Monarchie hybride ; espace politique restreint, mais élections compétitives.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Monarchie hybride ; espace politique restreint, mais élections compétitives."},"notes_speciales":["Seule monarchie d'Afrique du Nord, dynastie alaouite depuis 1666 — plus longue dynastie régnante africaine.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2011 (post-printemps arabe) transfère l'exécutif du Roi au Premier ministre issu du parti majoritaire.","Reconnaissance américaine de la souveraineté marocaine sur le Sahara occidental (décembre 2020) — position confirmée par la France (juillet 2024).","Puissance industrielle émergente : 1er hub automobile d'Afrique, 1er producteur mondial de phosphates."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Le Matin (Maroc)","url_rss":"https://lematin.ma/rss.xml","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Yabiladi","url_rss":"https://www.yabiladi.com/rss/feed","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":200000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":150000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":50000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military 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155mm","quantite":179,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Atmos 2000 155mm 6×6","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit / Soltam","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"HIMARS (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2024-2027)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"524 M USD."},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 52+ (rétrofit)","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","origine":"USA"},{"nom":"Mirage F1CH/F1EDA (retirés progressivement)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache (bloqués USA), CH-47 Chinook, 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(222), AH-64E Apache (24), HIMARS (18), Bayraktar TB2 (24), Barak-8.","Coopération intense avec Israël depuis normalisation (Accords d'Abraham 2020) — accords défense signés, IAI ouvre bureau à Rabat.","Industrie de défense naissante : partenariat avec Lockheed Martin (drones), OSHKO (véhicules), production sous licence Bayraktar TB2 (annoncée)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Statut de MNNA (USA)","NATO cooperation Mediterranean dialogue","Abraham Accords (Israel 2020)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"gibraltar","nom":"Détroit de Gibraltar","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, GB)","importance_globale":"Seul accès de la Méditerranée à l'Atlantique. Passage obligé du commerce UE-USA, du pétrole russe (avant 2022) et algérien, des porte-conteneurs Est-Ouest via Suez.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":105000,"petrole_mb_j":4.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Rocher de Gibraltar sous contrôle britannique (territoire d'outre-mer, contentieux avec l'Espagne). Trafics de drogue (haschisch marocain)."},{"id":"alboran","nom":"Mer d'Alboran","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, DZ)","importance_globale":"Zone maritime entre Espagne (côte andalouse) et Maroc (Rif) — antichambre du détroit de Gibraltar. Toute la circulation entrée/sortie de Méditerranée y transite. Contient les îles Chafarinas et Peñón (souveraineté espagnole contestée par Maroc).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":25000},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières Maroc-Espagne. Trafics narcotiques (haschisch marocain). Contentieux territoriaux ES-MA (Ceuta, Melilla, îles)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1835,"zee_km2":278508,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":6,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.4,"notes":"Tanger Med 1er port africain 2024 (8,6 M EVP). Pêche : accord UE-Maroc renouvelé 2024. Contentieux Sahara occidental (souveraineté ZEE contestée).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Seule monarchie d'Afrique du Nord, dynastie alaouite depuis 1666 — plus longue dynastie régnante africaine.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2011 (post-printemps arabe) transfère l'exécutif du Roi au Premier ministre issu du parti majoritaire.","Reconnaissance américaine de la souveraineté marocaine sur le Sahara occidental (décembre 2020) — position confirmée par la France (juillet 2024).","Puissance industrielle émergente : 1er hub automobile d'Afrique, 1er producteur mondial de phosphates."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-09-08","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"RNI (Aziz Akhannouch, 102 sièges sur 395)","gouvernement_issu":"Aziz Akhannouch PM depuis oct. 2021 — coalition RNI + PAM + Istiqlal.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Moroccan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Moroccan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-10-07","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PJD (Parti Justice et Développement, 125 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Saadeddine El Othmani PM 2017-2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Moroccan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Moroccan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"MU","iso3":"MUS","slug":"maurice","nom_courant_fr":"Maurice","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Maurice","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Mauritius","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Port-Louis","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maurice","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":1243741,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — 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Gokhool","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maurice","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-06","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maurice","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement — rôle cérémoniel.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Maurice","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mu.al","sieges":60,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Mauritian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mauritian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Navin 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Mauritanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CNSS + CRAM)","description_en":"Fragmenté salariés/fonctionnaires, cotisation 15%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.31,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, alternance électorale mais faible pluralisme.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime hybride, alternance électorale mais faible pluralisme."},"notes_speciales":["Seule république islamique d'Afrique où la charia est source principale du droit.","Épargné par les djihadismes depuis 2011 — modèle sécuritaire salué (partenariat renseignement Sahel-USA).","Découverte gazière offshore (Grand Tortue Ahmeyim avec le Sénégal) — production démarrée fin 2024.","Question historique de l'esclavage (aboli seulement 1981 en droit) — persistance dénoncée par ONG."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Sahara Média","url_rss":"https://fr.saharamedias.net/feed/","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":15870,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":121,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Modèle sécuritaire salué — épargné par le djihadisme depuis 2011.","Coopération renseignement intense USA / France / UE (Task Force Takuba passé)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Modèle sécuritaire salué — épargné par le djihadisme depuis 2011.","Coopération renseignement intense USA / France / UE (Task Force Takuba passé)."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Panhard AML, EE-9, RG-31","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":754,"zee_km2":156641,"pib_maritime_pct":8,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.6,"notes":"Nouakchott, Nouadhibou. Accord UE-Mauritanie pêche.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Seule république islamique d'Afrique où la charia est source principale du droit.","Épargné par les djihadismes depuis 2011 — modèle sécuritaire salué (partenariat renseignement Sahel-USA).","Découverte gazière offshore (Grand Tortue Ahmeyim avec le Sénégal) — production démarrée fin 2024.","Question historique de l'esclavage (aboli seulement 1981 en droit) — persistance dénoncée par ONG."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-06-29","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Mohamed Ould Ghazouani (Insaf, 56.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Ghazouani 2ᵉ mandat 2024-2029. Moctar Ould Diay PM depuis août 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Mauritanian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mauritanian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-06-22","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ghazouani (52.0%)","gouvernement_issu":"Ghazouani 1er mandat 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Mauritanian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Mauritanian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"MX","iso3":"MEX","slug":"mexique","nom_courant_fr":"Mexique","nom_officiel_fr":"États-Unis mexicains","nom_officiel_local":"Estados Unidos Mexicanos","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Mexico","source":{"nom":"INEGI","url":"https://www.inegi.org.mx/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":131946900,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1964375,"source":{"nom":"INEGI","url":"https://www.inegi.org.mx/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"CELAC","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"USMCA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2020,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Successeur de l'ALENA/NAFTA (1994) — entré en vigueur juillet 2020.","notes_en":"Successeur de l'ALENA/NAFTA (1994) — entré en vigueur juillet 2020."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Claudia Sheinbaum","source":{"nom":"Présidence mexicaine","url":"https://www.gob.mx/presidencia","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidenta de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos","parti_id":"mx.morena","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-10-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.gob.mx/presidencia","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"1re femme présidente du Mexique. Physicienne, ancienne cheffe de gouvernement de Mexico. Élue le 2 juin 2024 avec 59,7% — plus grand score depuis la démocratisation.","notes_en":"1re femme présidente du Mexique. Physicienne, ancienne cheffe de gouvernement de Mexico. Élue le 2 juin 2024 avec 59,7% — plus grand score depuis la démocratisation."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 6 ans (« sexenio »), non renouvelable — règle constitutionnelle sacrée depuis la Révolution.","source":{"nom":"Constitution mexicaine art. 83","url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Claudia Sheinbaum (chef de l'exécutif — pas de PM)","source":{"nom":"Constitution mexicaine","url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"La Présidente est chef de l'État ET du gouvernement (régime présidentiel)","parti_id":"mx.morena","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-10-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.gob.mx/presidencia","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel — pas de fonction de Premier ministre.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mx.morena","sieges":236,"notes":"Coalition « Sigamos Haciendo Historia » : Morena + PT + PVEM. Majorité qualifiée aux 2 chambres.","source":{"nom":"INE — Instituto Nacional Electoral","url":"https://www.ine.mx/","date_donnee":"2024-06-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Coalition « Sigamos Haciendo Historia » : Morena + PT + PVEM. Majorité qualifiée aux 2 chambres."},{"parti_id":"mx.pt","sieges":39,"source":{"nom":"INE","url":"https://www.ine.mx/","date_donnee":"2024-06-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"mx.pvem","sieges":74,"source":{"nom":"INE","url":"https://www.ine.mx/","date_donnee":"2024-06-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-10-01","notes":"Claudia Sheinbaum (Morena) investie 66ᵉ présidente du Mexique le 1er octobre 2024, première femme présidente.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of mexique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mexique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-10-01","notes":"Fin normale du mandat présidentiel unique de 6 ans (aucune réélection possible).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of mexique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mexique","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle fédérale (31 États + Mexico DF). Sexenio strict (6 ans, non renouvelable, jamais). Bicamérisme. Morena domine largement depuis 2018 avec majorité qualifiée qui permet des réformes constitutionnelles (réforme judiciaire controversée 2024).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle fédérale (31 États + Mexico DF). Sexenio strict (6 ans, non renouvelable, jamais). Bicamérisme. Morena domine largement depuis 2018 avec majorité qualifiée qui permet des réformes constitutionnelles (réforme judiciaire controversée 2024)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Diputados","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":500,"mode_designation":"300 sièges uninominaux + 200 sièges proportionnels de liste.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-06-02","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mx.morena","sieges":236,"voix_pct":41.5},{"parti_id":"mx.pvem","sieges":74,"voix_pct":8.4},{"parti_id":"mx.pt","sieges":39,"voix_pct":6},{"parti_id":"mx.pan","sieges":72,"voix_pct":17.7},{"parti_id":"mx.pri","sieges":35,"voix_pct":11.3},{"parti_id":"mx.mc","sieges":27,"voix_pct":10.7},{"parti_id":"mx.prd","sieges":1,"voix_pct":2.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":16,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"INE Mexique","url":"https://www.ine.mx/","date_donnee":"2024-06-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"300 sièges uninominaux + 200 sièges proportionnels de liste."},{"nom":"Senado de la República","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":128,"mode_designation":"96 élus par État + 32 sièges proportionnels de liste nationale.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"96 élus par État + 32 sièges proportionnels de liste nationale."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN)","source":{"nom":"SCJN","url":"https://www.scjn.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 94","url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Réforme judiciaire septembre 2024 : réduction de 11 à 9 juges + élection populaire (première élection prévue juin 2025)."},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"**Depuis la réforme 2024** : élection au suffrage universel direct. Auparavant : Président proposait un triple, Sénat confirmait à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Réforme constitutionnelle septembre 2024","url":"https://www.dof.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans (non renouvelable) — auparavant 15 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 94","url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Réforme judiciaire controversée 2024 : première élection populaire des juges au monde. Craintes d'ingérence politique — critique internationale (USA, Barreau international, HRW).","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1833,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":13741,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":61.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-4.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MEX","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 March 2020","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"16 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"8 July 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":9.45,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/MEX.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":82.7},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":2.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":1.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":1.3},{"pays":"Colombie","part_pct":0.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":41.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":20.4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":3.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":3.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.1}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile et pièces (Volkswagen, Nissan, Ford, GM, Stellantis)","Électronique (téléviseurs, ordinateurs)","Machines","Pétrole brut (Pemex)","Bière et tequila"],"top_categories_import":["Ordinateurs et électronique","Machines","Automobile","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (production, maquiladoras)","rang_mondial":7},{"produit":"Argent","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~25% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Pétrole brut (Pemex)","rang_mondial":12},{"produit":"Bière","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"1er exportateur mondial (Corona, Modelo)."},{"produit":"Tequila et mezcal","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Avocats","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~30% de la production mondiale."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Mexico","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mex","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.6,"source":{"nom":"SHCP","url":"https://www.finanzaspublicas.hacienda.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":26.9,"source":{"nom":"SHCP","url":"https://www.finanzaspublicas.hacienda.gob.mx/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"MXN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel encore largement positif. Transition démographique en cours — fécondité passée de 6,7 en 1970 à 1,86 en 2025.","esperance_vie_femmes":78,"esperance_vie_hommes":72.4,"age_median":30.3,"indice_fecondite":1.89,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":2040427,"deces_2025":820578,"solde_naturel_2025":1219849},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation obligatoire (AFORE) + pension universelle basique (Sheinbaum)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":48,"description":"Réforme 1997 : passage à la capitalisation individuelle obligatoire (comptes AFORE). Cotisation 8% (5,15% employeur + 1,125% salarié + 0,225% État + 1,5% employeur pension complémentaire). Depuis 2024, pension universelle basique pour tous les 65+ (Bienestar) : ~6 000 pesos/mois.","source":{"nom":"CONSAR","url":"https://www.gob.mx/consar","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation obligatoire (AFORE) + pension universelle basique (Sheinbaum)","description_en":"Réforme 1997 : passage à la capitalisation individuelle obligatoire (comptes AFORE). Cotisation 8% (5,15% employeur + 1,125% salarié + 0,225% État + 1,5% employeur pension complémentaire). Depuis 2024, pension universelle basique pour tous les 65+ (Bienestar) : ~6 000 pesos/mois."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.44,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul depuis l'arrivée de Morena au pouvoir (2018) : capture progressive des institutions, réforme judiciaire 2024 contestée, affaiblissement de l'INE.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul depuis l'arrivée de Morena au pouvoir (2018) : capture progressive des institutions, réforme judiciaire 2024 contestée, affaiblissement de l'INE."},"notes_speciales":["Claudia Sheinbaum : 1re femme présidente du Mexique (octobre 2024). Succède à AMLO — même parti Morena.","Morena dispose d'une majorité qualifiée aux 2 chambres — capacité de réforme constitutionnelle.","**Réforme judiciaire septembre 2024** : élection populaire des juges de la Cour suprême (première mondiale). Critique internationale majeure.","Sexenio non-renouvelable : règle sacrée depuis la Révolution — un seul mandat présidentiel.","Violence liée au narcotrafic : ~30 000 homicides/an. Impunité chronique.","Nearshoring : bénéficie du repli industriel US hors Chine — investissements manufacturiers records."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Mexique","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=MX&ceid=MX:es","langue":"es"},{"nom":"El Universal","url_rss":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/rss.xml","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":216000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":90000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":60000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":11.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":31,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["TIAR (Rio Treaty)","Non-aligné","ONU (contributeur OMP réservé)","Coopération sécuritaire USA (Bicentennial Framework 2021)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"ERC-90 Sagaie (véhicule blindé de reconnaissance)","quantite":116,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1982,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"DN-3 Caballo","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Mexique","fabricant":"Sedena","pays_fabricant":"Mexique","notes":"Véhicule d'infanterie tracé."},{"nom":"DN-5 Toro (upgrade Panhard ERC-90)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"France / Mexique","fabricant":"Sedena","pays_fabricant":"Mexique / France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger II","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger II","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1982,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Pilatus PC-7 (entraînement / COIN)","quantite":32,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Pilatus Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk","quantite":21,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Sikorsky (Lockheed Martin)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"MI-17 Hip","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"UH-60L/M Black Hawk","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bell 407GX / 412","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"EC-725 Cougar","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Mowag Piranha III","quantite":132,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS-MOWAG","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"DN-XI (national)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Mexique","fabricant":"DGIM (Dirección General de la Industria Militar)","pays_fabricant":"Mexique"},{"nom":"LAV-25 / Lince (Iveco Guarani/VBL)","quantite":570,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Italie / Mexique","fabricant":"Iveco Defence / Sedena","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Sandcat (Plasan)","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Plasan","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Panhard M3 VTT","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard General Defense","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"DN-XI Bufalo","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Mexique","fabricant":"Sedena","pays_fabricant":"Mexique"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-27J Spartan","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"C-295W","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"C-27J Spartan","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"C-130E Hercules","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M2A1 105mm","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1955,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M114 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mortiers Brandt 120mm","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Thales / Nexter","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Reformador (Sigma 10514)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Damen Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Oaxaca (POLA)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Mexique","fabricant":"ASTIMAR","pays_fabricant":"Mexique"},{"nom":"Frégates Bronstein / Knox (occasion)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Todd Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Hermes 450/900","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"S4 Ehécatl (indigène)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Mexique","fabricant":"Hydra Technologies","pays_fabricant":"Mexique"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO (observateurs)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"1991","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO (observateurs)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Frontière nord (États-Unis)","mission":"Garde nationale — anti-migration/trafics (déployée depuis 2019)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Garde nationale — anti-migration/trafics (déployée depuis 2019)","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Cartel violence","mission":"SEDENA + Marine + Garde nationale dans opérations anti-cartels (Sinaloa, Michoacán, Tamaulipas)","effectifs":100000,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"SEDENA + Marine + Garde nationale dans opérations anti-cartels (Sinaloa, Michoacán, Tamaulipas)","cadre_en":"Autonome"}],"notes_speciales":["Doctrine non-interventionniste historique : contribution ONU minimale (~4 personnels), pas de déploiement combat hors territoire.","Militarisation intérieure massive depuis la « Guerre contre la drogue » de 2006 — 400 000+ morts cumulés.","Garde nationale créée en 2019 (par AMLO) — 130 000 hommes, remplace progressivement la police fédérale.","Industrie de défense limitée : véhicules Sedena, patrouilleurs ASTIMAR, drones Hydra.","Coopération sécuritaire USA (Bicentennial Framework 2021) après échec du Plan Mérida — accent renseignement et lutte fentanyl."],"notes_speciales_en":["Doctrine non-interventionniste historique : contribution ONU minimale (~4 personnels), pas de déploiement combat hors territoire.","Militarisation intérieure massive depuis la « Guerre contre la drogue » de 2006 — 400 000+ morts cumulés.","Garde nationale créée en 2019 (par AMLO) — 130 000 hommes, remplace progressivement la police fédérale.","Industrie de défense limitée : véhicules Sedena, patrouilleurs ASTIMAR, drones Hydra.","Coopération sécuritaire USA (Bicentennial Framework 2021) après échec du Plan Mérida — accent renseignement et lutte fentanyl."],"alliances_militaires_en":["TIAR (Rio Treaty)","Unaligned","UN (OMP contributor reserved)","USA security cooperation (Bicentennial Framework 2021)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"yucatan","nom":"Détroit de Yucatán","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (MX, CU)","importance_globale":"Passage entre la mer des Caraïbes et le golfe du Mexique. Route pétrolière vers ports texans (Corpus Christi, Houston). Alternative au canal de Panama pour navires Atlantique → golfe.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":15000},"menace_principale":"Trafics narcotiques (route colombienne → USA via Yucatán). Migrations irrégulières."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":9330,"zee_km2":3269386,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":700,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.6,"notes":"Manzanillo, Veracruz. Pétrole offshore Cantarell. Cartels + narco maritime.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Claudia Sheinbaum : 1re femme présidente du Mexique (octobre 2024). Succède à AMLO — même parti Morena.","Morena dispose d'une majorité qualifiée aux 2 chambres — capacité de réforme constitutionnelle.","**Réforme judiciaire septembre 2024** : élection populaire des juges de la Cour suprême (première mondiale). Critique internationale majeure.","Sexenio non-renouvelable : règle sacrée depuis la Révolution — un seul mandat présidentiel.","Violence liée au narcotrafic : ~30 000 homicides/an. Impunité chronique.","Nearshoring : bénéficie du repli industriel US hors Chine — investissements manufacturiers records."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-06-02","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":61,"vainqueur":"Claudia Sheinbaum (Morena, 59.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Claudia Sheinbaum, 66ᵉ présidente (1er oct. 2024), première femme présidente du Mexique.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Mexican general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mexican_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-07-01","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Morena, 53.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"AMLO, président 2018-2024, victoire historique de la gauche.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Mexican general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mexican_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"FM","iso3":"FSM","slug":"micronesie","nom_courant_fr":"Micronésie (États fédérés)","nom_officiel_fr":"États fédérés de Micronésie","nom_officiel_local":"Federated States of Micronesia","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Palikir (Pohnpei)","source":{"nom":"FSM Government","url":"https://www.fsmgov.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":114000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/FM","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"607 îles réparties sur 4 États (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae).","notes_en":"607 îles réparties sur 4 États (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae)."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":702,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"ZEE 2,6 M km².","notes_en":"ZEE 2,6 M km²."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1991","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1987,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1987","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Compact of Free Association","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1986,"notes":"Accord d'association libre avec les États-Unis. Renouvelé 2024 (COFA III, 20 ans). Défense assurée par les USA, libre circulation vers les USA, aide financière ~3,3 Md USD sur 20 ans.","source":{"nom":"US Department of State — COFA","url":"https://www.state.gov/","date_donnee":"1986","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Accord d'association libre avec les États-Unis. Renouvelé 2024 (COFA III, 20 ans). Défense assurée par les USA, libre circulation vers les USA, aide financière ~3,3 Md USD sur 20 ans."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Wesley Simina","source":{"nom":"FSM Government — Office of the President","url":"https://www.fsmgov.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président (chef d'État et de gouvernement)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-05-11","source":{"nom":"FSM Government — Office of the President","url":"https://www.fsmgov.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Wesley Simina (Président cumulé)","source":{"nom":"FSM Government — Office of the President","url":"https://www.fsmgov.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-05-11","source":{"nom":"FSM Government — Office of the President","url":"https://www.fsmgov.org/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Le Président est simultanément chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Élu par le Congrès parmi les 4 sénateurs à mandat de 4 ans. A signé le renouvellement du COFA avec les USA en 2024.","notes_en":"Le Président est simultanément chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Élu par le Congrès parmi les 4 sénateurs à mandat de 4 ans. A signé le renouvellement du COFA avec les USA en 2024."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"fm.indep","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 FSM congressional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_FSM_congressional_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-05-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of micronesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_micronesie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-05-11","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of micronesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_micronesie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Micronésie : république fédérale, régime présidentiel-parlementaire hybride. Le Président est élu par le Congrès parmi les 4 sénateurs at-large (un par État). Fédération de 4 États autonomes. Politique dominée par les enjeux post-COFA (dépendance financière USA, sécurité Pacifique, réchauffement).","explication_concrete_en":"Micronésie : république fédérale, régime présidentiel-parlementaire hybride. Le Président est élu par le Congrès parmi les 4 sénateurs at-large (un par État). Fédération de 4 États autonomes. Politique dominée par les enjeux post-COFA (dépendance financière USA, sécurité Pacifique, réchauffement)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Congrès des États fédérés de Micronésie","sieges_total":14,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Président parmi les 4 sénateurs à mandat de 4 ans (représentant chacun un des 4 États).","mode_designation":"4 sénateurs élus au niveau des États pour 4 ans + 10 sénateurs élus dans les circonscriptions pour 2 ans.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-03-04","distribution":[{"parti_id":"fm.indep","sieges":14}],"notes":"Absence complète de partis politiques nationaux. Toutes les élections se font sur base personnelle et clanique (parenté, appartenance à un des 4 États : Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême des États fédérés de Micronésie","source":{"nom":"FSM Judiciary","url":"https://www.fsmsupremecourt.fm","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":4,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of the Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis du Congrès (Sénat), confirmation à la majorité.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of the FSM, Article XI","url":"https://www.fsmsupremecourt.fm/legal-materials/fsm-constitution","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Mandat à vie jusqu'à retraite obligatoire à 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of the FSM, Article XI, section 3","url":"https://www.fsmsupremecourt.fm/legal-materials/fsm-constitution","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Président avec l'approbation du Congrès (2/3).","duree_mandat_en":"À vie.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1979."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.427,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3820,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":6.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":19.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.6,"esperance_vie_femmes":68.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.1,"age_median":25.5,"indice_fecondite":2.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Micronesia","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/micronesia-fed-sts","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.62,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Wikipédia V-Dem Democracy Indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":49.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":20.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"Fidji","part_pct":3.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":35.1},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":7.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":6.4}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Poisson (thon)","part_pct":82},{"categorie":"Navires","part_pct":3}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Volailles","part_pct":4},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":3}],"productions_notables":["Licences de pêche","Aide américaine (COFA III renouvelée 2024)","Coprah"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Licences de pêche","Aide américaine (COFA III renouvelée 2024)","Coprah"]},"notes_speciales":["Système sans partis politiques structurés : les États fédérés de Micronésie n'ont jamais eu de partis nationaux — le Congrès (14 sénateurs) est composé d'indépendants élus sur leur profil personnel et leurs alliances locales."],"notes_speciales_en":["No structured political party system: the Federated States of Micronesia has never had national parties — the 14-senator Congress is composed of independents elected on personal profiles and local alliances."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-03-04","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti (14 indépendants)","gouvernement_issu":"Wesley Simina réélu Président par le Congrès (mai 2025) pour un second mandat.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Federated States of Micronesia congressional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Federated_States_of_Micronesia_congressional_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2023-03-07","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti","gouvernement_issu":"Wesley Simina élu Président (mai 2023), succédant à David Panuelo.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Federated States of Micronesia congressional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Federated_States_of_Micronesia_congressional_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques (fédérales + États + Compact US)","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":74,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation FSM","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/FSM","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":70,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation FSM","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/FSM","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Compact of Free Association renouvelé fin 2023 pour 20 ans ($3,3 milliards US, dont $2 milliards de subventions directes)."},"devise":"USD (dollar américain)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — FSM National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSM_National_Police","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — FSM National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSM_National_Police","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Compact of Free Association avec les États-Unis (défense assurée par les USA, renouvelé 2023 pour 20 ans)"],"notes_speciales":["La défense est déléguée intégralement aux États-Unis en vertu du Compact of Free Association.","Les citoyens micronésiens peuvent s'engager dans les forces armées américaines — taux d'enrôlement per capita parmi les plus élevés au monde."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":6112,"zee_km2":2996419,"peche_annuelle_mt":155000,"notes":"L'une des plus grandes ZEE au monde (~3 M km²). Les licences thonières vendues aux flottes chinoises, japonaises, taïwanaises et sud-coréennes fournissent 15-20% des recettes publiques.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Micronesia EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/583","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Système contributif obligatoire (FSM Social Security System)","age_legal":60,"description":"FSM Social Security Administration : cotisations 6% employé + 6% employeur. Pension proportionnelle aux cotisations. Système petit et vulnérable, appuyé par les subventions US.","source":{"nom":"FSM Social Security Administration","url":"https://fsmssa.fm","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2024"}}},{"iso2":"MD","iso3":"MDA","slug":"moldavie","nom_courant_fr":"Moldavie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Moldavie","nom_officiel_local":"Republica Moldova","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Chișinău","source":{"nom":"BNS Moldavie","url":"https://statistica.gov.md/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":2360527,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mda","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":33846,"source":{"nom":"BNS","url":"https://statistica.gov.md/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidat depuis juin 2022. Négociations ouvertes en juin 2024. Référendum 2024 (54,2%) inscrit l'objectif européen dans la Constitution.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidat depuis juin 2022. Négociations ouvertes en juin 2024. Référendum 2024 (54,2%) inscrit l'objectif européen dans la Constitution."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Neutralité constitutionnelle. Coopération OTAN limitée.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Neutralité constitutionnelle. Coopération OTAN limitée."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Maia Sandu","source":{"nom":"Présidence moldave","url":"https://presedinte.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Președintele Republicii Moldova","parti_id":"md.pas","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-12-24","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://presedinte.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Réélue au 2e tour le 3 novembre 2024 (55,4%) face à Alexandr Stoianoglo (pro-russe). Élection marquée par tentatives d'ingérence russe massives.","notes_en":"Réélue au 2e tour le 3 novembre 2024 (55,4%) face à Alexandr Stoianoglo (pro-russe). Élection marquée par tentatives d'ingérence russe massives."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 4 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution moldave","url":"https://www.parlament.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Dorin Recean","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement moldave","url":"https://gov.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prim-ministru","parti_id":"md.pas","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-02-16","source":{"nom":"Guvernul RM","url":"https://gov.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit après législatives du 28 septembre 2025.","notes_en":"Reconduit après législatives du 28 septembre 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président, doit obtenir la confiance du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.parlament.md/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"md.pas","sieges":63,"source":{"nom":"CEC Moldavie","url":"https://a.cec.md/","date_donnee":"2021-07-11","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-12-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of moldavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_moldavie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-12-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of moldavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_moldavie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Retour au régime parlementaire en 2000 (élection présidentielle indirecte 2000-2016, retour au direct depuis 2016).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Retour au régime parlementaire en 2000 (élection présidentielle indirecte 2000-2016, retour au direct depuis 2016)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlamentul Republicii Moldova","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":101,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-09-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"md.pas","sieges":55,"voix_pct":44.8},{"parti_id":"md.bep","sieges":26,"voix_pct":22.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":20,"voix_pct":33.1}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Moldova","url":"https://a.cec.md/","date_donnee":"2025-09-28","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Curtea Constituțională a Republicii Moldova","source":{"nom":"Cour 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":8542,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":7.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":36.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MDA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"10 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"27 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"3 April 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":34.3},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.3},{"pays":"Ukraine","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":15.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.9},{"pays":"Ukraine","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.5}],"top_categories_export":["Vin","Fruits (pommes, raisin)","Textiles","Câbles automobiles","Céréales"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Vin","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"Vignoble parmi les plus anciens et étendus d'Europe."},{"produit":"Câbles automobiles (façon Draexlmaier, Sumitomo)","rang_europeen":8},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora (~15% PIB)","rang_europeen":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Moldova","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mda","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":36,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"MDL","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1998,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1998, aggravé par une émigration massive. Population passée de 4,3 M en 1991 à 2,5 M en 2024.","esperance_vie_femmes":75.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.7,"age_median":39,"indice_fecondite":1.73,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mda","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":24998,"deces_2025":32630,"solde_naturel_2025":-7632},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition","duree_cotisation_ans":34,"taux_cotisation_pct":29,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Âge légal 63 (H) / 61 (F, égalisation en 2028). Cotisation totale 29% (24% employeur + 6% salarié).","source":{"nom":"CNAS Moldavie","url":"https://www.cnas.md/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition","description_en":"Âge légal 63 (H) / 61 (F, égalisation en 2028). Cotisation totale 29% (24% employeur + 6% salarié)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.44,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Ingérence russe massive** aux élections 2024 : présidentielle + référendum sur l'adhésion UE. Sandu réélue, référendum passé de justesse (54,2%).","Négociations d'adhésion UE ouvertes en juin 2024, en même temps que l'Ukraine.","**Transnistrie** : territoire séparatiste pro-russe (~400 000 habitants), non reconnu internationalement. Troupes russes stationnées.","Gagaouzie : région autonome turcophone au sud (~150 000 habitants).","Dépendance énergétique historique à la Russie, en cours de rupture depuis 2022."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Moldavie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ro&gl=MD&ceid=MD:ro","langue":"ro"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":6000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.13,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":128,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["candidate UE"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char en service actif","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMD-1, BTR-70, MT-LB","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8T (petit parc)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["candidate UE"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Ingérence russe massive** aux élections 2024 : présidentielle + référendum sur l'adhésion UE. Sandu réélue, référendum passé de justesse (54,2%).","Négociations d'adhésion UE ouvertes en juin 2024, en même temps que l'Ukraine.","**Transnistrie** : territoire séparatiste pro-russe (~400 000 habitants), non reconnu internationalement. Troupes russes stationnées.","Gagaouzie : région autonome turcophone au sud (~150 000 habitants).","Dépendance énergétique historique à la Russie, en cours de rupture depuis 2022."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-09-28","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PAS (Parti Action et Solidarité, Maia Sandu, 50.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Dorin Recean reconduit PM. PAS conserve la majorité malgré la pression russe et hybride.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Moldovan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Moldovan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-07-11","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"PAS (63 sièges sur 101, 52.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Natalia Gavrilița puis Dorin Recean PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Moldovan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Moldovan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"MN","iso3":"MNG","slug":"mongolie","nom_courant_fr":"Mongolie","nom_officiel_fr":"Mongolie","nom_officiel_local":"Mongol Uls","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Oulan-Bator","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3568978,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mng","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1564116,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"mn.mpp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-06-25","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct. Mandat 6 ans non renouvelable (réforme 2019).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Gombojavyn Zandanshatar","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement mongol","url":"https://mongolia.gov.mn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"mn.mpp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-06-13","source":{"nom":"Government Mongolia","url":"https://mongolia.gov.mn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"MPP. Succède à Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene, démissionnaire après motion de censure et manifestations de juin 2025 (scandales corruption).","notes_en":"MPP. Succède à Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene, démissionnaire après motion de censure et manifestations de juin 2025 (scandales corruption)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Grand Khoural.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"mn.mpp","sieges":68,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-06-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"mn.dp","sieges":42,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-06-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"mn.hun","sieges":8,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-06-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":8,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-06-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-06-13","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of mongolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mongolie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-06-13","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of mongolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_mongolie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle depuis 1992 (fin communisme). Démocratie stable — la seule dans un environnement (Chine, Russie) d'autocraties.","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle depuis 1992 (fin communisme). Démocratie stable — la seule dans un environnement (Chine, Russie) d'autocraties."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Ulsyn Ikh Khural (Grand Khoural d'État)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":126,"mode_designation":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal. Passage de 76 à 126 sièges en 2024.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-06-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mn.mpp","sieges":68,"voix_pct":35},{"parti_id":"mn.dp","sieges":42,"voix_pct":30.1},{"parti_id":"mn.hun","sieges":8,"voix_pct":4.3},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":8,"voix_pct":30.6}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-06-28","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal. Passage de 76 à 126 sièges en 2024."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle (Tsets)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par le Président, 3 par le Grand Khoural, 3 par la Cour suprême.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":25,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":7079,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":6.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":8.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":45.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"30 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"1 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"14 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":92.1},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":0.6},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":0.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":0.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":43},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":25.9},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":10.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":3.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":2.5}],"top_categories_export":["Charbon (Chine)","Cuivre","Or","Fer","Cachemire"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné (Russie)","Automobile","Aliments","Machines","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Charbon","rang_mondial":10},{"produit":"Cuivre (mine Oyu Tolgoi)","rang_mondial":10},{"produit":"Cachemire","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"~40% de la production mondiale."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Mongolie","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/mng","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":31.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.4,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"MNT","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":16.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":77.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":67.9,"age_median":29.5,"indice_fecondite":2.5,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mng","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":60316,"deces_2025":19629,"solde_naturel_2025":40687},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SSGO)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":24.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Système Répartition (SSGO). Cotisation 24.5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSGO)","description_en":"Système Répartition (SSGO). Cotisation 24.5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.58,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Meilleure démocratie de son voisinage (Chine, Russie).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Meilleure démocratie de son voisinage (Chine, Russie)."},"notes_speciales":["Seule démocratie stable de la région entre Chine et Russie.","Dépendance extrême aux exportations vers la Chine (92%).","Énormes réserves minières (charbon, cuivre, uranium, terres rares).","Politique du « troisième voisin » : diversification diplomatique (USA, Japon, UE) face à géants.","Coalition MPP+DP depuis juillet 2024 pour stabiliser la gouvernance."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Mongolie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=mn&gl=MN&ceid=MN:mn","langue":"mn"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":9200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":137000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":6000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.09,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":111,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72A, T-55","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-21","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS","notes":"Officiellement retirés"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-60/70, BMP-1/2","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Seule démocratie stable de la région entre Chine et Russie.","Dépendance extrême aux exportations vers la Chine (92%).","Énormes réserves minières (charbon, cuivre, uranium, terres rares).","Politique du « troisième voisin » : diversification diplomatique (USA, Japon, UE) face à géants.","Coalition MPP+DP depuis juillet 2024 pour stabiliser la gouvernance."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-06-28","type":"legislative","participation_pct":69.3,"vainqueur":"Parti populaire mongol (MPP, 68 sièges sur 126)","gouvernement_issu":"Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene reconduit PM (MPP) après coalition avec le Parti démocrate.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Mongolian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Mongolian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-06-24","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"MPP (62 sièges sur 76)","gouvernement_issu":"Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh puis Oyun-Erdene PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Mongolian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mongolian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"ME","iso3":"MNE","slug":"montenegro","nom_courant_fr":"Monténégro","nom_officiel_fr":"Monténégro","nom_officiel_local":"Crna Gora / Црна Гора","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Podgorica","source":{"nom":"MONSTAT","url":"https://www.monstat.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":623129,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/mne","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":13812,"source":{"nom":"MONSTAT","url":"https://www.monstat.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Candidat depuis 2010, considéré comme le plus avancé des Balkans occidentaux. Objectif 2028.","source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Candidat depuis 2010, considéré comme le plus avancé des Balkans occidentaux. Objectif 2028."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Utilise unilatéralement l'euro depuis 2002 (sans autorisation BCE) — situation unique.","source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Utilise unilatéralement l'euro depuis 2002 (sans autorisation BCE) — situation unique."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2017,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jakov Milatović","source":{"nom":"Présidence monténégrine","url":"https://www.predsjednik.me/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsjednik Crne Gore","parti_id":"me.pes","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-05-20","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.predsjednik.me/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élu au 2e tour le 2 avril 2023 (58,9%). Fin des 30 ans de domination Đukanović (DPS).","notes_en":"Élu au 2e tour le 2 avril 2023 (58,9%). Fin des 30 ans de domination Đukanović (DPS)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution monténégrine","url":"https://www.skupstina.me/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Milojko Spajić","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement monténégrin","url":"https://www.gov.me/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsjednik Vlade","parti_id":"me.pes","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-10-31","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://www.gov.me/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Coalition PES + DCG + Bosniaques + Albanais. Ex-ministre des Finances, économiste.","notes_en":"Coalition PES + DCG + Bosniaques + Albanais. 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Fin du régime DPS-Đukanović en 2020 après 30 ans. Multiethnique (Monténégrins ~45%, Serbes ~30%, Bosniaques, Albanais).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Fin du régime DPS-Đukanović en 2020 après 30 ans. Multiethnique (Monténégrins ~45%, Serbes ~30%, Bosniaques, Albanais)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Skupština Crne Gore","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":81,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 3%.","seuil_electoral_pct":3,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-06-11","distribution":[{"parti_id":"me.pes","sieges":24,"voix_pct":25.5},{"parti_id":"me.dps","sieges":21,"voix_pct":23.3},{"parti_id":"me.nsd","sieges":13,"voix_pct":14.7},{"parti_id":"me.dcg","sieges":3,"voix_pct":4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":20,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CEC Monténégro","url":"https://dik.co.me/","date_donnee":"2023-06-11","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 3%."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ustavni sud Crne Gore","source":{"nom":"Cour 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Serbie","part_pct":20.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":10.2},{"pays":"Bosnie","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Serbie","part_pct":21},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.3},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":9},{"pays":"Croatie","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":6.7}],"top_categories_export":["Aluminium","Électricité","Bauxite","Vin","Bois"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures","Alimentation","Automobile","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Aluminium (KAP Podgorica)","rang_europeen":20},{"produit":"Tourisme (~25% du PIB)","rang_europeen":20,"notes":"~2,5 M visiteurs/an pour 620 000 habitants."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — 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Cotisation 20,5% salarié (5,5% employeur + 15% salarié).","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition","description_en":"Âge légal 66 (H) / 64 (F, montée). Cotisation 20,5% salarié (5,5% employeur + 15% salarié)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.44,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Amélioration depuis fin DPS 2020.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Amélioration depuis fin DPS 2020."},"notes_speciales":["Utilise l'euro depuis 2002 sans être membre de la zone euro (situation avec le Kosovo, unique).","Fin de 30 ans de règne DPS (Đukanović) en 2020.","Le plus avancé dans les négociations UE parmi les Balkans occidentaux — objectif 2028."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Monténégro","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=sr&gl=ME&ceid=ME:sr","langue":"sr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":2400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.15,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":137,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","candidate UE"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BOV M-83, BOV VP","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Yougoslavie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 412, Gazelle SA-341","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","origine":"USA/France"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","candidate UE"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":293,"zee_km2":7745,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"notes":"Bar port + tourisme Adriatique.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Utilise l'euro depuis 2002 sans être membre de la zone euro (situation avec le Kosovo, unique).","Fin de 30 ans de règne DPS (Đukanović) en 2020.","Le plus avancé dans les négociations UE parmi les Balkans occidentaux — objectif 2028."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-06-11","type":"legislative_anticipee","vainqueur":"Europe Now! 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FRELIMO au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance de 1975."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée de la République","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":250,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle provinciale.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"mz.frelimo","sieges":170,"voix_pct":70.7},{"parti_id":"mz.podemos","sieges":43,"voix_pct":16.7},{"parti_id":"mz.renamo","sieges":28,"voix_pct":8.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":9,"voix_pct":4.1}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Mozambique","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Proportionnelle provinciale."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil constitutionnel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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sur territoire immense — 2ᵉ densité la plus faible au monde."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"The Namibian","url_rss":"https://www.namibian.com.na/feed","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":13750,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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Uranium via mer. Découvertes pétrolières offshore majeures 2022-2024 (TotalEnergies, Shell).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["1ère femme présidente de Namibie (Nandi-Ndaitwah, mars 2025), fille des combattants indépendantistes.","Une des démocraties les plus stables d'Afrique — SWAPO au pouvoir mais alternances légitimes.","3ᵉ producteur d'uranium mondial ; découvertes pétrolières offshore majeures 2022-2024 (TotalEnergies, Shell).","Population très faible (~3 M) sur territoire immense — 2ᵉ densité la plus faible au monde."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-27","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (SWAPO, 57.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Nandi-Ndaitwah, première femme présidente de la Namibie (mars 2025).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Namibian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Namibian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-11-27","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Hage Geingob (SWAPO, 56.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Geingob 2ᵉ mandat (mort en fonction, février 2024). Nangolo Mbumba par intérim.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Namibian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Namibian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"NR","iso3":"NRU","slug":"nauru","nom_courant_fr":"Nauru","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Nauru","nom_officiel_local":"Repubrikin Naoero","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Yaren (de facto)","source":{"nom":"Nauru Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://nauru.prism.spc.int/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Nauru n'a pas de capitale officielle. Yaren est le siège du gouvernement."},"population":{"valeur":12500,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/NR","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e plus petit pays du monde en population après Vatican et Tuvalu.","notes_en":"3e plus petit pays du monde en population après Vatican et Tuvalu."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":21,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e plus petit pays du monde en superficie.","notes_en":"3e plus petit pays du monde en superficie."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1999","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1968,"notes":"Membre associé jusqu'à 1999 puis membre à part entière.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nauru","date_donnee":"1968","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Membre associé jusqu'à 1999 puis membre à part entière."},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1971","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"David Adeang","source":{"nom":"Government of Nauru","url":"https://www.naurugov.nr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président (chef d'État et de gouvernement)","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-10-30","source":{"nom":"Government of Nauru","url":"https://www.naurugov.nr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"parti_id":"nr.first"},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"David Adeang (Président cumulé)","source":{"nom":"Government of Nauru","url":"https://www.naurugov.nr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-10-30","source":{"nom":"Government of Nauru","url":"https://www.naurugov.nr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu Président par le Parlement en octobre 2023 suite à la démission de Russ Kun. A rétabli les relations avec la Chine et rompu avec Taïwan (janvier 2024).","notes_en":"Élu Président par le Parlement en octobre 2023 suite à la démission de Russ Kun. A rétabli les relations avec la Chine et rompu avec Taïwan (janvier 2024)."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"nr.indep","sieges":19,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nauruan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nauruan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-10-30","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nauru","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-10-30","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 3 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nauru","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Nauru : république parlementaire — Président élu par le Parlement parmi ses membres. Cumule chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Politique intérieure marquée par l'instabilité (18 présidents en 30 ans) et l'économie liée à l'accueil du centre de rétention australien (fermé 2023, relations Chine-Taïwan).","explication_concrete_en":"Nauru : république parlementaire — Président élu par le Parlement parmi ses membres. Cumule chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Politique intérieure marquée par l'instabilité (18 présidents en 30 ans) et l'économie liée à l'accueil du centre de rétention australien (fermé 2023, relations Chine-Taïwan)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement de Nauru","sieges_total":19,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Président parmi ses membres.","mode_designation":"Élection au suffrage universel direct dans 8 circonscriptions pluri-nominales via le système Dowdall (vote préférentiel modifié, unique au monde).","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-09-24","distribution":[{"parti_id":"nr.indep","sieges":19}],"notes":"Pas de partis politiques structurés. Les 19 députés forment des factions parlementaires flexibles.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nauruan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nauruan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême de Nauru","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Nauru","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":2,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Juges nommés par le Cabinet, souvent des juges expatriés (australiens, néo-zélandais).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Nauru","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Contrats de 3-5 ans renouvelables.","controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Cabinet avec l'approbation du Parlement.","duree_mandat_en":"Contrats de 3-5 ans renouvelables.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1968."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.155,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":12200,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.8,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":22.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":68.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":61.9,"age_median":25.4,"indice_fecondite":3.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Nauru","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nauru","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy 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raffiné","part_pct":22},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":5}],"productions_notables":["Phosphates (épuisés à ~90 %)","Licences de pêche","Aide australienne"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Phosphates (épuisés à ~90 %)","Licences de pêche","Aide australienne"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-09-24","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti (indépendants)","gouvernement_issu":"Russ Kun élu Président par le Parlement (sept. 2022), remplacé par David Adeang en octobre 2023 après motion de censure.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nauruan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nauruan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-08-24","type":"legislative","gouvernement_issu":"Lionel Aingimea élu Président (2019-2022)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Nauruan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nauruan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":120,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Nauru","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NRU","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Recettes dopées par les paiements australiens pour le Regional Processing Centre (~$100M/an sur la période 2012-2023, réduits ensuite)."},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":105,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Nauru","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/NRU","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Dollar australien (AUD)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Nauru Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Nauru Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Accord de défense avec l'Australie (memorandum bilatéral, non-traité)"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée nationale. Sécurité intérieure : Nauru Police Force (~100 personnels).","Nauru abrite depuis 2012 un centre de traitement des demandeurs d'asile financé par l'Australie (Regional Processing Centre), source majeure de revenus.","En janvier 2024, Nauru a rompu ses relations avec Taïwan et reconnu la République populaire de Chine — mouvement stratégique majeur dans la rivalité Indo-Pacifique."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":30,"zee_km2":308502,"peche_annuelle_mt":15000,"source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Nauru EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/520","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Fonds provident et allocations sociales","description":"Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation gérait historiquement les revenus phosphate pour les retraites, avant l'épuisement quasi-total du gisement. Aujourd'hui : mix de pensions publiques modestes et transferts intergénérationnels familiaux.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Economy of Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nauru","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}}},{"iso2":"NP","iso3":"NPL","slug":"nepal","nom_courant_fr":"Népal","nom_officiel_fr":"République fédérale démocratique du Népal","nom_officiel_local":"Sanghīya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Katmandou","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":29618118,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/npl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":147181,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1955,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SAARC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1985,"source":{"nom":"SAARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BIMSTEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"BIMSTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BRICS+ (partenaire)","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BRICS+ (partenaire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ram Chandra Poudel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"np.nc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-03-13","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par un collège électoral (Parlement fédéral + assemblées provinciales) pour 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"KP Sharma Oli","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"np.uml","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-07-15","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président en tant que chef de coalition majoritaire (NC + UML).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"np.uml","sieges":78,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nepalese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"np.congress","sieges":89,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nepalese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-07-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-07-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nepal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République fédérale parlementaire depuis 2015 (constitution post-guerre civile). 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Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB-","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":68.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.2},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":2.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":2.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":62.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.2},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":3.3},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":2.8},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":1.9}],"top_categories_export":["Tapis de laine","Vêtements","Cardamome","Fer transformé","Thé"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Fer et 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sociale de vieillesse universelle non-contributive à partir de 70 ans (65 ans pour Dalits).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Népal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Public (fonctionnaires) + Employees' Provident Fund + pension sociale universelle 70+","description_en":"Système fragmenté : fonctionnaires (répartition), secteur formel privé (EPF capitalisation), pension sociale de vieillesse universelle non-contributive à partir de 70 ans (65 ans pour Dalits)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.44,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale, coalitions instables mais alternance pacifique.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Démocratie électorale, coalitions instables mais alternance 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Malaisie).","Coincé entre Inde et Chine — équilibrisme géopolitique délicat."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-11-20","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Alliance CPN-UML + Congrès népalais (coalition changeante)","gouvernement_issu":"Instabilité chronique — depuis 2022 : Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda (déc.2022-juil.2024), K. P. Sharma Oli (depuis juil. 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Nepalese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-11-26","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Left Alliance (CPN-UML + CPN-Maoist Centre)","gouvernement_issu":"K.P. Sharma Oli, PM 2018-2021 puis Sher Bahadur Deuba 2021-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Nepalese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"NI","iso3":"NIC","slug":"nicaragua","nom_courant_fr":"Nicaragua","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Nicaragua","nom_officiel_local":"República de Nicaragua","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Managua","source":{"nom":"INIDE","url":"https://www.inide.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":7007502,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nic","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":130373,"source":{"nom":"INIDE","url":"https://www.inide.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"notes":"Retrait annoncé par Ortega novembre 2021, effectif novembre 2023.","source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Retrait annoncé par Ortega novembre 2021, effectif novembre 2023."},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. 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Épouse Rosario Murillo est Vice-présidente et co-présidente depuis 2025 (réforme constitutionnelle février 2025)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. **Élections non compétitives** — opposition emprisonnée en 2021.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Daniel Ortega (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"ni.fsln","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2007-01-10","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel — hyperprésidentiel depuis 2018.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ni.fsln","sieges":75,"source":{"nom":"CSE Nicaragua","url":"https://www.cse.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2021-11-07","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2007-01-10","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nicaragua","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2012-01-10","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nicaragua","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime hyper-présidentiel autoritaire. Ortega au pouvoir depuis 2007. Réforme constitutionnelle 2025 : « co-présidence » avec Rosario Murillo. Opposition principale (7 candidats) emprisonnée en 2021. Retrait de l'OEA en 2023. Nombreux exils.","explication_concrete_en":"Régime hyper-présidentiel autoritaire. Ortega au pouvoir depuis 2007. Réforme constitutionnelle 2025 : « co-présidence » avec Rosario Murillo. Opposition principale (7 candidats) emprisonnée en 2021. Retrait de l'OEA en 2023. Nombreux exils."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Nacional","role":"Chambre unique — au service de la présidence.","sieges_total":92,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-11-07","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ni.fsln","sieges":75,"voix_pct":75.9},{"parti_id":"ni.pli","sieges":3,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CSE / analyses OSCE","url":"https://www.cse.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2021-11-07","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique — au service de la présidence.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema","source":{"nom":"CSJ Nicaragua","url":"https://www.poderjudicial.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":16,"source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée à la majorité 60%. 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Réforme 2019 impopulaire (déclencheur des manifestations d'avril 2018 fortement réprimées).","source":{"nom":"INSS","url":"https://www.inss.gob.ni/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (INSS)","description_en":"Couverture limitée. Réforme 2019 impopulaire (déclencheur des manifestations d'avril 2018 fortement réprimées)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.1,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"V-Dem classe le Nicaragua comme « autocratie fermée » depuis 2020 — l'un des rares pays d'Amérique latine dans cette catégorie.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"V-Dem classe le Nicaragua comme « autocratie fermée » depuis 2020 — l'un des rares pays d'Amérique latine dans cette catégorie."},"notes_speciales":["**Régime autoritaire Ortega** au pouvoir depuis 2007. Opposition emprisonnée avant l'élection 2021.","**Co-présidence** Ortega-Murillo formalisée par réforme constitutionnelle février 2025.","Retrait de l'OEA en novembre 2023.","Répression massive des manifestations d'avril 2018 (~350 morts).","Exils politiques massifs, déchéance de nationalité pour ~300 opposants (2023)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Nicaragua","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=NI&ceid=NI:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.09,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":101,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55","quantite":62,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-55A","quantite":62,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-72B1 (annoncé 2016, non confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17 (livrés Russie 2016)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-24 Hind","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-152","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"ZIL","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BRDM-2","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Mi-17 (assaut)","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"An-26 (transport)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Antonov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"}]},"alliances_militaires":["ALBA","Coopération militaire Russie, Chine, Cuba"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[],"notes_speciales":["Régime Ortega — répression opposition depuis 2018, retrait OEA (2023) et Fondation UE.","Fournisseur principal Russie — accord de coopération militaire 2016+, base radar russe Cosmodrome (2022).","Contentieux territorial permanent avec le Costa Rica (île Calero, CIJ 2015)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Régime Ortega — répression opposition depuis 2018, retrait OEA (2023) et Fondation UE.","Fournisseur principal Russie — accord de coopération militaire 2016+, base radar russe Cosmodrome (2022).","Contentieux territorial permanent avec le Costa Rica (île Calero, CIJ 2015)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ALBA","Military cooperation Russia, China, Cuba"]},"notes_speciales_en":["**Régime autoritaire Ortega** au pouvoir depuis 2007. 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Plateau continental large sur la Caraïbe (langoustes, crevettes).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/nicaragua","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"NE","iso3":"NER","slug":"niger","nom_courant_fr":"Niger","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Niger","nom_officiel_local":"République du Niger","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Niamey","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":27917831,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ner","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1267000,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"AES","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"source":{"nom":"AES","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdourahamane Tiani","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président de la transition (CNSP)","parti_id":"ne.cnsp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-07-28","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Général arrivé au pouvoir par coup d'État du 26 juillet 2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ne.cnsp","sieges":171,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Nigerien coup d%27état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27état","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ali Mahaman Lamine Zeine","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-08-07","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par la junte militaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-07-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_niger","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-07-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_niger","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime militaire (CNSP) depuis le coup d'État du 26 juillet 2023 contre le président élu Mohamed Bazoum. 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Conseil consultatif de refondation (CCR) désigné par la junte, mandat de 3 ans annoncé en 2024."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'État","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président de la transition.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Niger","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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Cotisation 18% (10% employeur + 8% employé).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Nigeria","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation obligatoire (Pension Reform Act 2004)","description_en":"Système à capitalisation individuelle obligatoire (retraite par PFA). Cotisation 18% (10% employeur + 8% employé)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.31,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, régressions récentes.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime hybride, régressions récentes."},"notes_speciales":["1ère puissance démographique et économique d'Afrique — 237 M d'habitants, 291 Md USD.","Fédération complexe : 36 États + FCT, 250+ groupes ethniques, tensions Nord musulman / Sud chrétien.","Insécurité multiforme : Boko Haram / ISWAP au Nord-Est, bandits armés au Nord-Ouest, séparatistes IPOB au Sud-Est.","Crise économique aiguë depuis 2023 : dévaluation naira, dérégulation carburant, inflation ~30 %."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Premium Times","url_rss":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/feed","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Vanguard","url_rss":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":135000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":32000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":82000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CEDEAO","UA","MNJTF (bassin lac Tchad)"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":31,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Nord-Est (États Borno, Yobe, Adamawa)","mission":"Opération HADIN KAI contre Boko Haram et ISWAP","effectifs":35000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Opération HADIN KAI contre Boko Haram et ISWAP","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Nord-Ouest","mission":"Opération HADARIN DAJI contre bandits","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Opération HADARIN DAJI contre bandits","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Bassin du lac Tchad","mission":"Force multinationale mixte","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Multinational","mission_en":"Force multinationale mixte","cadre_en":"Multinational"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"Ex-MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"Ex-MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2005","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":4,"depuis":"1991","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":25,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Plus grande armée d'Afrique de l'Ouest.","Achats matériel USA (A-29 Super Tucano), Chine (JF-17 Thunder), Turquie (Bayraktar TB-2).","Contributeur historique aux OMP CEDEAO / ONU.","Plus grande armée d'Afrique de l'Ouest — 135 000 actifs, budget 3,2 Md USD.","Achats stratégiques 2020-2026 : JF-17 Bloc III (12 pakistanais), A-29 Super Tucano (12 USA), AH-1Z Viper (12), Bayraktar TB2 (6), Ejder Yalçın turcs.","Front Nord-Est actif : Boko Haram et ISWAP — 40 000 morts cumulés depuis 2009, 2 M déplacés.","Contributeur historique majeur aux OMP CEDEAO / ONU — ECOMOG Libéria 1990+, Sierra Leone 1997+.","Industrie de défense naissante : DICON (Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria) — armes légères, munitions, drones EPAILS."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72M1 (144 livrés 2020+), Vickers Mk3","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/UK"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VT-4, M-4 Bison, Streit Group, RG-31, MRAP","quantite":1500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SH-1 155mm SP","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Bofors L/70 40mm (indigène)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Nigeria (licence Bofors)","fabricant":"DICON","pays_fabricant":"Nigeria"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-7NI (dérivé MiG-21), Alpha Jet, JF-17 Thunder (4 livrés 2021)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/France/Pakistan"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-35P/M, T-129 Atak, EC-135, Bell 412","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/Turquie/Divers"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2, CH-4B, ScanEagle","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Turquie/Chine/USA"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates NNS Aradu (MEKO 360)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1982,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Blohm+Voss","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"OPV classe Centenary (P-18N)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Chine / Nigeria","fabricant":"Wuchang Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Corvettes NNS Erin'mi (Vosper Mk.9)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Damen Stan patrol (2600, 4207, 5009)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Pays-Bas / Nigeria","fabricant":"Damen Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"}]},"notes_speciales_en":["Plus grande armée d'Afrique de l'Ouest.","Achats matériel USA (A-29 Super Tucano), Chine (JF-17 Thunder), Turquie (Bayraktar TB-2).","Contributeur historique aux OMP CEDEAO / ONU.","Plus grande armée d'Afrique de l'Ouest — 135 000 actifs, budget 3,2 Md USD.","Achats stratégiques 2020-2026 : JF-17 Bloc III (12 pakistanais), A-29 Super Tucano (12 USA), AH-1Z Viper (12), Bayraktar TB2 (6), Ejder Yalçın turcs.","Front Nord-Est actif : Boko Haram et ISWAP — 40 000 morts cumulés depuis 2009, 2 M déplacés.","Contributeur historique majeur aux OMP CEDEAO / ONU — ECOMOG Libéria 1990+, Sierra Leone 1997+.","Industrie de défense naissante : DICON (Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria) — armes légères, munitions, drones EPAILS."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ECOWAS","UA","MNJTF (Lake Chad basin)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":853,"zee_km2":208886,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"pib_maritime_md_usd":14,"peche_annuelle_mt":1,"notes":"Lagos 1er port Afrique de l'Ouest. Golfe de Guinée : 45 attaques piraterie 2024 (baisse Deep Blue Project). Delta du Niger : pétrole offshore.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["1ère puissance démographique et économique d'Afrique — 237 M d'habitants, 291 Md USD.","Fédération complexe : 36 États + FCT, 250+ groupes ethniques, tensions Nord musulman / Sud chrétien.","Insécurité multiforme : Boko Haram / ISWAP au Nord-Est, bandits armés au Nord-Ouest, séparatistes IPOB au Sud-Est.","Crise économique aiguë depuis 2023 : dévaluation naira, dérégulation carburant, inflation ~30 %."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-02-25","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Bola Tinubu (APC, 36.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Bola Tinubu, président depuis mai 2023 succédant à Muhammadu Buhari.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Nigerian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-02-23","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Muhammadu Buhari (APC, 55.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Buhari 2ᵉ mandat 2019-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Nigerian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nigerian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"NO","iso3":"NOR","slug":"norvege","nom_courant_fr":"Norvège","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Norvège","nom_officiel_local":"Kongeriket Norge","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Oslo","source":{"nom":"SSB — Statistisk sentralbyrå","url":"https://www.ssb.no/en","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5610870,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":385207,"notes":"Inclut Svalbard et Jan Mayen.","source":{"nom":"SSB","url":"https://www.ssb.no/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Inclut Svalbard et Jan Mayen."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Non membre — rejet par référendums 1972 et 1994. Membre de l'EEE via l'AELE.","source":{"nom":"AELE","url":"https://www.efta.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Non membre — rejet par référendums 1972 et 1994. Membre de l'EEE via l'AELE."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"notes":"Membre associé (non-UE).","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membre associé (non-UE)."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN — membres fondateurs","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"AELE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein).","notes_en":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Harald V","source":{"nom":"Den kongelige familie / IFES Election Guide","url":"https://www.royalcourt.no/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Norvège","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1991-01-17","source":{"nom":"Royal Court","url":"https://www.royalcourt.no/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution norvégienne, art. 6","url":"https://lovdata.no/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jonas Gahr Støre","source":{"nom":"IPU Parline / Reuters","url":"https://data.ipu.org/parliament/NO/NO-LC01/election/NO-LC01-E20250908","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Statsminister","parti_id":"no.ap","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-10-14","notes":"Reconduit après les élections du 8 septembre 2025 (Arbeiderpartiet 28% et 53 sièges, largement en tête).","source":{"nom":"IPU Parline","url":"https://data.ipu.org/parliament/NO/NO-LC01/election/NO-LC01-E20250908","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Reconduit après les élections du 8 septembre 2025 (Arbeiderpartiet 28% et 53 sièges, largement en tête)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le roi après consultations. Gouvernement minoritaire ou de coalition, tolérance parlementaire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution norvégienne","url":"https://lovdata.no/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"no.ap","sieges":53,"notes":"Gouvernement minoritaire d'Arbeiderpartiet.","source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR / Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Norwegian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Gouvernement minoritaire d'Arbeiderpartiet."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-10-14","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of norvege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_norvege","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-10-14","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of norvege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_norvege","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire. Chambre unique (Storting) avec système proportionnel favorisant les coalitions. Non-adhésion à l'UE mais intégration économique très forte via l'EEE.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie parlementaire. Chambre unique (Storting) avec système proportionnel favorisant les coalitions. Non-adhésion à l'UE mais intégration économique très forte via l'EEE."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Storting","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":169,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel avec sièges de compensation. Seuil de 4% pour les sièges compensatoires.","seuil_electoral_pct":4,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-09-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"no.ap","sieges":53,"voix_pct":28.02},{"parti_id":"no.frp","sieges":47,"voix_pct":23.85},{"parti_id":"no.h","sieges":24,"voix_pct":14.65},{"parti_id":"no.sv","sieges":9,"voix_pct":5.63},{"parti_id":"no.sp","sieges":9,"voix_pct":5.59},{"parti_id":"no.r","sieges":8,"voix_pct":4.65},{"parti_id":"no.mdg","sieges":8,"voix_pct":4.75},{"parti_id":"no.krf","sieges":5,"voix_pct":4.2},{"parti_id":"no.v","sieges":3,"voix_pct":3.7},{"parti_id":"no.pf","sieges":3,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"OSCE ODIHR / Wikipedia — 2025 Norwegian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Norwegian_parliamentary_election","date_donnee":"2025-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel avec sièges de compensation. Seuil de 4% pour les sièges compensatoires."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et législatif vérifiés.","Percée du Fremskrittspartiet (droite populiste) en 2025 : de 21 à 47 sièges.","Non-membre de l'UE ; intégré à l'EEE et à Schengen."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.89,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Parmi les scores les plus élevés au monde.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Parmi les scores les plus élevés au monde."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Norvège","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=no&gl=NO&ceid=NO:no","langue":"no"},{"nom":"NRK","url_rss":"https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/siste.rss","langue":"no"},{"nom":"Aftenposten","url_rss":"https://www.aftenposten.no/rss","langue":"no"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Comme la Suède, solde naturel encore positif, mais projections SSB : ralentissement continu, possiblement croisement vers 2045-2055.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.6,"age_median":40.4,"indice_fecondite":1.45,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nor","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":54425,"deces_2025":44326,"solde_naturel_2025":10099},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Répartition + fonds souverain (Government Pension Fund Global, 1,7 T $)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":22.3,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":66,"description":"Âge flexible 62-75 ans, incitation forte à travailler plus longtemps. Cotisation 22,3% (14,1% employeur + 8,2% salarié). Réserve stratégique : le Fonds souverain norvégien (pétrole) est le plus gros fonds souverain au monde.","source":{"nom":"NAV / OCDE","url":"https://www.nav.no/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + fonds souverain (Government Pension Fund Global, 1,7 T $)","description_en":"Âge flexible 62-75 ans, incitation forte à travailler plus longtemps. Cotisation 22,3% (14,1% employeur + 8,2% salarié). Réserve stratégique : le Fonds souverain norvégien (pétrole) est le plus gros fonds souverain au monde."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":531,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":94468,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":45,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":9.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NOR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"9 July 1975","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"13 March 1995","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"6 May 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.33,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/NOR.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":21.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":7.8},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":5.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Suède","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":11.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.1},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":4.8}],"top_categories_export":["Hydrocarbures (pétrole, gaz)","Poissons (saumon)","Métaux (aluminium)","Navires et matériel maritime","Machines"],"top_categories_import":["Automobile","Machines","Ordinateurs et électronique","Produits pharmaceutiques","Alimentation"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Devenu 1er fournisseur européen depuis 2022 (crise russe)."},{"produit":"Pétrole (mer du Nord)","rang_mondial":11},{"produit":"Saumon d'élevage","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~50% du marché mondial."},{"produit":"Aluminium","rang_mondial":7},{"produit":"Fonds souverain (~1,7 T USD)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Plus gros fonds souverain au monde."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Norway","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/nor","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":58.2,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"NOK","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Høyesterett (Cour suprême)","source":{"nom":"Høyesterett","url":"https://www.domstol.no/hoyesterett/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":20,"source":{"nom":"Domstol.no","url":"https://www.domstol.no/hoyesterett/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Roi en conseil sur recommandation du Conseil des nominations judiciaires.","source":{"nom":"Constitution norvégienne","url":"https://lovdata.no/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://lovdata.no/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Contrôle exercé activement depuis la fin du XIXe siècle.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-09-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":78.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"no.ap","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Støre reconduit — Ap minoritaire.","notes":"Percée massive du FrP (droite populiste) : de 21 à 47 sièges. Effondrement du Sp (agrariens) qui perd 19 sièges.","source":{"nom":"IPU Parline","url":"https://data.ipu.org/parliament/NO/NO-LC01/election/NO-LC01-E20250908","date_donnee":"2025-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2021-09-13","type":"legislative","participation_pct":77.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"no.ap","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition Ap + Sp (rouge-vert), Støre PM.","source":{"nom":"SSB","url":"https://www.ssb.no/valg/","date_donnee":"2021-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":23300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":40000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":10.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":43,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","OTAN (fondateur)","JEF (UK-led)","Coopération bilatérale USA très forte (Longyearbyen)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A7NO (livraison en cours)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4NO (modernisation en cours)","quantite":36,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion Pays-Bas)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A8NO (livraisons 2026-2030)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW (KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Choix février 2023 après compétition K2/Leopard 2A8."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II","quantite":52,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16AM/BM MLU (retirés 2022)","quantite":0,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés — certains vendus à Roumanie, cédés à Ukraine 2024+."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Fridtjof Nansen (Aegis)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Skjold (furtives)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Norvège","fabricant":"Umoe Mandal","pays_fabricant":"Norvège"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Fridtjof Nansen (AEGIS)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Espagne / Norvège","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"KNM Helge Ingstad coulée 2018 — flotte réduite à 4."},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Skjold (rapides furtives)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Norvège","fabricant":"Umoe Mandal","pays_fabricant":"Norvège"},{"nom":"Frégates NSF (2029-2035 remplacement)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France / Norvège","notes":"Étude 2024, contrat 2025 avec la France."}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Ula (fin de vie)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Nordseewerke","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins Type 212CD (commande)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Allemagne/Norvège","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Ula","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1989,"origine":"Allemagne / Norvège","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe 212 CD (livraisons 2029-2035)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Allemagne / Norvège","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Programme conjoint avec Allemagne."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CV9030N (IFV)","quantite":144,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"K21 (commande 2024)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"CV9030N Mk III","quantite":144,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Suède / Norvège","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"M113F4 (modernisé)","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis / Norvège","fabricant":"BAE Systems / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Iveco LMV / Dingo 2","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Italie / Allemagne","fabricant":"Iveco / KMW","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"ACSV (véhicules protégés livraisons 2024+)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Finlande / Norvège","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9 Vidar","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K9 Vidar 155mm auto-porté (Thunder version norvégienne)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"M109A3GNM 155mm","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Norvège","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Certains cédés à l'Ukraine 2022."},{"nom":"HIMARS (annoncé 2024, contrat 2025)","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"NASAMS 3","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Norvège","fabricant":"Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Norvège"},{"nom":"Iris-T SLM (commande 2024)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"NASAMS 2/3 (couche SAM moyenne portée)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège"},{"nom":"Mistral / RBS 70 NG","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"France / Suède","fabricant":"MBDA / Saab Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"France / Suède"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"P-8A Poseidon (patrouille maritime)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Defense","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Remplace les P-3C Orion."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AW101 Merlin SAR (SAR Queen)","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Italie / Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Leonardo AgustaWestland","pays_fabricant":"Italie / Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Bell 412SP","quantite":18,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NH-90 NFH (fiasco, retour vers Seahawk MH-60R)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Résiliation 2022, retour de tous les NH-90 à NHIndustries."},{"nom":"MH-60R Seahawk (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2027-2030)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky (Lockheed Martin)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Black Hornet (nano-drone)","quantite":3000,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Norvège","fabricant":"FLIR Systems (Teledyne)","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis","notes":"Utilisation massive OTAN et Ukraine."},{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lituanie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — sous commandement allemand","effectifs":130,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — sous commandement allemand","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Islande","mission":"NATO Air Policing (rotation)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Air Policing (rotation)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent norvégien)","effectifs":30,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (contingent norvégien)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":60,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (contingent norvégien, base logistique)","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL (contingent norvégien, base logistique)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Svalbard","mission":"Coast Guard — souveraineté arctique (Traité 1920)","effectifs":60,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national — Traité de Svalbard","mission_en":"Coast Guard — souveraineté arctique (Traité 1920)","cadre_en":"Territoire national — Traité de Svalbard"},{"pays":"Mer du Nord / Arctique","mission":"Coast Guard permanente","effectifs":350,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Coast Guard permanente","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Choix Leopard 2A8 (février 2023) après compétition avec K2 sud-coréen — 54 unités livraisons 2026-2030.","Défense arctique majeure : bases USA Norway (Vaernes, Rygge, Sola, Evenes 2022+) — accès accord SDCA 2022.","Industrie de défense : Kongsberg (NASAMS, Naval Strike Missile), Nammo (munitions), FLIR/Teledyne (Black Hornet).","Retrait NH-90 en 2022 : résiliation contrat après retards et défauts, retour de tous les hélicoptères à NH Industries — grand échec du programme européen."],"notes_speciales_en":["Choix Leopard 2A8 (février 2023) après compétition avec K2 sud-coréen — 54 unités livraisons 2026-2030.","Défense arctique majeure : bases USA Norway (Vaernes, Rygge, Sola, Evenes 2022+) — accès accord SDCA 2022.","Industrie de défense : Kongsberg (NASAMS, Naval Strike Missile), Nammo (munitions), FLIR/Teledyne (Black Hornet).","Retrait NH-90 en 2022 : résiliation contrat après retards et défauts, retour de tous les hélicoptères à NH Industries — grand échec du programme européen."],"alliances_militaires_en":["NATO","NATO (founder)","JEF (UK-led)","Very strong US bilateral cooperation (Longyearbyen)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"detroit-danemark","nom":"Détroits danois (Skagerrak, Kattegat, Sund, Grand Belt)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (DK, SE, NO)","importance_globale":"Seul accès mer Baltique → mer du Nord. Route exportation pétrole russe (avant 2022) + Norvège. Convention de Copenhague 1857 garantit libre passage.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":55000,"pct_petrole_mondial":3},"menace_principale":null}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":25148,"zee_km2":819620,"pib_maritime_pct":12.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":70,"flotte_marchande_navires":1700,"peche_annuelle_mt":2.5,"peche_annuelle_rang":10,"notes":"Économie maritime = 12,5% PIB. Pétrole/gaz offshore mer du Nord. Aquaculture saumon (1er mondial, 1,5 Mt/an). Chantiers navals spécialisés. NSR arctique.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et législatif vérifiés.","Percée du Fremskrittspartiet (droite populiste) en 2025 : de 21 à 47 sièges.","Non-membre de l'UE ; intégré à l'EEE et à Schengen."]},{"iso2":"NZ","iso3":"NZL","slug":"nouvelle-zelande","nom_courant_fr":"Nouvelle-Zélande","nom_officiel_fr":"Nouvelle-Zélande","nom_officiel_local":"New Zealand / Aotearoa","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Wellington","source":{"nom":"Statistics New Zealand — Tatauranga Aotearoa","url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5320000,"source":{"nom":"Statistics New Zealand — Estimated resident population","url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/population/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation à mi-2025. Aotearoa = nom māori.","notes_en":"Estimation à mi-2025. Aotearoa = nom māori."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":268021,"source":{"nom":"Statistics New Zealand","url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Deux îles principales (Île du Nord, Île du Sud) + îles associées (Stewart, Chatham, Kermadec).","notes_en":"Deux îles principales (Île du Nord, Île du Sud) + îles associées (Stewart, Chatham, Kermadec)."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1931,"notes":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/new-zealand","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1973,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"}},{"organisation":"APEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1989,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"APEC","url":"https://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/member-economies","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"ANZUS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1951,"notes":"Traité signé mais partie américaine suspendue depuis 1986 (interdiction nucléaire NZ). Reste juridiquement en vigueur avec l'Australie.","source":{"nom":"NZ MFAT","url":"https://www.mfat.govt.nz/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Traité signé mais partie américaine suspendue depuis 1986 (interdiction nucléaire NZ). Reste juridiquement en vigueur avec l'Australie."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"notes":"Membre fondateur, principal architecte avec Chili et Singapour.","source":{"nom":"NZ MFAT","url":"https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-in-force/cptpp/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur, principal architecte avec Chili et Singapour."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"NZ MFAT","url":"https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-in-force/rcep/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"}},{"organisation":"Five Eyes","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1955,"notes":"Alliance de renseignement avec États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Canada, Australie.","source":{"nom":"GCSB (NZ Government Communications Security Bureau)","url":"https://www.gcsb.govt.nz/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Alliance de renseignement avec États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Canada, Australie."},{"organisation":"Five Power Defence Arrangements","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"notes":"Avec Australie, Royaume-Uni, Malaisie, Singapour.","source":{"nom":"NZ Defence Force","url":"https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/","date_verif":"2026-09-24"},"notes_en":"Avec Australie, Royaume-Uni, Malaisie, Singapour."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III (représenté par Dame Cindy Kiro, Gouverneure générale)","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of New Zealand","url":"https://gg.govt.nz/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Nouvelle-Zélande (chef de l'État constitutionnel)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","notes":"Charles III depuis le décès d'Elizabeth II. Dame Cindy Kiro (première Māori à ce poste) est Gouverneure générale depuis le 21 octobre 2021.","notes_en":"Charles III depuis le décès d'Elizabeth II. Dame Cindy Kiro (première Māori à ce poste) est Gouverneure générale depuis le 21 octobre 2021."}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Christopher Luxon","source":{"nom":"Beehive — Office of the Prime Minister","url":"https://www.beehive.govt.nz/minister/hon-christopher-luxon","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"nz.nat","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-11-27","source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission New Zealand","url":"https://elections.nz/","date_donnee":"2023-10-14","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Coalition tripartite National + ACT + New Zealand First formée après plus de 40 jours de négociations.","notes_en":"Coalition tripartite National + ACT + New Zealand First formée après plus de 40 jours de négociations."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"nz.nat","sieges":49,"notes":"Chef de coalition (Christopher Luxon, Premier ministre).","source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission NZ","url":"https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/","date_donnee":"2023-10-14","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Chef de coalition (Christopher Luxon, Premier ministre)."},{"parti_id":"nz.act","sieges":11,"notes":"Partenaire de coalition. David Seymour Vice-PM depuis juin 2025 (rotation avec NZ First).","source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission NZ","url":"https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/","date_donnee":"2023-10-14","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Partenaire de coalition. David Seymour Vice-PM depuis juin 2025 (rotation avec NZ First)."},{"parti_id":"nz.nzf","sieges":8,"notes":"Partenaire de coalition. Winston Peters Vice-PM de nov. 2023 à mai 2025.","source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission NZ","url":"https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/","date_donnee":"2023-10-14","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Partenaire de coalition. Winston Peters Vice-PM de nov. 2023 à mai 2025."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-11-27","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nouvelle-zelande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nouvelle_zelande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-11-27","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of nouvelle-zelande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_nouvelle_zelande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Nouvelle-Zélande : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire unitaire. Charles III est roi de Nouvelle-Zélande séparément de son rôle britannique. La Gouverneure générale (Dame Cindy Kiro depuis 2021) exerce les pouvoirs royaux sur avis du Premier ministre. Le pouvoir effectif appartient au PM, chef du parti/coalition majoritaire à la Chambre des représentants (unicaméral).","explication_concrete_en":"Nouvelle-Zélande : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire unitaire. Charles III est roi de Nouvelle-Zélande séparément de son rôle britannique. La Gouverneure générale (Dame Cindy Kiro depuis 2021) exerce les pouvoirs royaux sur avis du Premier ministre. Le pouvoir effectif appartient au PM, chef du parti/coalition majoritaire à la Chambre des représentants (unicaméral)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"House of Representatives (Whare o Raro)","role":"Chambre unique. Le gouvernement doit y détenir la confiance.","sieges_total":123,"mode_designation":"Représentation proportionnelle mixte (Mixed-Member Proportional, MMP) : 72 sièges de circonscription (dont 7 sièges māori réservés) + 48 sièges de liste attribués à la proportionnelle nationale. Seuil de 5 % ou d'un siège de circonscription. Overhang possible.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-10-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"nz.nat","sieges":49,"voix_pct":38.1},{"parti_id":"nz.lab","sieges":34,"voix_pct":26.9},{"parti_id":"nz.grn","sieges":15,"voix_pct":11.6},{"parti_id":"nz.act","sieges":11,"voix_pct":8.6},{"parti_id":"nz.nzf","sieges":8,"voix_pct":6.1},{"parti_id":"nz.tpm","sieges":6,"voix_pct":3.1}],"source":{"nom":"Electoral Commission New Zealand — 2023 General Election","url":"https://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2023/","date_donnee":"2023-10-14","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Total 123 sièges (overhang de 3 dû aux résultats de Te Pāti Māori). Coalition National + ACT + NZ First = 68 sièges, majorité de 5. Retour du National après 6 ans dans l'opposition.","notes_en":"Total 123 sièges (overhang de 3 dû aux résultats de Te Pāti Māori). Coalition National + ACT + NZ First = 68 sièges, majorité de 5. Retour du National après 6 ans dans l'opposition."},"role_en":"Chambre unique. Le gouvernement doit y détenir la confiance.","mode_designation_en":"Représentation proportionnelle mixte (Mixed-Member Proportional, MMP) : 72 sièges de circonscription (dont 7 sièges māori réservés) + 48 sièges de liste attribués à la proportionnelle nationale. Seuil de 5 % ou d'un siège de circonscription. Overhang possible."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Supreme Court of New Zealand (Te Kōti Mana Nui)","source":{"nom":"Courts of New Zealand","url":"https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/the-courts/supreme-court/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":6,"mode_nomination":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur avis du Premier ministre, après consultation du Attorney-General et du Chief Justice.","duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à l'âge de retraite obligatoire (70 ans).","controle_constitutionnalite":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité limité : la Nouvelle-Zélande n'a pas de constitution écrite unifiée. Le Bill of Rights Act 1990 permet une déclaration d'incompatibilité mais n'invalide pas la loi (souveraineté parlementaire préservée). Modèle britannique adapté.","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur avis du Premier ministre, après consultation du Attorney-General et du Chief Justice.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à l'âge de retraite obligatoire (70 ans).","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité limité : la Nouvelle-Zélande n'a pas de constitution écrite unifiée. Le Bill of Rights Act 1990 permet une déclaration d'incompatibilité mais n'invalide pas la loi (souveraineté parlementaire préservée). Modèle britannique adapté."},"economie":{"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"21 February 2021","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"17 August 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"21 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.68,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/NZL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."},"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":259,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":48621,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":54.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NZL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":26.4},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":13.2},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":3.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":20.5},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":12.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":9.2},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.9}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Produits laitiers (poudre de lait, beurre)","part_pct":21},{"categorie":"Viande (agneau, bœuf)","part_pct":12},{"categorie":"Bois brut et transformé","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Fruits (kiwi, pommes)","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Vin","part_pct":3}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Véhicules et pièces automobiles","part_pct":11},{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Machines et équipements électriques","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Ordinateurs et téléphonie","part_pct":6}],"productions_notables":["1er exportateur mondial de produits laitiers (Fonterra)","1er exportateur mondial de kiwis (Zespri)","Agneau et laine (leader OCDE historique)","Vin (Sauvignon blanc de Marlborough, 2e mondial)","Bois de radiata (Pinus radiata)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Statistics NZ + OEC","url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/imports-and-exports","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["1er exportateur mondial de produits laitiers (Fonterra)","1er exportateur mondial de kiwis (Zespri)","Agneau et laine (leader OCDE historique)","Vin (Sauvignon blanc de Marlborough, 2e mondial)","Bois de radiata (Pinus radiata)"]},"budget":{"perimetre":"Gouvernement central + collectivités locales","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":31.2,"source":{"nom":"New Zealand Treasury — Budget 2025","url":"https://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/budgets/budget-2025","date_donnee":"2024-25","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.1,"source":{"nom":"New Zealand Treasury — Budget 2025","url":"https://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/budgets/budget-2025","date_donnee":"2024-25","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"NZD (dollar néo-zélandais)","annee_exercice":"1er juillet – 30 juin"},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel encore positif. Croissance démographique dépendante à ~65 % de l'immigration nette.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.6,"age_median":38.4,"indice_fecondite":1.66,"source":{"nom":"Statistics New Zealand + Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/topics/population/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Deux piliers : (1) New Zealand Superannuation publique, universelle, financée par l'impôt (pas de conditions de ressources ni de cotisations), taux forfaitaire indexé sur le salaire moyen ; (2) KiwiSaver volontaire (opt-out) à cotisation employé + employeur (3 % chacun minimum). Débat récurrent sur le passage de 65 à 67 ans.","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":0,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":39.7,"description":"Nouvelle-Zélande : NZ Superannuation universelle payée à 65 ans à tous les résidents ayant vécu ≥ 10 ans dans le pays. Fait rare parmi les pays OCDE : pas de cotisations sociales spécifiques (financement 100 % impôt). Débat politique récurrent sur relèvement de l'âge (National promet 67 ans progressivement pour les nés après 1985).","source":{"nom":"OECD Pensions at a Glance 2023 + Work and Income NZ","url":"https://www.oecd.org/pensions/oecd-pensions-at-a-glance-19991363.htm","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"systeme_type_en":"Deux piliers : (1) New Zealand Superannuation publique, universelle, financée par l'impôt (pas de conditions de ressources ni de cotisations), taux forfaitaire indexé sur le salaire moyen ; (2) KiwiSaver volontaire (opt-out) à cotisation employé + employeur (3 % chacun minimum). Débat récurrent sur le passage de 65 à 67 ans.","description_en":"Nouvelle-Zélande : NZ Superannuation universelle payée à 65 ans à tous les résidents ayant vécu ≥ 10 ans dans le pays. Fait rare parmi les pays OCDE : pas de cotisations sociales spécifiques (financement 100 % impôt). Débat politique récurrent sur relèvement de l'âge (National promet 67 ans progressivement pour les nés après 1985)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.87,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Nouvelle-Zélande classée parmi les 5 meilleures démocraties libérales mondiales (souvent 1er ou 2e du monde selon les années). Institutions transparentes, corruption très faible (Transparency International : top 5).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute — Democracy Report 2024","url":"https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Nouvelle-Zélande classée parmi les 5 meilleures démocraties libérales mondiales (souvent 1er ou 2e du monde selon les années). Institutions transparentes, corruption très faible (Transparency International : top 5)."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":9500,"reservistes":2500,"paramilitaires":0},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":3.4,"pct_pib":1.3,"source":{"nom":"NZ Defence Force Annual Report + SIPRI","url":"https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/nzdf/documents/annual-reports/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":70,"annee":2025},"arme_nucleaire":false,"doctrine_nucleaire":"Nouvelle-Zélande zone dénucléarisée (Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act 1987). Interdiction totale des armes nucléaires et des navires à propulsion nucléaire dans les eaux territoriales — ce qui a conduit à la suspension par les États-Unis de leurs obligations ANZUS vis-à-vis de la NZ en 1986. Membre du TNP.","alliances_militaires":["ANZUS (1951 — partie américaine suspendue depuis 1986)","Five Power Defence Arrangements (1971 — avec Australie, Royaume-Uni, Malaisie, Singapour)","Coopération Défense bilatérale renforcée avec Australie (Closer Defence Relations)"],"equipement":{"chars":[],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"NZLAV (Light Armoured Vehicle)","quantite":105,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"General Dynamics Canada","pays_fabricant":"Canada"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"L119 105 mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Royal Ordnance","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"}],"avions_combat":[],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Livraison 2025, remplace la flotte C-130H."},{"nom":"P-8A Poseidon (patrouille maritime)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH-90","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"NHIndustries","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"A109 LUH","quantite":5,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"AgustaWestland (Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates Anzac-class","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"construction Australie","fabricant":"Tenix Defence","pays_fabricant":"Australie"},{"nom":"OPV Otago-class","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"construction Australie","fabricant":"Tenix","pays_fabricant":"Australie"}],"sous_marins":[],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Mistral MANPADS","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"achat","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"drones":[]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Moyen-Orient (Bahreïn)","mission":"Task Force 150 (sécurité maritime)","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"CTF-150 multinational","status":"actif","mission_en":"Task Force 150 (sécurité maritime)","cadre_en":"CTF-150 multinational"},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","mission":"UN Command / Armistice supervision","effectifs":5,"depuis":"1953","cadre":"ONU","status":"actif","mission_en":"UN Command / Armistice supervision","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Force armée la plus modeste des grandes démocraties du Pacifique. Pas d'avions de combat depuis 2001 (retrait des A-4 Skyhawk).","Focus sur les capacités maritimes de patrouille (Pacifique, Antarctique), le maintien de la paix ONU et le soutien humanitaire.","Zone dénucléarisée depuis 1987 — cœur du 'Rainbow Warrior effect' post-Mururoa."],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Nouvelle-Zélande zone dénucléarisée (Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act 1987). Interdiction totale des armes nucléaires et des navires à propulsion nucléaire dans les eaux territoriales — ce qui a conduit à la suspension par les États-Unis de leurs obligations ANZUS vis-à-vis de la NZ en 1986. Membre du TNP.","notes_speciales_en":["Force armée la plus modeste des grandes démocraties du Pacifique. Pas d'avions de combat depuis 2001 (retrait des A-4 Skyhawk).","Focus sur les capacités maritimes de patrouille (Pacifique, Antarctique), le maintien de la paix ONU et le soutien humanitaire.","Zone dénucléarisée depuis 1987 — cœur du 'Rainbow Warrior effect' post-Mururoa."],"alliances_militaires_en":["ANZUS (1951 — American side suspended since 1986)","Five Power Defense Arrangements (1971 — with Australia, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore)","Strengthened bilateral defense cooperation with Australia (Closer Defense Relations)"]},"notes_speciales":["Deux langues officielles : anglais et te reo māori (depuis 1987). Langue des signes NZSL également reconnue depuis 2006.","Traité de Waitangi (1840) : traité fondateur entre la Couronne britannique et les chefs māori, aujourd'hui invoqué dans presque toute législation (Treaty Principles). La coalition NAT-ACT-NZF a lancé en 2024 un Treaty Principles Bill controversé, retiré début 2025.","Absence de Constitution écrite unique : ordre constitutionnel composé du Constitution Act 1986, du Treaty of Waitangi, du Bill of Rights Act 1990, de la Magna Carta et de conventions.","Fait rare parmi les pays OCDE : pas de Sénat (chambre unique)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"RNZ (Radio New Zealand)","url_rss":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/rss/national.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Stuff","url_rss":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/rss","langue":"en"},{"nom":"NZ Herald","url_rss":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/arc/outboundfeeds/rss/curated/all/","langue":"en"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Deux langues officielles : anglais et te reo māori (depuis 1987). Langue des signes NZSL également reconnue depuis 2006.","Traité de Waitangi (1840) : traité fondateur entre la Couronne britannique et les chefs māori, aujourd'hui invoqué dans presque toute législation (Treaty Principles). La coalition NAT-ACT-NZF a lancé en 2024 un Treaty Principles Bill controversé, retiré début 2025.","Absence de Constitution écrite unique : ordre constitutionnel composé du Constitution Act 1986, du Treaty of Waitangi, du Bill of Rights Act 1990, de la Magna Carta et de conventions.","Fait rare parmi les pays OCDE : pas de Sénat (chambre unique)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-14","type":"legislative","participation_pct":78.2,"vainqueur":"National Party (48 sièges) + coalition ACT + New Zealand First (68 sièges au total sur 122)","gouvernement_issu":"Christopher Luxon (National) PM depuis novembre 2023 — fin du gouvernement travailliste Jacinda Ardern / Chris Hipkins.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 New Zealand general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-10-17","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Labour Party (Jacinda Ardern, 65 sièges sur 120)","gouvernement_issu":"Ardern 2ᵉ mandat 2020-2023 (démission janv. 2023, Chris Hipkins puis remplacée).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 New Zealand general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":15134,"zee_km2":4083744,"peche_annuelle_mt":405000,"notes":"4ᵉ plus grande ZEE au monde. Pêche exportatrice majeure (moules, hoki, thon).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/nouvelle-zelande","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"OM","iso3":"OMN","slug":"oman","nom_courant_fr":"Oman","nom_officiel_fr":"Sultanat d'Oman","nom_officiel_local":"Salṭanat ʿUmān","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Mascate","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5494691,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/omn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":309500,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CCG","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"CCG","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Haitham ben Tariq Al Saïd","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Sultan","parti_id":"om.busaid","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-01-11","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession désignée dans testament du prédécesseur (Qabous).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Haitham ben Tariq (cumul)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre (fonction créée 2020)","parti_id":"om.busaid","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-18","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Cumule avec Sultanat.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"om.busaid","sieges":90,"source":{"nom":"Politics of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Oman","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-01-11","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_oman","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"sans_echeance","notes":"Régime sans échéance constitutionnelle (monarchie absolue, mandat à vie, ou régime autoritaire).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_oman","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_absolue","explication_concrete":"Le Sultan Haïtham ben Tarek gouverne par décret royal. Cumule chef de l'État, chef du gouvernement, ministre de la Défense, ministre des Affaires étrangères, ministre des Finances. Conseil consultatif (Majlis al-Shūrā) élu au suffrage universel mais purement consultatif. Aucun parti autorisé.","source":{"nom":"Constitutions nationales + Freedom House / Economist Democracy Index 2025","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores","date_verif":"2026-09-21"},"explication_concrete_en":"Le Sultan Haïtham ben Tarek gouverne par décret royal. Cumule chef de l'État, chef du gouvernement, ministre de la Défense, ministre des Affaires étrangères, ministre des Finances. Conseil consultatif (Majlis al-Shūrā) élu au suffrage universel mais purement consultatif. Aucun parti autorisé."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Shūrā (Conseil consultatif)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":90,"mode_designation":"Élus au suffrage universel direct. Rôle consultatif.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Élus au suffrage universel direct. Rôle consultatif.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-10-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"om.busaid","sieges":90}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Consultative_Assembly_of_Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Oman","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Majlis al-Choura (90 membres élus au suffrage universel) + Majlis al-Dawla (85 membres nommés par le sultan). Rôle consultatif. Aucun parti autorisé."}},{"nom":"Majlis al-Dawlah (Conseil d'État)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":87,"mode_designation":"Nommés par le Sultan.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Nommés par le Sultan."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Sultan.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":106,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":19996,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/OMN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"27 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"8 December 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"7 December 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":44},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5.8},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":32.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.3}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","GNL","Aluminium","Produits chimiques","Poisson"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":22},{"produit":"GNL","rang_mondial":10},{"produit":"Tourisme (Musandam, désert)","rang_regional":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Oman","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/omn","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":36.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":37.1,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"OMR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":16.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":1.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":82,"esperance_vie_hommes":78.7,"age_median":26.4,"indice_fecondite":2.51,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/omn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":92190,"deces_2025":10462,"solde_naturel_2025":81728},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (PASI)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":18.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système principal Répartition (PASI). Cotisation 18.5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (PASI)","description_en":"Système principal Répartition (PASI). Cotisation 18.5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.14,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Diplomatie active discrète (facilitateur Iran-USA, Iran-Arabie saoudite historiquement).","Vision 2040 : diversification hors pétrole.","Ne participe pas à la guerre au Yémen.","Neutre dans conflit Israël-Hamas."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Oman","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=OM&ceid=OM:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":42600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":5.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":5.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":82,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CCG","Coopération USA (accord 1980)","Neutralité stratégique — dialogue avec Iran et Israël"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Challenger 2","quantite":38,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"Vickers Defence Systems","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"M60A3","quantite":73,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Challenger 2 (occasion)","quantite":38,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems Land","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"M60A3","quantite":73,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 50","quantite":23,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 50/52+","quantite":23,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 3","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"BAe Hawk 200 (attaque légère)","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Jaguar (retrait 2014)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1977,"origine":"France / Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"SEPECAT","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Khareef (VT Group UK)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"BVT Surface Fleet (BAE Systems)","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Al-Ofouq (patrouilleur)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Marine","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Khareef (BAE Systems)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE Systems Naval","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Al Ofouq (Fassmer OPV 96)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne / Oman","fabricant":"Fassmer","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"OPV Al Jabbar (classe Al-Bushra)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"France","fabricant":"CMN Cherbourg","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Piranha III","quantite":175,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Fahd","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Égypte","fabricant":"Kader","pays_fabricant":"Égypte"},{"nom":"VBL Panhard","quantite":132,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Panhard","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9A1 Thunder 155mm (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2023-2027)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"M109A2 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"NH-90 TTH","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"AS332 Super Puma","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"AB-212 / AW139","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Détroit d'Ormuz","mission":"Sécurisation permanente du détroit (peninsule Musandam contrôle géographique 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négociations secrètes USA-Iran (JCPOA 2015), médiations Houthis 2019+.","Contrôle géographique du détroit d'Ormuz — la péninsule de Musandam surveille le passage stratégique."],"alliances_militaires_en":["CCG","USA cooperation (1980 agreement)","Strategic neutrality — dialogue with Iran and Israel"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"ormuz","nom":"Détroit d'Ormuz","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (IR, OM, AE)","importance_globale":"Voie de sortie unique du pétrole du Golfe persique — Arabie saoudite, Émirats, Koweït, Iran, Bahreïn, Qatar. Seul point de passage possible pour ~30% du commerce pétrolier mondial et ~20% du GNL. Alternative : oléoduc Petroline Arabie saoudite (5 mb/j capacité) vers mer Rouge, oléoduc Abu Dhabi Crude Oil Pipeline (1,5 mb/j capacité) vers Fujaïrah.","trafic_annuel":{"petrole_mb_j":20.9,"gnl_bcm_an":105,"pct_petrole_mondial":30,"pct_gnl_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Iran (Corps des Gardiens de la Révolution, IRGC-N) menace régulièrement la fermeture — mines, chaloupes rapides, missiles anti-navires (Nasr, Noor, Qader)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2092,"zee_km2":533180,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":60,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.35,"notes":"Duqm mégaport (hub Indo-Pacifique). Salalah hub transbordement Océan Indien.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Diplomatie active discrète (facilitateur Iran-USA, Iran-Arabie saoudite historiquement).","Vision 2040 : diversification hors pétrole.","Ne participe pas à la guerre au Yémen.","Neutre dans conflit Israël-Hamas."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-29","type":"legislative_consultative","vainqueur":"Conseil consultatif (Majlis al-Choura) — 90 membres élus. Aucun parti politique autorisé.","gouvernement_issu":"Monarchie absolue. Sultan Haitham ben Tariq Al Saïd depuis 2020, succédant à Qabous. Nomination du prince héritier Thiyazin (fils de Haitham) en janvier 2021 (première fois).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Omani Consultative Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Omani_Consultative_Council_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-10-27","type":"legislative_consultative","vainqueur":"Assemblée consultative (aucun parti)","gouvernement_issu":"Sultan Qabous jusqu'à sa mort en janvier 2020, succession par Haitham.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Omani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Omani_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"UG","iso3":"UGA","slug":"ouganda","nom_courant_fr":"Ouganda","nom_officiel_fr":"République de l'Ouganda","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Uganda","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kampala","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":51384894,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/uga","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":241550,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"COMESA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"COMESA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMESA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Yoweri Museveni","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ug.nrm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1986-01-26","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Au pouvoir depuis 1986 (39 ans), élu 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ug.nrm","sieges":336,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Ugandan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ugandan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Robinah Nabbanja","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Première ministre","parti_id":"ug.nrm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-06-14","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1986-01-26","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ouganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ouganda","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"1991-01-26","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ouganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ouganda","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Museveni au pouvoir depuis 1986 (39 ans), 2ᵉ plus long chef d'État africain après Obiang.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. Museveni au pouvoir depuis 1986 (39 ans), 2ᵉ plus long chef d'État africain après Obiang."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":529,"mode_designation":"Uninominal + sièges réservés femmes/jeunes/handicapés/travailleurs.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-01-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ug.nrm","sieges":336,"voix_pct":63.5},{"parti_id":"ug.nup","sieges":57,"voix_pct":10.8},{"parti_id":"ug.fdc","sieges":32,"voix_pct":6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":104,"voix_pct":19.7}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Uninominal + sièges réservés femmes/jeunes/handicapés/travailleurs."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":11,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 70 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":66,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1375,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":6.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":54.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-7.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UGA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"30 August 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"18 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":32.5},{"pays":"Kenya","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"RDC","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Rwanda","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Tanzanie","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Kenya","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or (transit)","Café","Poissons","Sucre","Fleurs coupées"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Véhicules","Fer","Céréales"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café","rang_mondial":9,"notes":"1er exportateur africain."},{"produit":"Pétrole (2025+)","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Projet TotalEnergies Tilenga + pipeline EACOP vers Tanzanie."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Ouganda","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/uga","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ouganda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouganda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"UGX","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":35.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.8,"esperance_vie_femmes":66.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":61.9,"indice_fecondite":4.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — 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V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime dynastique de facto — Museveni prépare succession de son fils Muhoozi Kainerugaba."},"notes_speciales":["Museveni, 80 ans, au pouvoir depuis 1986 — succession de son fils Muhoozi (chef d'état-major) probable.","Guerre contre les ADF (islamistes) au Nord-Kivu voisin — coopération militaire avec la RDC (opération Shujaa depuis 2021).","Projet pétrolier Tilenga (TotalEnergies) + pipeline EACOP vers Tanzanie — production début 2025.","Loi anti-LGBTQ+ très répressive 2023, sanctions occidentales."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Daily Monitor","url_rss":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"New Vision","url_rss":"https://www.newvision.co.ug/rss","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":45000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":10000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":3000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["EAC","Coopération USA anti-Al-Shabaab, anti-ADF"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":88,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"ATMIS (Mission UA — Ouganda 2ᵉ contributeur historique)","effectifs":5400,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"UA/ONU","mission_en":"ATMIS (Mission UA — Ouganda 2ᵉ contributeur historique)","cadre_en":"UA/ONU"},{"pays":"RDC (Ituri, Nord-Kivu)","mission":"Opération Shujaa contre ADF","effectifs":4000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Bilatéral RDC","mission_en":"Opération Shujaa contre ADF","cadre_en":"Bilatéral RDC"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS + protection bilatérale","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU + bilatéral","mission_en":"UNMISS + protection bilatérale","cadre_en":"ONU + bilatéral"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO","effectifs":3,"depuis":"2000","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée bien entraînée, 2ᵉ contributeur historique d'ATMIS/AMISOM en Somalie.","Fils du président (Muhoozi Kainerugaba) chef d'état-major depuis 2024 — succession préparée.","Opération Shujaa avec la RDC contre ADF depuis 2021 — 4 000 soldats ougandais déployés au Nord-Kivu et Ituri.","Accueil de la LRA anti-Kony (mission USA 2008-2017, capturée en RCA).","Coopération USA majeure — AFRICOM, financement ATMIS."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72, T-55, T-90 (livrés)","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80, BMP-2, Mamba, MRAP","quantite":500,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/AfrSud"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M-46 130mm","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30MK2","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KnAAPO / Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-21bis","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"L-39ZA Albatros","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"Aero Vodochody","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-24/35","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AH-64D (contrat annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Skylark (Elbit)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"notes_speciales_en":["Armée bien entraînée, 2ᵉ contributeur historique d'ATMIS/AMISOM en Somalie.","Fils du président (Muhoozi Kainerugaba) chef d'état-major depuis 2024 — succession préparée.","Opération Shujaa avec la RDC contre ADF depuis 2021 — 4 000 soldats ougandais déployés au Nord-Kivu et Ituri.","Accueil de la LRA anti-Kony (mission USA 2008-2017, capturée en RCA).","Coopération USA majeure — AFRICOM, financement ATMIS."],"alliances_militaires_en":["EAC","Coopération USA anti-Al-Shabaab, anti-ADF"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Museveni, 80 ans, au pouvoir depuis 1986 — succession de son fils Muhoozi (chef d'état-major) probable.","Guerre contre les ADF (islamistes) au Nord-Kivu voisin — coopération militaire avec la RDC (opération Shujaa depuis 2021).","Projet pétrolier Tilenga (TotalEnergies) + pipeline EACOP vers Tanzanie — production début 2025.","Loi anti-LGBTQ+ très répressive 2023, sanctions occidentales."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-01-14","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Yoweri Museveni (NRM, 58.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Museveni 6ᵉ 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Robinah Nabbanja PM (première femme PM).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Ugandan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ugandan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-02-18","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Museveni (60.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Museveni 5ᵉ mandat 2016-2021, Ruhakana Rugunda PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Ugandan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ugandan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"UZ","iso3":"UZB","slug":"ouzbekistan","nom_courant_fr":"Ouzbékistan","nom_officiel_fr":"République d'Ouzbékistan","nom_officiel_local":"O'zbekiston Respublikasi","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Tachkent","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":37053428,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/uzb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":448978,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Chavkat Mirziyoïev","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"uz.udp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-12-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Successeur de Karimov (1990-2016). Ouvertures modérées depuis 2016 (« Ouzbékistan nouveau »).","notes_en":"Successeur de Karimov (1990-2016). Ouvertures modérées depuis 2016 (« Ouzbékistan nouveau »)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel. 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Le plus peuplé des « Stans » d'Asie centrale."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Oliy Majlis (Chambre législative)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"uz.udp","sieges":64,"voix_pct":42.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":86,"voix_pct":57.4}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal."},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":100,"mode_designation":"84 élus indirects + 16 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"84 élus indirects + 16 nommés par le Président."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"26 June 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"20 January 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":17},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.9},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Kirghizistan","part_pct":5.9},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":29.4},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":20.4},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.9}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Gaz naturel","Coton (2e mondial)","Uranium","Automobiles (Chevrolet Ouzbékistan)"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Aliments","Textile (matières)","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Coton","rang_mondial":6,"notes":"Longtemps travail forcé — réformes depuis 2017."},{"produit":"Or (mine Muruntau)","rang_mondial":9},{"produit":"Uranium","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":15}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Ouzbékistan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/uzb","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.8,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"UZS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":25.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2085,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":75.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.6,"age_median":28,"indice_fecondite":3.49,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/uzb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":946974,"deces_2025":223580,"solde_naturel_2025":723394},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (Pension Fund)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":12,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":50,"description":"Système Répartition (Pension Fund). Cotisation 12%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (Pension Fund)","description_en":"Système Répartition (Pension Fund). Cotisation 12%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Mirziyoïev président depuis 2016. Réélu 2023 avec 89,7%.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2023 : mandat 7 ans + possibilité de 2 mandats supplémentaires (Mirziyoïev jusqu'en 2037).","Ouvertures depuis 2016 : fin travail forcé coton, libération prisonniers politiques, ouverture économique.","Position stratégique — bordé par 5 « Stans » et l'Afghanistan."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Ouzbékistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ru&gl=UZ&ceid=UZ:ru","langue":"ru"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":48000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":62,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72, T-64","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80","quantite":275,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1986,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"GAZ Group","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Ejder Yalçın (Turquie)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Nurol Makina","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-27, MiG-29, Su-25","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24, Mi-8, Mi-17","quantite":50,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Mirziyoïev président depuis 2016. Réélu 2023 avec 89,7%.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2023 : mandat 7 ans + possibilité de 2 mandats supplémentaires (Mirziyoïev jusqu'en 2037).","Ouvertures depuis 2016 : fin travail forcé coton, libération prisonniers politiques, ouverture économique.","Position stratégique — bordé par 5 « Stans » et l'Afghanistan."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-10-27","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"5 partis autorisés (opposition libérale interdite). Alliance libérale démocrate (LDPU, 66 sièges sur 150) + Milliy Tiklanish (43).","gouvernement_issu":"Chavkat Mirziyoyev président (réélu juillet 2023, 87.1%). Abdulla Aripov PM depuis 2016.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Uzbek parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Uzbek_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2023-07-09","type":"presidentielle_anticipee","vainqueur":"Chavkat Mirziyoyev (87.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Mirziyoyev nouveau mandat de 7 ans après référendum constitutionnel 2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Uzbek presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Uzbek_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"PK","iso3":"PAK","slug":"pakistan","nom_courant_fr":"Pakistan","nom_officiel_fr":"République islamique du Pakistan","nom_officiel_local":"Islāmī Jumhūriyah-yi Pākistān","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Islamabad","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":255219554,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pak","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":881913,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1947,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCI","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"OCI","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2017,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Asif Ali Zardari","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"pk.ppp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-03-10","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par le Parlement et les Assemblées provinciales. 2e mandat (déjà 2008-2013). 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Frère de Nawaz Sharif (3 fois PM)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pk.pmln","sieges":75,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"pk.pti","sieges":93,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"pk.ppp","sieges":54,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":114,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-03-04","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_pakistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-03-04","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_pakistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République islamique fédérale parlementaire. Système « démocratie surveillée » : armée (« l'Establishment ») joue un rôle décisif. Cycle politique : gouvernement civil → intervention militaire → retour civil.","explication_concrete_en":"République islamique fédérale parlementaire. Système « démocratie surveillée » : armée (« l'Establishment ») joue un rôle décisif. Cycle politique : gouvernement civil → intervention militaire → retour civil."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"National Assembly","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":336,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 266 uninominaux + 60 femmes réservés + 10 minorités.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-02-08","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pk.pmln","sieges":75,"voix_pct":22.3},{"parti_id":"pk.pti","sieges":93,"voix_pct":27.7},{"parti_id":"pk.ppp","sieges":54,"voix_pct":16.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":114,"voix_pct":33.9}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-02-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 266 uninominaux + 60 femmes réservés + 10 minorités."},{"nom":"Senate","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":96,"mode_designation":"Élus par les Assemblées 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ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":408,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1696,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":7.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":72.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"24 July 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"15 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"13 August 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":18.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":25.6},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":10.2},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":4.7},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":4.7}],"top_categories_export":["Textiles (vêtements, linge de maison)","Riz basmati","Cuir","Instruments chirurgicaux (Sialkot)","Ballons de foot"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Automobile","Métaux","Textile (coton)"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Textiles (Nike, H&M, Zara — ~60% des exports)","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Coton","rang_mondial":5},{"produit":"Riz basmati","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Avec l'Inde — dispute IGP."},{"produit":"Ballons de foot (Sialkot)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~70% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Armes nucléaires","rang_mondial":6,"notes":"~170 têtes."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Pakistan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pak","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":12.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":19.3,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"PKR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":27.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":70.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":65.5,"age_median":22.2,"indice_fecondite":3.55,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pak","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":6996078,"deces_2025":1644890,"solde_naturel_2025":5351188},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (EOBI + provinciales)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":7,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition (EOBI + provinciales). Cotisation 7%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (EOBI + provinciales)","description_en":"Système Répartition (EOBI + provinciales). Cotisation 7%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.17,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul depuis 2018.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul depuis 2018."},"notes_speciales":["5e pays le plus peuplé au monde.","Législatives février 2024 : candidats PTI d'Imran Khan interdits mais indépendants pro-PTI arrivent 1ers → coalition PML-N + PPP au pouvoir.","Imran Khan emprisonné depuis août 2023 — accusations multiples.","Armée = pouvoir de facto (« Establishment »). 3 coups d'État depuis 1947.","Puissance nucléaire depuis 1998. Tensions avec l'Inde (Cachemire).","CPEC (Corridor sino-pakistanais BRI) : 62 Md$ d'investissements chinois.","Crise économique 2022-2024 : programme FMI 7 Md$ septembre 2024."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Pakistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=PK&ceid=PK:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":654000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":550000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":291000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":10.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":9,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":170,"alliances_militaires":["OCS","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Alliance stratégique Chine-Pakistan","OCI","CPEC (Belt & Road)","Alliance stratégique Chine-Pakistan (« amitié plus haute que l'Himalaya »)","ex-Major Non-NATO Ally USA (statut suspendu de facto)"],"doctrine_nucleaire":"**Doctrine « Full Spectrum Deterrence »** (NCA 2013) — inclut armes tactiques (Nasr, Hatf-IX, portée 60 km) pour contrer la « Cold Start doctrine » indienne. **Refus explicite du NFU**. Concept de « seuil nucléaire bas ». Cible : dissuasion asymétrique contre l'Inde uniquement. Programme dirigé par Strategic Plans Division (SPD, armée). Arsenal en croissance : ~170 têtes 2025, estimation 250 en 2030 (SIPRI).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"VT-4 / Al-Khalid II (2024+)","quantite":68,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"NORINCO + HIT Taxila","pays_fabricant":"Chine/Pakistan"},{"nom":"Al-Khalid I","quantite":320,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT Taxila (licence NORINCO Type 90)","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan/Chine"},{"nom":"T-80UD","quantite":320,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Malyshev Factory","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"Type 85 / Al-Zarrar (T-59 upgradé)","quantite":1300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT Taxila","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan/Chine"},{"nom":"Al-Khalid I/II (VT-1A dérivé)","quantite":700,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Chine / Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT (Heavy Industries Taxila)","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"},{"nom":"Type 85-IIAP","quantite":320,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1992,"origine":"Chine / Pakistan","fabricant":"NORINCO / HIT","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Al-Zarrar (T-59 modernisé)","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Chine / Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"},{"nom":"VT-4 (MBT-3000)","quantite":176,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Commandes 2020-2024."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"J-10CE Vigorous Dragon (livrés 2022)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Chengdu Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"JF-17 Thunder / Block III","quantite":156,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"PAC Kamra + CAC","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan/Chine"},{"nom":"F-16A/B/C/D Block 15/52","quantite":75,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1983,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mirage III / V (retraits progressifs)","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"JF-17 Thunder (Block II/III)","quantite":156,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Pakistan / Chine","fabricant":"PAC Kamra / CAC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan / Chine"},{"nom":"F-16A/B/C/D Block 15/52+","quantite":76,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1983,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Mirage III/V","quantite":90,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retrait en cours horizon 2030."},{"nom":"J-10CE (Vigorous Dragon)","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Chengdu Aircraft Corp.","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Livraisons 2022-2025."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Tughril (Type 054A/P)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Zulfiquar (F-22P Sword)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"Hudong-Zhonghua + Karachi Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Chine/Pakistan"},{"nom":"Frégates F-22P Zulfiquar (Type 054E dérivé)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Chine / Pakistan","fabricant":"CSSC / Karachi Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Chine / Pakistan"},{"nom":"Frégates Type 054A/P Tughril","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Corvettes MILGEM Babur/Jinnah","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"ASFAT / Karachi Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Turquie / Pakistan"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Azmat (P22)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Chine / Pakistan","fabricant":"CSSC / Karachi","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Hangor (Type 039B)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Chine/Pakistan","fabricant":"Wuchang Shipbuilding + KS&EW","pays_fabricant":"Chine/Pakistan","notes":"Livraison en cours 8 exemplaires"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Agosta 90B Khalid","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"France/Pakistan","fabricant":"Naval Group + KS&EW","pays_fabricant":"France/Pakistan"},{"nom":"Sous-marins Khalid (Agosta 90B)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"France","fabricant":"DCN / Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Sous-marins Hangor II (Type 041/039B chinois)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC / Wuchang","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Livraisons 2024-2028 — projet phare CPEC."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-1F/S Cobra","quantite":42,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mi-35M Hind (commande Russie 2015)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":65,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan / Mil","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AW139","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Bell AH-1F/S Cobra","quantite":33,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M113","quantite":1500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Talha APC (M113 dérivé)","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"},{"nom":"Mohafiz (4×4)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Pakistan","fabricant":"HIT","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"SH-15 155mm (auto-portée)","quantite":236,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"M109A5 155mm","quantite":202,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A-100 (LRMLRS)","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASIC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Nasr (Hatf-IX, missile tactique nucléaire)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Pakistan","fabricant":"NESCOM","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan","notes":"Portée 70 km, ogive nucléaire tactique."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"HQ-9BE / HQ-9P","quantite":9,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Livraisons 2021-2024."},{"nom":"LY-80 (HQ-16)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"FM-90 (Crotale chinois)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar Akıncı","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"CH-4B","quantite":35,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Wing Loong II","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Burraq (indigène)","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Pakistan","fabricant":"NESCOM","pays_fabricant":"Pakistan"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","mission":"Contingent de protection royale (Riyad, Médine — non-combat)","effectifs":1000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Contingent de protection royale (Riyad, Médine — non-combat)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO (bataillon)","effectifs":1900,"depuis":"2001","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO (bataillon)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":1240,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":550,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sahara occidental","mission":"MINURSO (observateurs)","effectifs":3,"depuis":"1991","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINURSO (observateurs)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Ligne de contrôle (Cachemire)","mission":"Formation opérationnelle contre l'Inde — 6 corps engagés","effectifs":250000,"depuis":"1947","cadre":"Territoire contesté","mission_en":"Formation opérationnelle contre l'Inde — 6 corps engagés","cadre_en":"Territoire contesté"}],"notes_speciales":["Puissance nucléaire depuis les essais de mai 1998 (Chagai) — ~170 têtes estimées (SIPRI 2025), en progression rapide.","Doctrine : ambiguïté stratégique et emploi tactique (armes nucléaires de courte portée type Nasr/Hatf-IX) contre menace conventionnelle indienne (Cold Start).","Alliance stratégique quasi-alliance avec la Chine : JF-17 co-produits, coopération sous-marins (8× Hangor sur licence), corridor CPEC.","4ᵉ contributeur historique de casques bleus ONU (>200 000 depuis 1960).","ISI (services de renseignement militaires) — poids politique majeur, influence stratégique sur les gouvernements civils."],"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"**Doctrine « Full Spectrum Deterrence »** (NCA 2013) — inclut armes tactiques (Nasr, Hatf-IX, portée 60 km) pour contrer la « Cold Start doctrine » indienne. **Refus explicite du NFU**. Concept de « seuil nucléaire bas ». Cible : dissuasion asymétrique contre l'Inde uniquement. Programme dirigé par Strategic Plans Division (SPD, armée). Arsenal en croissance : ~170 têtes 2025, estimation 250 en 2030 (SIPRI).","notes_speciales_en":["Puissance nucléaire depuis les essais de mai 1998 (Chagai) — ~170 têtes estimées (SIPRI 2025), en progression rapide.","Doctrine : ambiguïté stratégique et emploi tactique (armes nucléaires de courte portée type Nasr/Hatf-IX) contre menace conventionnelle indienne (Cold Start).","Alliance stratégique quasi-alliance avec la Chine : JF-17 co-produits, coopération sous-marins (8× Hangor sur licence), corridor CPEC.","4ᵉ contributeur historique de casques bleus ONU (>200 000 depuis 1960).","ISI (services de renseignement militaires) — poids politique majeur, influence stratégique sur les gouvernements civils."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OCS","Major non-NATO ally USA","China-Pakistan Strategic Alliance","OIC","CPEC (Belt & Road)","China-Pakistan Strategic Alliance (“friendship higher than the Himalayas”)","ex-Major Non-NATO Ally USA (de facto suspended status)"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1046,"zee_km2":240415,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":90,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.67,"notes":"Karachi 1er port. Gwadar port chinois (CPEC — Belt and Road). Base navale Ormara.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["5e pays le plus peuplé au monde.","Législatives février 2024 : candidats PTI d'Imran Khan interdits mais indépendants pro-PTI arrivent 1ers → coalition PML-N + PPP au pouvoir.","Imran Khan emprisonné depuis août 2023 — accusations multiples.","Armée = pouvoir de facto (« Establishment »). 3 coups d'État depuis 1947.","Puissance nucléaire depuis 1998. Tensions avec l'Inde (Cachemire).","CPEC (Corridor sino-pakistanais BRI) : 62 Md$ d'investissements chinois.","Crise économique 2022-2024 : programme FMI 7 Md$ septembre 2024."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-02-08","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Candidats indépendants soutenus par le PTI (Imran Khan) : 92 sièges. PML-N (Sharif) : 75. PPP (Bhutto-Zardari) : 54.","gouvernement_issu":"Shehbaz Sharif (PML-N), PM depuis mars 2024 avec coalition PML-N + PPP + petits partis.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Pakistani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-07-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PTI (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, 149 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Imran Khan, PM 2018-2022 (destitué par motion de censure).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Pakistani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"PW","iso3":"PLW","slug":"palaos","nom_courant_fr":"Palaos","nom_officiel_fr":"République des Palaos","nom_officiel_local":"Beluu er a Belau / Republic of Palau","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Ngerulmud","source":{"nom":"Palau Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.palaugov.pw/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Plus petite capitale nationale du monde."},"population":{"valeur":18000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/PW","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"340+ îles dont la principale : Koror (ancienne capitale).","notes_en":"340+ îles dont la principale : Koror (ancienne capitale)."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":459,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1994","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1995","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Compact of Free Association","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"notes":"Accord d'association libre avec les États-Unis (COFA). Renouvelé 2024 (20 ans supplémentaires).","source":{"nom":"US Department of State — COFA","url":"https://www.state.gov/","date_donnee":"1994","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Accord d'association libre avec les États-Unis (COFA). Renouvelé 2024 (20 ans supplémentaires)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Surangel Whipps Jr.","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Palau","url":"https://www.palaugov.pw/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président (chef d'État et de gouvernement)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-01-21","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Palau","url":"https://www.palaugov.pw/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Surangel Whipps Jr. (Président cumulé)","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Palau","url":"https://www.palaugov.pw/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-01-21","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Palau","url":"https://www.palaugov.pw/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Réélu à un 2e mandat en novembre 2024 contre son beau-frère et prédécesseur Tommy Remengesau Jr. Maintient les relations diplomatiques avec Taïwan (unique en Océanie). Politique pro-USA, opposée à la Chine.","notes_en":"Réélu à un 2e mandat en novembre 2024 contre son beau-frère et prédécesseur Tommy Remengesau Jr. Maintient les relations diplomatiques avec Taïwan (unique en Océanie). Politique pro-USA, opposée à la Chine."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pw.indep","sieges":16,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Palauan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Palauan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-01-21","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of palaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_palaos","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2025-01-21","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of palaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_palaos","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Palaos : régime présidentiel. Le Président est élu au suffrage universel direct pour 4 ans (2 mandats max). Cumule les fonctions de chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Pas de Premier ministre. Seul allié pacifique de Taïwan (reconnaissance diplomatique depuis 1999).","explication_concrete_en":"Palaos : régime présidentiel. Le Président est élu au suffrage universel direct pour 4 ans (2 mandats max). Cumule les fonctions de chef d'État et chef de gouvernement. Pas de Premier ministre. Seul allié pacifique de Taïwan (reconnaissance diplomatique depuis 1999)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Chambre des délégués (House of Delegates)","sieges_total":16,"role":"Chambre basse. Représente les 16 États des Palaos (1 délégué par État).","mode_designation":"Élection au suffrage universel direct dans 16 circonscriptions uninominales majoritaires.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-11-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pw.indep","sieges":16}],"notes":"Système sans partis — tous les délégués sont indépendants. Les alliances se forment sur les projets législatifs, pas sur des lignes partisanes.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Palauan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Palauan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},{"nom":"Sénat (Senate)","sieges_total":13,"role":"Chambre haute. Approuve les nominations présidentielles et les traités.","mode_designation":"Élection nationale au scrutin de liste : les 13 candidats ayant obtenu le plus de voix au niveau national sont élus.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-11-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pw.indep","sieges":13}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Palauan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Palauan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême de la République des Palaos","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Palau","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Palau Judiciary","url":"http://www.palausupremecourt.net","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis de la Judicial Nominating Commission, confirmés par le Sénat.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Palau, Article X","url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Palau","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Mandat à vie jusqu'à retraite obligatoire à 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Palau, Article X","url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Palau","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Président avec l'approbation du Sénat, sur recommandation du Judicial Nominating Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"À vie.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1981."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.31,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":17250,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Croissance limitée par le rebond touristique post-COVID incomplet (fréquentation ~50% du niveau 2019)."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2022"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":12.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":78.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":71.9,"age_median":36.9,"indice_fecondite":1.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Palau","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/palau","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.63,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Wikipédia V-Dem Democracy Indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":37.2},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":24.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.8},{"pays":"Guam","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":35.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":5.7}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Poisson (thon)","part_pct":75},{"categorie":"Navires","part_pct":5}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Volailles","part_pct":4}],"productions_notables":["Tourisme (haut de gamme — 40 % PIB pré-COVID)","Poisson (thon)","Aide américaine (COFA renouvelé 2024)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Tourisme (haut de gamme — 40 % PIB pré-COVID)","Poisson (thon)","Aide américaine (COFA renouvelé 2024)"]},"notes_speciales":["Système sans partis politiques : les Palaos n'ont pas de partis nationaux. Les 16 membres de la Chambre des délégués et les 13 sénateurs sont élus comme indépendants, les alliances se formant au cas par cas."],"notes_speciales_en":["No political party system: Palau has no national parties. The 16 House delegates and 13 senators are elected as independents, alliances forming case-by-case."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-05","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":79,"vainqueur":"Surangel Whipps Jr. (indépendant, 57.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Whipps Jr. réélu pour un second mandat (2025-2029). Vice-président : J. Uduch Sengebau Senior.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Palauan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Palauan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-11-03","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Surangel Whipps Jr. (56.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Whipps Jr., 1er mandat (2021-2025)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Palauan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Palauan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques (Compact of Free Association avec USA inclus)","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":43,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Palau","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PLW","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":51,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Palau","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PLW","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Déficit chronique compensé par les transferts Compact ($889M sur 20 ans, renouvelé 2023)."},"devise":"USD (dollar américain)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bureau of Public Safety (Palau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Safety_(Palau)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Bureau of Public Safety (Palau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Safety_(Palau)","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Compact of Free Association avec les États-Unis (défense assurée exclusivement par les USA, renouvelé 2023 pour 20 ans)"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée nationale — défense assurée par les États-Unis (Compact of Free Association).","Les États-Unis ont la responsabilité exclusive de la défense (Compact of Free Association, renouvelé fin 2023 pour $889M sur 20 ans).","Base US en cours d'expansion (radar TACMOR, jetée) — enjeu stratégique majeur dans la rivalité Indo-Pacifique.","Palaos entretient des relations diplomatiques avec Taïwan (l'un des 12 États au monde à le faire encore)."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1519,"zee_km2":604253,"peche_annuelle_mt":21000,"notes":"Palaos a créé en 2015 le Palau National Marine Sanctuary, l'une des plus grandes aires marines protégées au monde (80% de sa ZEE interdite à la pêche commerciale industrielle).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Palau EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/585","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Système contributif public + fonds provident individuel","age_legal":60,"description":"Palau Social Security Administration (contributif) + Civil Service Pension Plan pour les agents publics + Employer Contribution System. Système sous pression démographique et sujet à des réformes régulières.","source":{"nom":"Palau Social Security Administration","url":"https://palaussa.pw","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2024"}}},{"iso2":"PS","iso3":"PSE","slug":"palestine","nom_courant_fr":"Palestine","nom_officiel_fr":"État de Palestine","nom_officiel_local":"Dawlat Filasṭīn","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Jérusalem-Est (revendiquée) / Ramallah (administrative)","source":{"nom":"PCBS","url":"https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":5413596,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pse","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":6020,"source":{"nom":"PCBS","url":"https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Cisjordanie 5655 + Gaza 365.","notes_en":"Cisjordanie 5655 + Gaza 365."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Statut d'État observateur non-membre depuis 2012. Adhésion pleine bloquée par veto US.","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Statut d'État observateur non-membre depuis 2012. Adhésion pleine bloquée par veto US."},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mahmoud Abbas","source":{"nom":"Présidence palestinienne","url":"https://www.president.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de l'Autorité palestinienne","parti_id":"ps.fatah","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2005-01-15","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.president.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu en 2005 pour 4 ans, en fonction depuis 20 ans sans nouvelle élection. Âgé de 89 ans en 2025.","notes_en":"Élu en 2005 pour 4 ans, en fonction depuis 20 ans sans nouvelle élection. Âgé de 89 ans en 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct. Dernière élection : 2005. Aucune depuis.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale","url":"https://www.president.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammad Mustafa","source":{"nom":"Cabinet palestinien","url":"https://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"ps.fatah","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-03-31","source":{"nom":"Cabinet","url":"https://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Technocrate. Succède à Chtayyeh dans le contexte de la guerre à Gaza.","notes_en":"Technocrate. Succède à Chtayyeh dans le contexte de la guerre à Gaza."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Loi fondamentale","url":"https://www.president.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ps.fatah","sieges":45,"notes":"Fatah domine l'Autorité en Cisjordanie.","source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://www.elections.ps/","date_donnee":"2006-01-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Fatah domine l'Autorité en Cisjordanie."},{"parti_id":"ps.hamas","sieges":74,"notes":"Hamas a gagné les législatives 2006 (dernières) mais Assemblée dissoute de fait 2007.","source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://www.elections.ps/","date_donnee":"2006-01-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Hamas a gagné les législatives 2006 (dernières) mais Assemblée dissoute de fait 2007."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2005-01-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_palestine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2009-01-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_palestine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Statut ambigu : autonomie (Cisjordanie zone A/B), État reconnu par 147 pays sur 193. Fatah contrôle Cisjordanie via Autorité palestinienne. Hamas contrôlait Gaza (avant destruction 2023-2024). Aucune élection depuis 2006.","explication_concrete_en":"Statut ambigu : autonomie (Cisjordanie zone A/B), État reconnu par 147 pays sur 193. Fatah contrôle Cisjordanie via Autorité palestinienne. Hamas contrôlait Gaza (avant destruction 2023-2024). Aucune élection depuis 2006."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Conseil législatif palestinien (dissous)","role":"Dissous depuis 2018 par décret d'Abbas.","sieges_total":132,"mode_designation":"Scrutin mixte proportionnel + uninominal.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2006-01-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ps.hamas","sieges":74,"voix_pct":44.4},{"parti_id":"ps.fatah","sieges":45,"voix_pct":41.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":13,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"CEC","url":"https://www.elections.ps/","date_donnee":"2006-01-25","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Dissous depuis 2018 par décret d'Abbas.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin mixte proportionnel + uninominal."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle suprême","source":{"nom":"Judiciaire palestinien","url":"http://www.courts.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi 3/2006","url":"http://www.courts.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Loi 3/2006","url":"http://www.courts.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 70 ans.","source":{"nom":"Loi 3/2006","url":"http://www.courts.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":17,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3100,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-15,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Effondrement 2023-2024 (guerre à Gaza)."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":51,"source":{"nom":"PCBS","url":"https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"notes":"Gaza ~80%, Cisjordanie ~30%."},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":43,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-9.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/PSE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Israël","part_pct":82.2},{"pays":"Jordanie","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":3.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":1.7},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":1.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Israël","part_pct":55},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Jordanie","part_pct":3.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pierres et marbre","Aliments transformés","Meubles","Chaussures","Textile"],"top_categories_import":["Aliments","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Huile d'olive","rang_regional":8},{"produit":"Aide internationale (~PIB)","notes":"Économie très dépendante de l'aide."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Palestine","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pse","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":23,"source":{"nom":"MoF Palestine","url":"https://www.pmof.ps/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://www.pmof.ps/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"ILS (shekel israélien)","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":26.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2110,"annee_bascule_note":"Une des démographies les plus jeunes au monde — âge médian 19 ans. Fécondité 3,3.","esperance_vie_femmes":74.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":65.2,"age_median":19.6,"indice_fecondite":3.25,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pse","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":143271,"deces_2025":31778,"solde_naturel_2025":111493},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Système partiel — secteur public seulement","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":11,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":50,"description":"Système de retraite formel limité aux fonctionnaires. Pas de couverture universelle.","source":{"nom":"MOL Palestine","url":"https://www.mol.pna.ps/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Système partiel — secteur public seulement","description_en":"Système de retraite formel limité aux fonctionnaires. Pas de couverture universelle."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Aucune élection présidentielle depuis 2005 ni législative depuis 2006.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Aucune élection présidentielle depuis 2005 ni législative depuis 2006."},"notes_speciales":["**Guerre à Gaza depuis 7 octobre 2023** : ~45 000+ morts, destruction massive, famine documentée. Cessez-le-feu janvier 2025.","Cisjordanie : ~700 000 colons israéliens dans les Territoires. Violence croissante en 2024-2025.","Mahmoud Abbas au pouvoir depuis 2005 sans nouvelle élection — 20 ans. Aucun successeur clair.","Reconnaissance internationale accélérée en 2024 : Norvège, Espagne, Irlande, Slovénie ont reconnu l'État.","Mandat d'arrêt CPI contre Nétanyahou (novembre 2024) pour crimes de guerre à Gaza.","147 États sur 193 reconnaissent l'État de Palestine."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Palestine","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=PS&ceid=PS:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":23000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":30000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.45,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Police palestinienne + Forces de sécurité — parc léger","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun (pas d'armée régulière)","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Guerre à Gaza depuis 7 octobre 2023** : ~45 000+ morts, destruction massive, famine documentée. Cessez-le-feu janvier 2025.","Cisjordanie : ~700 000 colons israéliens dans les Territoires. Violence croissante en 2024-2025.","Mahmoud Abbas au pouvoir depuis 2005 sans nouvelle élection — 20 ans. Aucun successeur clair.","Reconnaissance internationale accélérée en 2024 : Norvège, Espagne, Irlande, Slovénie ont reconnu l'État.","Mandat d'arrêt CPI contre Nétanyahou (novembre 2024) pour crimes de guerre à Gaza.","147 États sur 193 reconnaissent l'État de Palestine."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2006-01-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Hamas (74 sièges sur 132)","gouvernement_issu":"Ismail Haniyeh PM 2006-2007 (Cisjordanie), scission Hamas (Gaza) / Fatah (Cisjordanie). Aucune élection nationale depuis.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2006 Palestinian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2005-01-09","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah, 62.5%)","gouvernement_issu":"Mahmoud Abbas président de l'Autorité palestinienne depuis 2005 (mandat expiré depuis 2009, prolongé indéfiniment).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2005 Palestinian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Palestinian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":40,"zee_km2":380,"peche_annuelle_mt":5000,"notes":"Bande côtière de Gaza uniquement (40 km) sur la Méditerranée. Zone maritime restreinte par Israël (blocus depuis 2007).","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/palestine","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"PA","iso3":"PAN","slug":"panama","nom_courant_fr":"Panama","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Panama","nom_officiel_local":"República de Panamá","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Panama","source":{"nom":"INEC Panama","url":"https://www.inec.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":4571189,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pan","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":75417,"source":{"nom":"INEC","url":"https://www.inec.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Raúl Mulino","source":{"nom":"Présidence panaméenne","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"pa.rm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-07-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-ministre de la Sécurité de Martinelli. Substitut de dernière minute (Martinelli interdit) — victoire 5 mai 2024 (34%).","notes_en":"Ex-ministre de la Sécurité de Martinelli. Substitut de dernière minute (Martinelli interdit) — victoire 5 mai 2024 (34%)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 5 ans non renouvelable consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution panaméenne","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Raúl Mulino (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"pa.rm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-07-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pa.rm","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"TE Panamá","url":"https://www.tribunal-electoral.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2024-05-05","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-07-01","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_panama","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-07-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_panama","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle monocamérale. Canal de Panama : source majeure de revenus (~3% PIB direct, ~7% indirect). Tension avec Trump II qui a menacé de « reprendre » le canal.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle monocamérale. Canal de Panama : source majeure de revenus (~3% PIB direct, ~7% indirect). Tension avec Trump II qui a menacé de « reprendre » le canal."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Nacional","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":71,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans les circonscriptions plurinominales + uninominales.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-05-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pa.rm","sieges":14,"voix_pct":21.2},{"parti_id":"pa.prd_pa","sieges":8,"voix_pct":15.3},{"parti_id":"pa.cambio","sieges":8,"voix_pct":14.7},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":41,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"Tribunal Electoral","url":"https://www.tribunal-electoral.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2024-05-05","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans les circonscriptions plurinominales + uninominales."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Corte Suprema de Justicia","source":{"nom":"CSJ Panamá","url":"https://www.organojudicial.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 203","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président avec approbation de l'Assemblée. Renouvellement de 2 juges tous les 2 ans (staggered).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":90,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":19814,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":10.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":56.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"28 March 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"31 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":22.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":4.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":22},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":16.4},{"pays":"Colombie","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":3.6}],"top_categories_export":["Cuivre (Cobre Panamá jusqu'à 2023 — fermée)","Bananes","Fruits de mer","Services financiers","Services logistiques (Canal)"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Alimentation","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Canal de Panama (~6% PIB + effets induits)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~14 000 navires/an, ~5% commerce maritime mondial."},{"produit":"Services financiers offshore","rang_americain":3},{"produit":"Colon Free Zone (2e zone franche mondiale)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Cuivre (Cobre Panamá — mine fermée par décision judiciaire nov 2023)","notes":"First Quantum Minerals. Fermeture après manifestations massives, arbitrage international en cours."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Panama","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pan","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.6,"source":{"nom":"MEF Panamá","url":"https://www.mef.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.1,"source":{"nom":"MEF","url":"https://www.mef.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"PAB (parité fixe USD) + USD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie dynamique. Espérance de vie élevée.","esperance_vie_femmes":82.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":76.9,"age_median":30.4,"indice_fecondite":2.11,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pan","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":72531,"deces_2025":22463,"solde_naturel_2025":50068},"retraites":{"age_legal":62,"age_taux_plein":62,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":13.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Caja de Seguro Social — réforme paramétrique en discussion (déficit).","source":{"nom":"CSS Panamá","url":"https://www.css.gob.pa/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CSS)","description_en":"Caja de Seguro Social — réforme paramétrique en discussion (déficit)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.52,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Canal de Panama** : ~6% du PIB direct, ~14 000 navires/an. Trump II a menacé de « reprendre » le canal en 2025 — tensions bilatérales fortes.","Utilise le dollar US en parallèle du balboa (parité 1:1 depuis 1904).","Mine de cuivre Cobre Panamá (First Quantum) fermée par la Cour suprême en novembre 2023 après manifestations — perte ~4% PIB. Arbitrage international.","Mulino élu comme substitut de Martinelli (interdit — condamné pour blanchiment). Réfugié dans l'ambassade du Nicaragua depuis 2024.","Scandale Panama Papers 2016 : révèle l'ampleur de l'offshore panaméen."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Panama","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=PA&ceid=PA:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Panamanian Public Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":22600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Panamanian Public Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":130,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{},"alliances_militaires":["Sans armée (abolie 1990)","OEA","SICA","Coopération USA (Traité canal 1977)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Canal de Panama","mission":"Sécurisation permanente — SENAN + police","effectifs":6000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation permanente — SENAN + police","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Frontière colombienne (Darién)","mission":"Sécurisation route migratoire — 500 000 migrants/an 2023-2024","effectifs":2000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation route migratoire — 500 000 migrants/an 2023-2024","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Panama sans armée depuis 1990 (post-invasion USA « Just Cause » 1989) — Constitution abolit l'armée en 1994.","Force publique nationale (SENAN, SENAFRONT, SPI) — ~24 000 personnels.","Canal de Panama — enjeu géopolitique majeur, tension Trump 2025 (« reprise du canal ») refusée."],"notes_speciales_en":["Panama sans armée depuis 1990 (post-invasion USA « Just Cause » 1989) — Constitution abolit l'armée en 1994.","Force publique nationale (SENAN, SENAFRONT, SPI) — ~24 000 personnels.","Canal de Panama — enjeu géopolitique majeur, tension Trump 2025 (« reprise du canal ») refusée."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Without army (abolished 1990)","AEO","SICA","USA cooperation (Canal Treaty 1977)"]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"panama","nom":"Canal de Panama","type":"canal","role":"Pays riverain (PA)","importance_globale":"Passage stratégique Atlantique-Pacifique. 40% du trafic conteneurs USA côte est-côte ouest passe par le canal. Élargissement 2016 permet néopanamax (14 000 EVP).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":12000,"conteneurs_muid":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":6},"menace_principale":"Sécheresse 2023-2024 : baisse historique du lac Gatún, réduction du trafic à 24 navires/jour (vs 36 normal). Trump 2025 : menace de reprise du canal — refus panaméen."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2490,"zee_km2":335645,"pib_maritime_pct":20,"pib_maritime_md_usd":15,"flotte_marchande_navires":8500,"flotte_marchande_rang":1,"notes":"1er pavillon mondial (8500 navires, pavillon de complaisance). Canal 3,4 Md USD recettes 2024. Ports Balboa (Pacifique) et Colón (Atlantique).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Canal de Panama** : ~6% du PIB direct, ~14 000 navires/an. Trump II a menacé de « reprendre » le canal en 2025 — tensions bilatérales fortes.","Utilise le dollar US en parallèle du balboa (parité 1:1 depuis 1904).","Mine de cuivre Cobre Panamá (First Quantum) fermée par la Cour suprême en novembre 2023 après manifestations — perte ~4% PIB. Arbitrage international.","Mulino élu comme substitut de Martinelli (interdit — condamné pour blanchiment). Réfugié dans l'ambassade du Nicaragua depuis 2024.","Scandale Panama Papers 2016 : révèle l'ampleur de l'offshore panaméen."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-05-05","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"José Raúl Mulino (Realizando Metas, 34.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"José Raúl Mulino, président 2024-2029 (allié de Ricardo Martinelli, empêché de candidater).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Panamanian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Panamanian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-05-05","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Laurentino Cortizo (PRD, 33.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Laurentino Cortizo, président 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Panamanian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Panamanian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"PG","iso3":"PNG","slug":"papouasie-nouvelle-guinee","nom_courant_fr":"Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée","nom_officiel_fr":"État indépendant de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée","nom_officiel_local":"Independent State of Papua New Guinea","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Port Moresby","source":{"nom":"PNG National Statistical Office","url":"https://www.nso.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":12000000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/PG","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation. Plus de 850 langues parlées.","notes_en":"Estimation. Plus de 850 langues parlées."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":462840,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1975","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"notes":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/papua-new-guinea","date_donnee":"1975","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État."},{"organisation":"APEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"APEC","url":"https://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/member-economies","date_donnee":"1993","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1971","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"ACP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"Groupe ACP","url":"https://www.acp.int/","date_donnee":"1975","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III (représenté par Sir Bob Dadae, Gouverneur général)","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of PNG","url":"https://www.governor-general.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (chef de l'État constitutionnel)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of PNG","url":"https://www.governor-general.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"James Marape","source":{"nom":"Government of PNG","url":"https://www.pmnec.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-05-30","source":{"nom":"Government of PNG","url":"https://www.pmnec.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chef du Pangu Pati. Reconduit après les élections de 2022, a survécu à plusieurs motions de censure (2024). Politique nationaliste sur les ressources.","notes_en":"Chef du Pangu Pati. Reconduit après les élections de 2022, a survécu à plusieurs motions de censure (2024). Politique nationaliste sur les ressources."},"parti_id":"pg.pangu"},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pg.pangu","sieges":39,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Papua New Guinean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-05-30","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of papouasie-nouvelle-guinee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_papouasie_nouvelle_guinee","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-05-30","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of papouasie-nouvelle-guinee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_papouasie_nouvelle_guinee","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Charles III chef de l'État via le Gouverneur général. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre chef du parti dominant au National Parliament (unicaméral).","explication_concrete_en":"Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Charles III chef de l'État via le Gouverneur général. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre chef du parti dominant au National Parliament (unicaméral)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"National Parliament","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":118,"mode_designation":"Scrutin préférentiel limité (Limited Preferential Vote) dans 118 circonscriptions (89 open + 22 provincial + 7 regional). Depuis 2007.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin préférentiel limité (Limited Preferential Vote) dans 118 circonscriptions (89 open + 22 provincial + 7 regional). Depuis 2007.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-07-04","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pg.pangu","sieges":39},{"parti_id":"pg.pnc","sieges":15},{"parti_id":"pg.united_res","sieges":8},{"parti_id":"pg.pnc_pangu_alliance","sieges":56}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Papua_New_Guinean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"James Marape (Pangu) reconduit PM en août 2022 avec une coalition regroupant Pangu, PNC, URP et de nombreux indépendants."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea","source":{"nom":"Supreme Court of PNG","url":"http://www.pngjudiciary.gov.pg/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":9,"mode_nomination":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur recommandation de la Judicial and Legal Services Commission.","duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 65 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite":"Contrôle constitutionnel par la Supreme Court, qui interprète la Constitution de 1975.","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur recommandation de la Judicial and Legal Services Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à 65 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle constitutionnel par la Supreme Court, qui interprète la Constitution de 1975."},"economie":{"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"29 April 2020","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"13 March 2008","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"10 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-23","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":32,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2538,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PNG","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Doctrine de défense frontalière (Argentine, Bolivie, Brésil).","Contentieux hydroélectrique Itaipú (Brésil) — révision tarifaire 2023-2024."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Mercosur","AEO","Unaligned"]},"notes_speciales_en":["Parti Colorado (ANR) : dynastie politique historique.","Peña ex-FMI — orientation économique libérale.","Barrage Itaipu (partagé avec Brésil) : renégociation traité 2023-2024 — enjeu majeur.","Bilinguisme guaraní-espagnol officiel.","Enclavé (accès mer via Argentine/Brésil/Uruguay)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-04-30","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":63.4,"vainqueur":"Santiago Peña (Colorado, 42.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Santiago Peña, président 2023-2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Paraguayan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Paraguayan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-04-22","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Mario Abdo Benítez (Colorado, 46.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Abdo Benítez, président 2018-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Paraguayan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Paraguayan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"NL","iso3":"NLD","slug":"pays-bas","nom_courant_fr":"Pays-Bas","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume des Pays-Bas","nom_officiel_local":"Koninkrijk der Nederlanden","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Amsterdam (capitale constitutionnelle) / La Haye (siège du gouvernement)","source":{"nom":"CBS","url":"https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":18087633,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nld","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":41850,"source":{"nom":"CBS","url":"https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1957,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Willem-Alexander","source":{"nom":"Koninklijk Huis","url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Koning der Nederlanden","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-04-30","source":{"nom":"Koninklijk Huis","url":"https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire.","source":{"nom":"Grondwet, art. 24","url":"https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001840","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rob Jetten","source":{"nom":"Kabinet Jetten","url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Minister-President","parti_id":"nl.d66","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-02-23","source":{"nom":"Rijksoverheid","url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Coalition minoritaire D66-VVD-CDA. Cabinet Schoof tombé juin 2025 (retrait PVV). Législatives anticipées 29 octobre 2025. Plus jeune PM de l'histoire néerlandaise (38 ans).","notes_en":"Coalition minoritaire D66-VVD-CDA. Cabinet Schoof tombé juin 2025 (retrait PVV). Législatives anticipées 29 octobre 2025. Plus jeune PM de l'histoire néerlandaise (38 ans)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Formation gouvernementale complexe : négociations post-élections puis nomination formelle par le monarque.","source":{"nom":"Rijksoverheid","url":"https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"nl.d66","sieges":26,"source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2025-10-29","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"nl.vvd","sieges":22,"source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2025-10-29","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"nl.cda","sieges":18,"source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2025-10-29","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-02-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of pays-bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_pays_bas","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-02-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of pays-bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_pays_bas","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire, régime consensualiste (« polder model »). Fragmentation partisane extrême : 15+ partis à la Tweede Kamer, coalitions nombreuses et instables. Bicamérisme faible.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie parlementaire, régime consensualiste (« polder model »). Fragmentation partisane extrême : 15+ partis à la Tweede Kamer, coalitions nombreuses et instables. Bicamérisme faible."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Tweede Kamer (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel pur (pas de seuil, quotient national).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-10-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"nl.d66","sieges":26,"voix_pct":16.9},{"parti_id":"nl.pvv","sieges":26,"voix_pct":16.7},{"parti_id":"nl.vvd","sieges":22,"voix_pct":14.3},{"parti_id":"nl.cda","sieges":18,"voix_pct":11.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":58,"voix_pct":40.6}],"source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2025-10-29","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et la confiance au gouvernement.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel pur (pas de seuil, quotient national)."},{"nom":"Eerste Kamer (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute. Révise la législation.","sieges_total":75,"mode_designation":"Élection indirecte par les députés des 12 provinces.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute. Révise la législation.","mode_designation_en":"Élection indirecte par les députés des 12 provinces."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité et exécutif vérifiés. Élections d'octobre 2025 après chute Schoof (juin 2025). Cabinet Jetten minoritaire.","Rob Jetten (D66) est le plus jeune PM de l'histoire des Pays-Bas."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.83,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Pays-Bas","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=nl&gl=NL&ceid=NL:nl","langue":"nl"},{"nom":"NL Times","url_rss":"https://nltimes.nl/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"NOS Nieuws","url_rss":"https://feeds.nos.nl/nosnieuwsalgemeen","langue":"nl"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2022,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel devenu négatif en 2022. La population continue de croître grâce à une immigration forte.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":80.6,"age_median":43,"indice_fecondite":1.43,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/nld","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":166406,"deces_2025":173641,"solde_naturel_2025":-7235},"retraites":{"age_legal":67,"age_taux_plein":67,"systeme_type":"Mixte (AOW public + fonds de pension obligatoires)","duree_cotisation_ans":50,"taux_cotisation_pct":17.9,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":93,"description":"AOW (pension d'État universelle, montant forfaitaire) montant vers 68 ans en 2040. 2e pilier obligatoire par branche (fonds de pension), l'un des plus capitalisés au monde (~200% du PIB). Système souvent classé le meilleur au monde (Mercer Global Pension Index).","source":{"nom":"SVB / OCDE","url":"https://www.svb.nl/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Mixte (AOW public + fonds de pension obligatoires)","description_en":"AOW (pension d'État universelle, montant forfaitaire) montant vers 68 ans en 2040. 2e pilier obligatoire par branche (fonds de pension), l'un des plus capitalisés au monde (~200% du PIB). Système souvent classé le meilleur au monde (Mercer Global Pension Index)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1332,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":73833,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/NLD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"20 November 2015","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"16 January 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 January 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.15,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/NLD.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":22.9},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":10.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":7.7},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":14.2},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Machines et équipements","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Semi-conducteurs (ASML)","Produits chimiques","Fleurs et horticulture"],"top_categories_import":["Ordinateurs et électronique","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Machines de lithographie (ASML)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Monopole mondial sur les EUV — clé de la fabrication des puces avancées."},{"produit":"Fleurs coupées (tulipes)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~40% du marché mondial."},{"produit":"Agroalimentaire (2e exportateur mondial)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Port de Rotterdam","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"Plus grand port d'Europe."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Netherlands","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/nld","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.5,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":45.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Cour 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(article 120 Constitution). Réforme en discussion depuis 2022.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"aucun"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-10-29","type":"legislative","participation_pct":77.5,"vainqueur_parti_id":"nl.d66","gouvernement_issu":"Cabinet Jetten (D66 + VVD + CDA) investi le 23 février 2026. Rob Jetten, plus jeune PM néerlandais.","notes":"Élection anticipée après effondrement du cabinet Schoof (juin 2025).","source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2025-10-29","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2023-11-22","type":"legislative","participation_pct":77.8,"vainqueur_parti_id":"nl.d66","gouvernement_issu":"Cabinet Schoof (PVV + VVD + NSC + BBB), formation record de 7 mois. Effondré en juin 2025.","notes":"PVV (Wilders) arrive en tête (37 sièges) — séisme politique européen.","source":{"nom":"Kiesraad","url":"https://www.kiesraad.nl/","date_donnee":"2023-11-22","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":42500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":6100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":5900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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complet."},{"nom":"CH-47F Chinook","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NH-90 NFH (frégates)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne"},{"nom":"AS532 U2 Cougar (SAR)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H-30 Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT (pool MMF)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Membre pool MMF, station Eindhoven."},{"nom":"DHC-5 Buffalo / Dash 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Étalons OTAN pour opérations aérospatiales.","Programme sous-marin Orka (mars 2024) : 4 sous-marins Naval Group/Damen, 5,5 Md€ — remplacement des Walrus.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~15 têtes B61 à Volkel, vecteurs F-35A depuis 2024.","Ligne rouge budget 2% PIB atteinte 2024 (première fois depuis fin Guerre froide)."],"notes_speciales_en":["46 F-35A opérationnels — 2ᵉ commande européenne après l'Italie. Étalons OTAN pour opérations aérospatiales.","Programme sous-marin Orka (mars 2024) : 4 sous-marins Naval Group/Damen, 5,5 Md€ — remplacement des Walrus.","Partage nucléaire OTAN : ~15 têtes B61 à Volkel, vecteurs F-35A depuis 2024.","Ligne rouge budget 2% PIB atteinte 2024 (première fois depuis fin Guerre froide)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["OTAN","EU","NATO (founder)","PESCO","BeNeLux"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":451,"zee_km2":154011,"pib_maritime_pct":6.5,"pib_maritime_md_usd":65,"flotte_marchande_navires":1300,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.35,"ports_top10_mondial":1,"notes":"Rotterdam 1er port UE (14 M EVP). Économie maritime = 6,5% PIB. Ingénierie côtière (Delta Works, digues). 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Cabinet Jetten minoritaire.","Rob Jetten (D66) est le plus jeune PM de l'histoire des Pays-Bas."]},{"iso2":"PE","iso3":"PER","slug":"perou","nom_courant_fr":"Pérou","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Pérou","nom_officiel_local":"República del Perú","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Lima","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":34576665,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/per","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1285216,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Alliance du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2012,"source":{"nom":"Alliance du Pacifique","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"CAN","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Jerí","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président par intérim","parti_id":"pe.transition","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-10-10","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"**7e président en 9 ans** (record instabilité). Destitution Boluarte suite à scandales corruption. Nouvelles élections présidentielles + législatives prévues avril 2026.","notes_en":"**7e président en 9 ans** (record instabilité). Destitution Boluarte suite à scandales corruption. 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Fragmentation Congrès unicaméral (**bicamérisme rétabli 2025** — Sénat créé pour 2026 pour la 1re fois depuis 1992)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Congreso de la República (unicaméral jusqu'à 2026)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":130,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par département.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-04-11","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pe.pl_pe","sieges":37,"voix_pct":13.4},{"parti_id":"pe.fp","sieges":24,"voix_pct":11.3},{"parti_id":"pe.avanzapais","sieges":7,"voix_pct":7.6},{"parti_id":"pe.rp","sieges":13,"voix_pct":9.3},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":49,"voix_pct":58.4}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-04-11","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel par département."},{"nom":"Senado (rétabli 2026)","role":"Chambre 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"25 April 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"20 October 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"31 January 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":32.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":15.7},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":4.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":27.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":23.1},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":6.7},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":4.3},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":3.4}],"top_categories_export":["Cuivre","Or","Zinc","Farine de poisson","Café"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Automobile","Machines","Fer","Aliments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cuivre","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après le Chili — mines Antamina, Cerro Verde."},{"produit":"Argent","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Zinc","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":7},{"produit":"Farine de poisson (anchois)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Café arabica","rang_regional":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Pérou","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/per","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.3,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.8,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"PEN","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":80.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.6,"age_median":31,"indice_fecondite":1.97,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/per","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":544617,"deces_2025":193456,"solde_naturel_2025":351161},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Régimes parallèles (SNP répartition + SPP capitalisation privée)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":13,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":45,"description":"Système Régimes parallèles (SNP répartition + SPP capitalisation privée). Cotisation 13%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Régimes parallèles (SNP répartition + SPP capitalisation privée)","description_en":"Système Régimes parallèles (SNP répartition + SPP capitalisation privée). Cotisation 13%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.42,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"notes_speciales":["**Boluarte destituée 9 octobre 2025** par le Congrès (« incapacité morale »). 7e président en 9 ans.","**Élections générales anticipées prévues avril 2026** — bicamérisme rétabli.","Castillo (ex-président 2021-2022) toujours en détention préventive.","Répression manifestations 2022-2023 (~50 morts) — enquêtes CIDH.","Deuxième producteur mondial de cuivre — dépendance extrême aux exportations minières vers Chine.","Instabilité extrême : chaque président depuis 2016 a été destitué, incarcéré, en fuite ou s'est suicidé (Alan García 2019)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Pérou","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=PE&ceid=PE:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":80500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":188000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":77000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":51,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Alliance du Pacifique","CAN","OEA","Non-aligné"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55M8 (upgradé Ukraine)","quantite":76,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"URSS/Ukraine","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod + KMDB","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Ukraine"},{"nom":"AMX-13-105","quantite":96,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"T-55M Peruvian (modernisé)","quantite":165,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS / Pérou","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod / DDIE","pays_fabricant":"Russie / Pérou"},{"nom":"AMX-13F (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29S/SE","quantite":19,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS/Russie","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000P/DP","quantite":11,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Su-25","quantite":18,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Russie/Bélarus","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"MiG-29S/SE/SMP","quantite":18,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000P/DP","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1986,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Su-25 Frogfoot","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Russie / Bélarus","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"KAI KA-50 (F-16 replacement en cours — annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"KAI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud","notes":"Compétition avec Gripen E/F."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMR-600 / M9 (Piraña)","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"ENASA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"M113A1","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"BTR-60 / BTR-80","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A2 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M-56 105mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":34,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-25/35P Hind","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bell 212 / 412","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Aguirre (ex-Lupo)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"CNR","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Mariátegui (PR-72)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"France","fabricant":"CMN Cherbourg","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Frégates BAP Almirante Grau (ancien croiseur — retrait 2017)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1953,"origine":"Pays-Bas (ex-De Ruyter)","fabricant":"Wilton-Fijenoord","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas","notes":"Retiré."},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Río Pativilca","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Pérou","fabricant":"SIMA","pays_fabricant":"Pérou"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Angamos / Islay (Type 209)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SA-2/3/6 (retrait progressif)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk (retrait 2019)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."}],"drones":[{"nom":"IAI Heron TP","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Aeronautics Orbiter II","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Aeronautics","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"notes_speciales":["Instabilité chronique — pas de programme majeur modernisation depuis 15 ans.","Conflit historique avec Chili (frontière maritime résolue 2014 par CIJ).","Guérilla Sentier lumineux VRAEM active — combats sporadiques.","Contre-insurrection historique contre le Sentier lumineux (Sendero Luminoso) — guerre civile 1980-2000 (~70 000 morts).","Contentieux maritime avec le Chili résolu par CIJ 2014.","Compétition F-16V vs Gripen E/F vs FA-50 en cours pour remplacement Mirage 2000/MiG-29 — décision 2025 attendue.","Industrie de défense : SIMA (navires), FAME (petites armes)."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":250,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"RDC","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2010","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Sentier lumineux","mission":"Contre-insurrection VRAEM (Vallée fleuves Apurímac, Ene et Mantaro) — résiduel","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"1980","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Contre-insurrection VRAEM (Vallée fleuves Apurímac, Ene et Mantaro) — résiduel","cadre_en":"Autonome"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Instabilité chronique — pas de programme majeur modernisation depuis 15 ans.","Conflit historique avec Chili (frontière maritime résolue 2014 par CIJ).","Guérilla Sentier lumineux VRAEM active — combats sporadiques.","Contre-insurrection historique contre le Sentier lumineux (Sendero Luminoso) — guerre civile 1980-2000 (~70 000 morts).","Contentieux maritime avec le Chili résolu par CIJ 2014.","Compétition F-16V vs Gripen E/F vs FA-50 en cours pour remplacement Mirage 2000/MiG-29 — décision 2025 attendue.","Industrie de défense : SIMA (navires), FAME (petites armes)."],"alliances_militaires_en":["Alliance du Pacifique","CAN","AEO","Unaligned"]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2414,"zee_km2":906454,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":100,"peche_annuelle_mt":4.5,"peche_annuelle_rang":4,"notes":"Anchois péruvien 1re pêche mondiale monospécifique. Callao 30ᵉ conteneurs. Chancay COSCO 2024.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Boluarte destituée 9 octobre 2025** par le Congrès (« incapacité morale »). 7e président en 9 ans.","**Élections générales anticipées prévues avril 2026** — bicamérisme rétabli.","Castillo (ex-président 2021-2022) toujours en détention préventive.","Répression manifestations 2022-2023 (~50 morts) — enquêtes CIDH.","Deuxième producteur mondial de cuivre — dépendance extrême aux exportations minières vers Chine.","Instabilité extrême : chaque président depuis 2016 a été destitué, incarcéré, en fuite ou s'est suicidé (Alan García 2019)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-06-06","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":74.6,"vainqueur":"Pedro Castillo (Perú Libre, 50.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Castillo (2021-2022, destitué), Dina Boluarte (2022-2025, destituée), José Jerí depuis oct. 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Peruvian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-06-05","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (Peruanos Por el Kambio, 50.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"PPK (2016-2018, démission), Martín Vizcarra (2018-2020, destitué), Manuel Merino (2020, 5 jours), Francisco Sagasti (2020-2021).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Peruvian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"PH","iso3":"PHL","slug":"philippines","nom_courant_fr":"Philippines","nom_officiel_fr":"République des Philippines","nom_officiel_local":"Republika ng Pilipinas","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Manille","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":116786962,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/phl","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":300000,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ferdinand « Bongbong » Marcos Jr.","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ph.pfp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-06-30","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Fils du dictateur Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986). Sara Duterte VP (fille de Rodrigo Duterte) — rupture publique 2024.","notes_en":"Fils du dictateur Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986). Sara Duterte VP (fille de Rodrigo Duterte) — rupture publique 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 6 ans NON renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"ph.pfp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-06-30","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ph.pfp","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-05-09","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ph.lakas","sieges":26,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-05-09","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ph.pdp","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-05-09","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":235,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2022-05-09","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-06-30","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_philippines","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-06-30","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_philippines","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle inspirée du modèle US (Constitution 1987 post-Marcos père). Mandat 6 ans non renouvelable — règle stricte anti-dynastique... contournée par la famille Marcos.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle inspirée du modèle US (Constitution 1987 post-Marcos père). Mandat 6 ans non renouvelable — règle stricte anti-dynastique... contournée par la famille Marcos."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":318,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 254 uninominaux + 62 party-list.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-12","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ph.lakas","sieges":103,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":32,"voix_pct":null,"notes":"NUP"},{"parti_id":"ph.pfp","sieges":27,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"ph.pdp","sieges":15,"voix_pct":null,"notes":"Recul post-arrestation Duterte père (mars 2025 CPI)."},{"parti_id":"ph.lp","sieges":20,"voix_pct":null},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":121,"voix_pct":null,"notes":"NPC 31, Nacionalista 22, party-list 64, 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Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"15 September 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":15.9},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.3},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":14.6},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":13.6},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.8},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":9.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":5.6}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs (assemblage/test)","Composants électroniques","Bananes","Nickel","Meubles"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Semi-conducteurs (composants)","Charbon","Automobile","Riz"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Semi-conducteurs (assemblage/test)","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"BPO / centres d'appels (~10% PIB)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après l'Inde."},{"produit":"Envois fonds diaspora (~10 M OFW, ~9% PIB)","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Nickel","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Bananes","rang_mondial":2}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Philippines","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.3,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":23,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"PHP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance 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Cotisation 14%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSS + GSIS)","description_en":"Système Répartition (SSS + GSIS). Cotisation 14%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.32,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Recul depuis Duterte (2016-2022). Marcos Jr. cherche à réhabiliter le père.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Recul depuis Duterte (2016-2022). Marcos Jr. cherche à réhabiliter le père."},"notes_speciales":["Marcos Jr. président depuis juin 2022 — retour au pouvoir de la famille après 36 ans (père renversé 1986).","**Rupture Marcos-Duterte** en 2024 — Sara Duterte accusée de complot d'assassinat contre Marcos (menace publique).","Rodrigo Duterte (ex-président) transféré à la CPI en mars 2025 pour crimes contre l'humanité (guerre contre la drogue, ~30 000 morts).","Tensions extrêmes avec la Chine en mer de Chine méridionale (récif Scarborough, Second Thomas Shoal).","Alliance renforcée avec USA (accord EDCA, bases US 2023).","Diaspora ~10 M (OFW) — transferts ~9% PIB."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Philippines","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=PH&ceid=PH:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":143100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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ASCOD)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"FA-50PH Fighting Eagle","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"F-16 Block 70 (négociation 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":null,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"FA-50PH Fighting Eagle (contrat 2014 — 12 unités)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"KAI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"OV-10 Bronco (retrait 2020)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Rockwell","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"F-16 (compétition 2024, en 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2022-2024)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"M114A1 155mm","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"OTO Melara Mod 56 105mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"OTO Melara","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"LORA (contrat 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Contrat 900 M USD."}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-295W (contrat 2014)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus DS","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"CN-235 (Indonésie)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Indonésie / Espagne","fabricant":"IPTN / CASA","pays_fabricant":"Indonésie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AW159 Wildcat (contrat 2019)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Royaume-Uni / Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo (AgustaWestland)","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni / Italie"},{"nom":"AH-1S (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"S-70i Black Hawk (contrat 2019 — 32 unités)","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"États-Unis / Pologne","fabricant":"PZL Mielec (Sikorsky)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis / Pologne"},{"nom":"T-129 Atak (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2022-2023)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"TAI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie","notes":"270 M USD."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"BrahMos anti-navire (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2024)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Inde / Russie","fabricant":"BrahMos Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Inde","notes":"375 M USD."},{"nom":"SPYDER (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2025-2027)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Scan Eagle","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Insitu","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Hermes 900","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Anka-S (contrat 2024)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"TAI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Mer de Chine méridionale — Second Thomas Shoal","mission":"Ravitaillement mensuel du BRP Sierra Madre — incidents avec garde-côtes chinois","effectifs":100,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Ravitaillement mensuel du BRP Sierra Madre — incidents avec garde-côtes chinois","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Îles Spratleys","mission":"Contrôle militaire de 9 îlots/récifs","effectifs":300,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Contrôle militaire de 9 îlots/récifs","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Mindanao","mission":"Contre-insurrection Abou Sayyaf, BIFF, MILF (paix 2014), NPA (communiste)","effectifs":60000,"depuis":"1969","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Contre-insurrection Abou Sayyaf, BIFF, MILF (paix 2014), NPA (communiste)","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Base Subic Bay (accueil USA)","mission":"Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) — 9 bases US 2023","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Bilatéral USA","mission_en":"Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) — 9 bases US 2023","cadre_en":"Bilatéral USA"}],"notes_speciales":["Basculement stratégique 2022-2024 sous Marcos Jr : rapprochement USA/Japon/Australie face à Chine.","EDCA 2023 : 9 bases philippines accessibles aux forces USA (bases Cagayan, Isabela, Palawan face à Taïwan et mer de Chine).","Modernisation \"Horizon 3\" (2023-2028) : F-16 en compétition, BrahMos, Miguel Malvar frégates, LORA, corvettes 6+.","Incidents Second Thomas Shoal (Ayungin Shoal) 2023-2024 — canons à eau, bousculades garde-côtes chinois vs marine philippine (30 blessés juin 2024).","Quadrilatérale USA-Japon-Philippines-Australie premier exercice avril 2024."],"notes_speciales_en":["Basculement stratégique 2022-2024 sous Marcos Jr : rapprochement USA/Japon/Australie face à Chine.","EDCA 2023 : 9 bases philippines accessibles aux forces USA (bases Cagayan, Isabela, Palawan face à Taïwan et mer de Chine).","Modernisation \"Horizon 3\" (2023-2028) : F-16 en compétition, BrahMos, Miguel Malvar frégates, LORA, corvettes 6+.","Incidents Second Thomas Shoal (Ayungin Shoal) 2023-2024 — canons à eau, bousculades garde-côtes chinois vs marine philippine (30 blessés juin 2024).","Quadrilatérale USA-Japon-Philippines-Australie premier exercice avril 2024."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":36289,"zee_km2":2263816,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":1900,"peche_annuelle_mt":2.2,"notes":"5ᵉ plus longue côte mondiale (36 289 km). Manille, Cebu. Contentieux Chine (Ayungin Shoal, Scarborough).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Marcos Jr. président depuis juin 2022 — retour au pouvoir de la famille après 36 ans (père renversé 1986).","**Rupture Marcos-Duterte** en 2024 — Sara Duterte accusée de complot d'assassinat contre Marcos (menace publique).","Rodrigo Duterte (ex-président) transféré à la CPI en mars 2025 pour crimes contre l'humanité (guerre contre la drogue, ~30 000 morts).","Tensions extrêmes avec la Chine en mer de Chine méridionale (récif Scarborough, Second Thomas Shoal).","Alliance renforcée avec USA (accord EDCA, bases US 2023).","Diaspora ~10 M (OFW) — transferts ~9% PIB."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-05-09","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":83.1,"vainqueur":"Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (PFP, 58.8%) + Sara Duterte VP","gouvernement_issu":"Marcos Jr., président 2022-2028 (fils du dictateur Marcos Sr.). Rupture publique avec la clan Duterte en 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Philippine presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-05-09","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Rodrigo Duterte (PDP-Laban, 39.0%)","gouvernement_issu":"Duterte, président 2016-2022, marqué par la « guerre contre la drogue ».","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Philippine presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"PL","iso3":"POL","slug":"pologne","nom_courant_fr":"Pologne","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Pologne","nom_officiel_local":"Rzeczpospolita Polska","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Varsovie","source":{"nom":"GUS","url":"https://stat.gov.pl/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":36435861,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pol","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":312696,"source":{"nom":"GUS","url":"https://stat.gov.pl/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"Union européenne","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/poland_fr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/intro/html/index.fr.html","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/schengen-borders-and-visa/schengen-area_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1996,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Karol Nawrocki","source":{"nom":"Présidence polonaise","url":"https://www.prezydent.pl/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Nawrocki est officiellement candidat indépendant, mais soutenu par le PiS (dont il partage la ligne politique). Ancien président de l'Institut de la mémoire nationale.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-08-06","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.prezydent.pl/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Historien, indépendant soutenu par PiS. Succède à Andrzej Duda. Élu au 2e tour le 1er juin 2025 face à Rafał Trzaskowski (KO).","notes_en":"Historien, indépendant soutenu par PiS. Succède à Andrzej Duda. Élu au 2e tour le 1er juin 2025 face à Rafał Trzaskowski (KO)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat de 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise, articles 127-131","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Donald Tusk","source":{"nom":"Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów","url":"https://www.gov.pl/web/premier","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre (Prezes Rady Ministrów)","parti_id":"pl.ko_po","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-12-13","notes":"Investi le 13 décembre 2023 à la tête de la « coalition du 15 octobre » (KO + Trzecia Droga + Nowa Lewica).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Koalicja 15 października","url":"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalicja_15_pa%C5%BAdziernika","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Investi le 13 décembre 2023 à la tête de la « coalition du 15 octobre » (KO + Trzecia Droga + Nowa Lewica)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la République. Doit obtenir la confiance du Sejm à la majorité absolue.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise, articles 154-155","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"ambigu","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pl.ko_po","sieges":157,"source":{"nom":"PKW / TVN24","url":"https://tvn24.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2023/wyniki-wyborow-2023-kto-wygral-wybory-parlamentarne-do-sejmu-i-senatu-st7393890","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"pl.trzecia_droga","sieges":65,"source":{"nom":"PKW / TVN24","url":"https://tvn24.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2023/wyniki-wyborow-2023-kto-wygral-wybory-parlamentarne-do-sejmu-i-senatu-st7393890","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"pl.lewica","sieges":26,"source":{"nom":"PKW / TVN24","url":"https://tvn24.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2023/wyniki-wyborow-2023-kto-wygral-wybory-parlamentarne-do-sejmu-i-senatu-st7393890","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-12-13","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rząd Donalda Tuska","url":"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalicja_15_pa%C5%BAdziernika","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027","notes":"Législature du Sejm : 4 ans à compter des élections d'octobre 2023, donc élections prévues d'ici automne 2027.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":26,"notes":"26 ministres et membres à part entière du Conseil des ministres.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rząd Donalda Tuska","url":"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_Donalda_Tuska","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Membres du Conseil des ministres au sens constitutionnel."},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Le Président a un droit de veto sur les lois adoptées par le Sejm — surmontable seulement par une majorité qualifiée des 3/5 du Sejm (276/460), que la coalition Tusk n'atteint pas seule. Depuis l'entrée en fonction de Nawrocki (août 2025) : cohabitation avec risque permanent de blocage législatif.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"Le Président a un droit de veto sur les lois adoptées par le Sejm — surmontable seulement par une majorité qualifiée des 3/5 du Sejm (276/460), que la coalition Tusk n'atteint pas seule. Depuis l'entrée en fonction de Nawrocki (août 2025) : cohabitation avec risque permanent de blocage législatif."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Sejm","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi, la confiance et la défiance au gouvernement. Peut surmonter le veto présidentiel à la majorité des 3/5.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste à la méthode D'Hondt dans 41 circonscriptions. Seuil de 5% (partis) / 8% (coalitions).","source":{"nom":"Sejm","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":5,"sieges_total":460,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au suffrage universel.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-10-15","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pl.pis","sieges":194,"voix_pct":35.38},{"parti_id":"pl.ko_po","sieges":157,"voix_pct":30.7},{"parti_id":"pl.trzecia_droga","sieges":65,"voix_pct":14.4},{"parti_id":"pl.lewica","sieges":26,"voix_pct":8.61},{"parti_id":"pl.konfederacja","sieges":18,"voix_pct":7.16}],"source":{"nom":"PKW / Gazeta Prawna","url":"https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/kraj/artykuly/9324456,wybory-parlamentarne-2023-ile-mandatow-zdobyly-poszczegolne-partie.html","date_donnee":"2023-10-15","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi, la confiance et la défiance au gouvernement. Peut surmonter le veto présidentiel à la majorité des 3/5.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au suffrage universel."},{"nom":"Senat","role":"Chambre haute. Amende les lois du Sejm mais peut être outrepassée par une majorité absolue au Sejm.","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour dans 100 circonscriptions.","source":{"nom":"Senat","url":"https://www.senat.gov.pl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":null,"sieges_total":100,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin majoritaire uninominal à un tour.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute. Amende les lois du Sejm mais peut être outrepassée par une majorité absolue au Sejm.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin majoritaire uninominal à un tour."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Cour constitutionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Trybunał Konstytucyjny","url":"https://trybunal.gov.pl/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise, article 194","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par le Sejm à la majorité absolue pour un mandat de 9 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise, article 194","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution polonaise, article 194","url":"https://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/francuski/kon1.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1036,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":28374,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":58.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/POL","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"12 October 2018","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"5 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"29 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":5.74,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/POL.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"Tchéquie","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":21.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.9},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.1},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":3.8}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile et pièces","Machines et équipements","Meubles","Batteries et composants électriques","Agroalimentaire"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines et équipements","Automobile et pièces","Produits chimiques","Composants électroniques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Meubles","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Après Chine et Allemagne — hub européen."},{"produit":"Automobile (sous-traitance)","rang_europeen":6,"notes":"Fabricants VW, Toyota, Stellantis."},{"produit":"Batteries électriques (usines LG)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"Plus grande capacité européenne (Wroclaw)."},{"produit":"Agriculture (pommes, viande de volaille)","rang_europeen":1,"notes":"1er exportateur européen de volaille."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Poland","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pol","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":41.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":46.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"PLN","annee_exercice":2025},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-06-01","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":71.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pl.pis","gouvernement_issu":"Cohabitation : Nawrocki (Président, ligne PiS) vs Tusk (Premier ministre, KO).","notes":"Second tour, Nawrocki (indépendant soutenu PiS) 50,89% vs Trzaskowski (KO) 49,11%. Un des scrutins les plus serrés de l'histoire polonaise.","source":{"nom":"PKW","url":"https://prezydent2025.pkw.gov.pl/prezydent2025/en/2/wynik/pl","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2023-10-15","type":"legislative","participation_pct":74.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pl.pis","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition « 15 octobre » KO + Trzecia Droga + Lewica sous Donald Tusk (13 décembre 2023).","notes":"Le PiS arrive en tête mais sans majorité. La coalition d'opposition (KO+TD+Lewica) prend le pouvoir. Participation record.","source":{"nom":"PKW","url":"https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2020-07-12","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":68.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pl.pis","gouvernement_issu":"Andrzej Duda (PiS) réélu contre Rafał Trzaskowski (PO).","source":{"nom":"PKW","url":"https://prezydent20200628.pkw.gov.pl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2019-10-13","type":"legislative","participation_pct":61.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pl.pis","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Morawiecki II (PiS).","source":{"nom":"PKW","url":"https://sejmsenat2019.pkw.gov.pl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Cohabitation dure depuis août 2025 : Président Nawrocki (ligne PiS) contre gouvernement Tusk (coalition libérale-centriste-gauche).","Trybunał Konstytucyjny : indépendance contestée depuis 2015. La coalition Tusk cherche à en revoir la composition, bloquée par le Président.","Procédure article 7 TUE (État de droit) engagée sous PiS ; en voie de clôture depuis 2024 sous gouvernement Tusk.","Fonds européens (RRF, cohésion) débloqués en 2024 après leur suspension sous PiS."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.55,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Reclassée « electoral democracy » (recul depuis « liberal democracy » à cause du démantèlement de l'indépendance judiciaire sous PiS 2015-2023). Rétablissement partiel en cours sous Tusk mais lent.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Reclassée « electoral democracy » (recul depuis « liberal democracy » à cause du démantèlement de l'indépendance judiciaire sous PiS 2015-2023). Rétablissement partiel en cours sous Tusk mais lent."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Pologne","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=pl&gl=PL&ceid=PL:pl","langue":"pl"},{"nom":"TVN24","url_rss":"https://tvn24.pl/najnowsze.xml","langue":"pl"},{"nom":"Gazeta Wyborcza","url_rss":"https://wyborcza.pl/pub/rss/najnowsze_wyborcza.xml","langue":"pl"},{"nom":"Notes from Poland (EN)","url_rss":"https://notesfrompoland.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-20","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":6.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2013,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel structurellement négatif depuis 2013. Effondrement des naissances depuis 2017.","esperance_vie_femmes":82.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.8,"age_median":42.6,"indice_fecondite":1.14,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/pol","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":251407,"deces_2025":408082,"solde_naturel_2025":-156675},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition NDC + capitalisation obligatoire (OFE)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":19.52,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Réforme 1999 vers NDC. Retour à 65 ans (H) / 60 ans (F) en 2017 après réforme précédente à 67. Cotisation 19,52% (9,76% employeur + 9,76% salarié). Taux de remplacement en baisse constante — le plus bas de l'UE.","source":{"nom":"ZUS / OCDE","url":"https://www.zus.pl/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition NDC + capitalisation obligatoire (OFE)","description_en":"Réforme 1999 vers NDC. Retour à 65 ans (H) / 60 ans (F) en 2017 après réforme précédente à 67. Cotisation 19,52% (9,76% employeur + 9,76% salarié). Taux de remplacement en baisse constante — le plus bas de l'UE."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":216100,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":34800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":74400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":47.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":4.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":20,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","Bucharest Nine (B9)","Trilatérale Pologne-Ukraine-Roumanie"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"K2 Black Panther","quantite":180,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hyundai Rotem","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"M1A2 SEP v3 Abrams","quantite":116,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A5/A4/A5PL","quantite":234,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"PT-91 Twardy","quantite":233,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Pologne (mod. T-72)","fabricant":"Bumar-Łabędy","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"FA-50 Fighting Eagle","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 52+","quantite":48,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2006,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"MiG-29A","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1989,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"K9A1 Thunder (Krab)","quantite":240,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Pologne","fabricant":"Huta Stalowa Wola (licence Hanwha)","pays_fabricant":"Pologne/Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"K239 Chunmoo","quantite":218,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"Hanwha Aerospace","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"HIMARS M142","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Rosomak (Patria AMV licence)","quantite":900,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Finlande/Pologne","fabricant":"Rosomak SA (licence Patria)","pays_fabricant":"Pologne/Finlande"},{"nom":"Borsuk (IFV — remplace BWP-1)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"Huta Stalowa Wola (PGZ)","pays_fabricant":"Pologne","notes":"Livraison 1400 exemplaires 2027-2035"},{"nom":"BWP-1 (BMP-1 licence)","quantite":1200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"URSS/Pologne","fabricant":"Zakłady Mechaniczne","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Pologne","notes":"Retrait progressif"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian (commande 2024)","quantite":96,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"**Plus gros contrat Apache européen** — 12 Md$"},{"nom":"AW149","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Italie/Pologne","fabricant":"Leonardo Helicopters (PZL-Świdnik)","pays_fabricant":"Italie/Pologne"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130E/H Hercules","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"C-295M","quantite":16,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence and Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot GEM-T (Wisła)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CAMM/CAMM-ER (Narew)","quantite":22,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"UK/Pologne","fabricant":"MBDA UK (transfert Pologne)","pays_fabricant":"UK/Pologne"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar Defence","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"MQ-9A Reaper (loués)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"USA"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence — battlegroup polonais","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — battlegroup polonais","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Roumanie","mission":"NATO Response Force — appui aviation F-16 rotationnel","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO Response Force — appui aviation F-16 rotationnel","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR — contingent polonais","effectifs":300,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR — contingent polonais","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":60,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL — contingent polonais","effectifs":240,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL — contingent polonais","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Frontière biélorusse-polonaise","mission":"Opération Rodak — sécurisation frontière (crise migratoire orchestrée depuis 2021)","effectifs":10000,"depuis":"2021","cadre":"Autonome — territoire national","mission_en":"Opération Rodak — sécurisation frontière (crise migratoire orchestrée depuis 2021)","cadre_en":"Autonome — territoire national"},{"pays":"Ukraine — soutien logistique","mission":"Hub logistique polonais (Rzeszów-Jasionka) — 90% de l'aide occidentale transite par la Pologne","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Bilatéral — soutien Ukraine","mission_en":"Hub logistique polonais (Rzeszów-Jasionka) — 90% de l'aide occidentale transite par la Pologne","cadre_en":"Bilatéral — soutien Ukraine"}],"notes_speciales":["Réarmement le plus rapide d'Europe : budget défense 4,7% PIB en 2025 (record OTAN), objectif armée à 300 000 hommes en 2035.","Commandes massives : 250 chars Abrams M1A2 (USA), 180 K2 Black Panther (Corée du Sud), 96 hélicoptères Apache, 32 F-35A, 288 lance-roquettes HIMARS.","Partage nucléaire OTAN demandé activement depuis 2023 (déploiement possible d'ogives US en Pologne — non concrétisé).","Hub logistique clé pour l'aide occidentale à l'Ukraine — infrastructure ferroviaire, aéroport de Rzeszów-Jasionka.","Frontière avec l'exclave russe de Kaliningrad — bouclier oriental de l'OTAN."],"notes_speciales_en":["Réarmement le plus rapide d'Europe : budget défense 4,7% PIB en 2025 (record OTAN), objectif armée à 300 000 hommes en 2035.","Commandes massives : 250 chars Abrams M1A2 (USA), 180 K2 Black Panther (Corée du Sud), 96 hélicoptères Apache, 32 F-35A, 288 lance-roquettes HIMARS.","Partage nucléaire OTAN demandé activement depuis 2023 (déploiement possible d'ogives US en Pologne — non concrétisé).","Hub logistique clé pour l'aide occidentale à l'Ukraine — infrastructure ferroviaire, aéroport de Rzeszów-Jasionka.","Frontière avec l'exclave russe de Kaliningrad — bouclier oriental de l'OTAN."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":440,"zee_km2":30533,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":130,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.16,"notes":"Gdansk, Gdynia, Świnoujście. Post-2022 : hub logistique aide UE-Ukraine.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Cohabitation dure depuis août 2025 : Président Nawrocki (ligne PiS) contre gouvernement Tusk (coalition libérale-centriste-gauche).","Trybunał Konstytucyjny : indépendance contestée depuis 2015. La coalition Tusk cherche à en revoir la composition, bloquée par le Président.","Procédure article 7 TUE (État de droit) engagée sous PiS ; en voie de clôture depuis 2024 sous gouvernement Tusk.","Fonds européens (RRF, cohésion) débloqués en 2024 après leur suspension sous PiS."]},{"iso2":"PT","iso3":"PRT","slug":"portugal","nom_courant_fr":"Portugal","nom_officiel_fr":"République portugaise","nom_officiel_local":"República Portuguesa","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Lisbonne","source":{"nom":"INE Portugal","url":"https://www.ine.pt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":10804871,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/prt","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":92212,"source":{"nom":"INE Portugal","url":"https://www.ine.pt/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1986,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"António José Seguro","source":{"nom":"Présidence portugaise","url":"https://www.presidencia.pt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente da República","parti_id":"pt.ps","sans_etiquette":false,"notes":"Élu en janvier 2026, succède à Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (PSD, 2016-2026). Ancien secrétaire général du PS.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-03-09","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.pt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"PS. Élu au 2e tour le 8 février 2026 (66%) face à André Ventura (Chega). Succède à Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Investiture 9 mars 2026.","notes_en":"PS. Élu au 2e tour le 8 février 2026 (66%) face à André Ventura (Chega). Succède à Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Investiture 9 mars 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours, mandat de 5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution portugaise","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Luís Montenegro","source":{"nom":"Governo de Portugal","url":"https://www.portugal.gov.pt/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Primeiro-Ministro","parti_id":"pt.psd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","notes":"119e Premier ministre. Coalition AD (PSD + CDS-PP + PPM) minoritaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Luís Montenegro","url":"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Montenegro","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"119e Premier ministre. Coalition AD (PSD + CDS-PP + PPM) minoritaire."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président de la République.","source":{"nom":"Constitution portugaise, art. 187","url":"https://www.parlamento.pt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"pt.ad","sieges":91,"notes":"Gouvernement minoritaire Montenegro reconduit.","source":{"nom":"CNE","url":"https://www.cne.pt/","date_donnee":"2025-05-18","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Gouvernement minoritaire Montenegro reconduit."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_portugal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-04-02","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_portugal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Président élu au suffrage universel avec pouvoir de dissolution ; gouvernement responsable devant l'Assemblée. Chef du gouvernement domine hors crise.","explication_concrete_en":"Président élu au suffrage universel avec pouvoir de dissolution ; gouvernement responsable devant l'Assemblée. Chef du gouvernement domine hors crise."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assembleia da República","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":230,"mode_designation":"Élection directe D'Hondt dans 22 circonscriptions.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-18","distribution":[{"parti_id":"pt.ad","sieges":91,"voix_pct":32.7},{"parti_id":"pt.chega","sieges":60,"voix_pct":22.6},{"parti_id":"pt.ps","sieges":58,"voix_pct":23.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":21,"voix_pct":21.3}],"source":{"nom":"CNE Portugal","url":"https://www.cne.pt/","date_donnee":"2025-05-18","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe D'Hondt dans 22 circonscriptions."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés. Législatif détaillé, économie, judiciaire, historique électoral à approfondir.","Coalition AD minoritaire depuis mars 2024, stabilisée mais fragile."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.81,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Portugal","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=pt&gl=PT&ceid=PT:pt","langue":"pt"},{"nom":"Público","url_rss":"https://www.publico.pt/rss","langue":"pt"},{"nom":"Observador","url_rss":"https://observador.pt/feed/","langue":"pt"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2009,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2009. Vieillissement rapide, l'un des indices de vieillesse les plus élevés d'Europe.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.7,"age_median":47.2,"indice_fecondite":1.41,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/prt","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":85358,"deces_2025":119934,"solde_naturel_2025":-34576},"retraites":{"age_legal":66,"age_taux_plein":66,"systeme_type":"Répartition","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":34.75,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":90,"description":"Âge légal ajusté annuellement à l'espérance de vie (66 ans et 7 mois en 2025). Cotisation totale 34,75% (23,75% employeur + 11% salarié) — parmi les plus élevés d'Europe.","source":{"nom":"Segurança Social / OCDE","url":"https://www.seg-social.pt/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition","description_en":"Âge légal ajusté annuellement à l'espérance de vie (66 ans et 7 mois en 2025). Cotisation totale 34,75% (23,75% employeur + 11% salarié) — parmi les plus élevés d'Europe."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":346,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PRT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":32166,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PRT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PRT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"29 August 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"12 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.42,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/PRT.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":26.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":12.7},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":5.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":30.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.3},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.8}],"top_categories_export":["Machines et équipements","Automobile et pièces","Textiles et chaussures","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Vins et liège"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Agroalimentaire"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Liège","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~50% de la production mondiale (Alentejo)."},{"produit":"Vin (Porto, Douro)","rang_mondial":11},{"produit":"Chaussures haut de gamme","rang_europeen":2,"notes":"Après 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Gouvernement Montenegro minoritaire.","notes":"Chega (droite radicale) atteint 18% — 3e force politique. Percée majeure historique.","source":{"nom":"Comissão Nacional de Eleições","url":"https://www.cne.pt/","date_donnee":"2024-03-10","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2022-01-30","type":"legislative","participation_pct":51.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pt.ps","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Costa PS majoritaire absolu.","source":{"nom":"CNE Portugal","url":"https://www.cne.pt/","date_donnee":"2022-01-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-10-06","type":"legislative","participation_pct":48.6,"vainqueur_parti_id":"pt.ps","gouvernement_issu":"PS minoritaire avec appui Bloco de Esquerda et PCP.","source":{"nom":"CNE Portugal","url":"https://www.cne.pt/","date_donnee":"2019-10-06","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":24000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A6PT","quantite":37,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Pays-Bas (occasion)","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés 2015."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16AM/BM MLU","quantite":26,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16AM/BM Bloc 15 MLU","quantite":26,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-35A (annoncé 2024 — livraisons 2028+)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Choix confirmé septembre 2024."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Pandur II 8x8","quantite":260,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Autriche","fabricant":"GDELS-Steyr","pays_fabricant":"Autriche"},{"nom":"M113A2","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"FMC Corp","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Pandur II 8×8","quantite":224,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Autriche / Portugal","fabricant":"Steyr / Fabrequipa","pays_fabricant":"Autriche / Portugal"},{"nom":"M113A2/A3","quantite":240,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"URO VAMTAC ST5","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"UROVESA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AW101 Merlin","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Italie/UK","fabricant":"Leonardo + 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drones : TEKEVER — AR-3 utilisé massivement par les forces ukrainiennes contre la Russie 2022-2026."],"notes_speciales_en":["Choix F-35A confirmé septembre 2024 pour remplacer les F-16 — 1re livraison prévue 2028.","Contrat KC-390 (Embraer) signé 2019, 6 unités livrées 2024-2027 — 1er client export après le Brésil.","Membre du programme européen Eurodrone (avec France, Allemagne, Italie, Espagne).","Industrie drones : TEKEVER — AR-3 utilisé massivement par les forces ukrainiennes contre la Russie 2022-2026."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1793,"zee_km2":1727408,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":500,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.16,"notes":"5ᵉ plus grande ZEE UE (avec Açores, Madère). Aveiro, Sines, Lisbonne. Empire maritime historique.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés. 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Premier ministre = membre de la famille al-Thani. Majlis al-Shūrā (45 membres, 30 élus depuis 2021, 15 nommés) au rôle strictement consultatif. Élections législatives suspendues pour 2025-2029.","source":{"nom":"Constitutions nationales + Freedom House / Economist Democracy Index 2025","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores","date_verif":"2026-09-21"},"explication_concrete_en":"L'Émir Tamim ben Hamad al-Thani détient tous les pouvoirs. Premier ministre = membre de la famille al-Thani. Majlis al-Shūrā (45 membres, 30 élus depuis 2021, 15 nommés) au rôle strictement consultatif. Élections législatives suspendues pour 2025-2029."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Shūrā","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":45,"mode_designation":"30 élus, 15 nommés par l'Émir.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-10-02","distribution":[{"parti_id":"qa.thani","sieges":45}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021_Qatari_general_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Majlis al-Choura : 30 membres élus (première fois en oct. 2021) + 15 nommés par l'émir Tamim ben Hamad. Aucun parti politique."},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"30 élus, 15 nommés par l'Émir."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'Émir.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"3 ans renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":221,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":69680,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":41.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/QAT","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"4 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"20 March 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":20.6},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":11.7},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":11.2},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":5.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":14.3},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":5.4}],"top_categories_export":["GNL (leader mondial)","Pétrole brut","Produits pétrochimiques","Ferro-alliages","Aluminium"],"top_categories_import":["Automobile","Machines","Aliments","Métaux","Instruments médicaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"GNL (gaz naturel liquéfié)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"20% des exportations mondiales de GNL. QatarEnergy."},{"produit":"Champ North/South Pars (partagé avec Iran)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Plus grand gisement de gaz au monde."},{"produit":"Al Jazeera (chaîne de télévision)","rang_regional":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Qatar","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/qat","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"QAR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":1.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.8,"age_median":33.2,"indice_fecondite":1.72,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/qat","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":28307,"deces_2025":3124,"solde_naturel_2025":25183},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (GRSIA) — seulement Qataris","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système principal Répartition (GRSIA) — seulement Qataris. Cotisation 15%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (GRSIA) — seulement Qataris","description_en":"Système principal Répartition (GRSIA) — seulement Qataris. Cotisation 15%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.13,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Médiateur diplomatique majeur** : négociations Israël-Hamas (accords otages), USA-Talibans (Doha 2020), Iran-USA.","Coupe du monde de football 2022 (organisation controversée).","Base militaire US Al Udeid (plus grande base US au Moyen-Orient).","Crise du blocus 2017-2021 avec Arabie saoudite/EAU/Bahreïn/Égypte — levée après réconciliation Al-Ula.","~88% expatriés — kafala critiquée."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Qatar","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=QA&ceid=QA:ar","langue":"ar"},{"nom":"Al Jazeera English","url_rss":"https://www.aljazeera.com/xml/rss/all.xml","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":16500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":15.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":87,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CCG","Allié majeur non-OTAN USA","Major Non-NATO Ally USA","Alliance Turquie-Qatar (base militaire turque à Doha)","Membre PESCO observateur"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A7Q","quantite":62,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A7Q (contrat 2013 — livraisons 2015-2018)","quantite":62,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"1,89 Md€."},{"nom":"AMX-30 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Rafale F3-R","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"F-15QA Ababil","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-5EDA","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Dassault Rafale (contrat 2015 + option 2017 — 36 unités)","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"7 Md€ hors options."},{"nom":"Boeing F-15QA Advanced Eagle (contrat 2017 — livraisons 2021-2024)","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"12 Md USD."},{"nom":"Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 3 (contrat 2017 — livraisons 2022-2024)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"Eurofighter GmbH","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni / Allemagne / Italie / Espagne","notes":"6,7 Md€."},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-5EDA/DDA (retrait 2024)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés 2024, cédés à l'Indonésie."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"NH90 TTH / NFH","quantite":28,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"NHIndustries + Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NH-90 TTH/NFH","quantite":28,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne","notes":"Contrat 3 Md€ 2018."},{"nom":"AW139","quantite":21,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"S-92","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Al Zubarah","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"LPD Al Fulk","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Al Zubarah (Musherib, Fincantieri PPA)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"OPV classe Barzan","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Vosper Thornycroft","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"LPD Al Zubarah (contrat 2016)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Fincantieri","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VBCI-QAT (contrat 2014)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Piranha III/IIIC","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"BTR-80","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"PzH 2000 155mm (contrat 2013 — livraisons 2015-2019)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW / Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"AMX Mk F3 155mm","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-17A Globemaster III","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"C-130J-30 Super Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus DS","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104F Patriot PAC-3 (contrat 2014)","quantite":10,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NASAMS 2/3","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Norvège / États-Unis","fabricant":"Kongsberg / Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège / États-Unis"},{"nom":"SkyGuard / GDF","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Oerlikon","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"SAMP/T (annoncé 2018, non-confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"France / Italie","fabricant":"Eurosam","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Anka-S","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"TAI","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"MQ-9B Reaper (annoncé 2020, non-livré)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Yémen (retrait 2017)","mission":"Coalition arabe (retrait après crise diplomatique)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition arabe","status":"retire","mission_en":"Coalition arabe (retrait après crise diplomatique)","cadre_en":"Coalition arabe"},{"pays":"Base Al-Udeid (USA + coalition)","mission":"Plus grande base US au Moyen-Orient — CENTCOM forward HQ","effectifs":13000,"depuis":"2002","cadre":"Bilatéral USA","mission_en":"Plus grande base US au Moyen-Orient — CENTCOM forward HQ","cadre_en":"Bilatéral USA"},{"pays":"Turquie","mission":"Coopération militaire Ankara — présence turque à Doha","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Coopération militaire Ankara — présence turque à Doha","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["Base Al-Udeid — plus grande base militaire USA au Moyen-Orient, siège CENTCOM avancé, 13 000+ personnels.","Flotte aérienne unique au monde : Rafale (36) + F-15QA (36) + Eurofighter (24) — 96 chasseurs modernes.","Crise du Golfe 2017-2021 : boycott saoudien-émirati — le Qatar renforce alliance Turquie (base militaire turque à Doha depuis 2015).","Contrats majeurs 2013-2020 : Leopard 2 (62), PzH 2000 (24), Rafale, F-15QA, Eurofighter, NH-90 (3 Md€), C-17."],"notes_speciales_en":["Base Al-Udeid — plus grande base militaire USA au Moyen-Orient, siège CENTCOM avancé, 13 000+ personnels.","Flotte aérienne unique au monde : Rafale (36) + F-15QA (36) + Eurofighter (24) — 96 chasseurs modernes.","Crise du Golfe 2017-2021 : boycott saoudien-émirati — le Qatar renforce alliance Turquie (base militaire turque à Doha depuis 2015).","Contrats majeurs 2013-2020 : Leopard 2 (62), PzH 2000 (24), Rafale, F-15QA, Eurofighter, NH-90 (3 Md€), C-17."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":563,"zee_km2":31819,"pib_maritime_pct":5,"flotte_marchande_navires":200,"notes":"Ras Laffan hub GNL mondial (105 Bcm/an). Hamad Port (Doha).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Médiateur diplomatique majeur** : négociations Israël-Hamas (accords otages), USA-Talibans (Doha 2020), Iran-USA.","Coupe du monde de football 2022 (organisation controversée).","Base militaire US Al Udeid (plus grande base US au Moyen-Orient).","Crise du blocus 2017-2021 avec Arabie saoudite/EAU/Bahreïn/Égypte — levée après réconciliation Al-Ula.","~88% expatriés — kafala critiquée."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-10-02","type":"legislative_consultative","vainqueur":"Conseil consultatif (Majlis al-Choura) — 30 membres élus + 15 nommés par l'émir. Aucun parti politique autorisé.","gouvernement_issu":"Monarchie absolue. Émir Tamim ben Hamad Al Thani depuis 2013. Mohammed ben Abdulrahman Al Thani PM depuis mars 2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Qatari general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2003-04-29","type":"referendum_constitutionnel","vainqueur":"OUI à la nouvelle Constitution (96.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Constitution introduisant l'élection partielle du Majlis al-Choura (première application 2021).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2003 Qatari constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Qatari_constitutional_referendum","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CD","iso3":"COD","slug":"rdc","nom_courant_fr":"République démocratique du Congo","nom_officiel_fr":"République démocratique du Congo","nom_officiel_local":"République démocratique du Congo","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kinshasa","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":112832473,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cod","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":2344858,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEEAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1983,"source":{"nom":"CEEAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Félix Tshisekedi","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"cd.udps","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-01-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct pour 5 ans, réélu décembre 2023 (73,3% — élection contestée).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cd.udps","sieges":69,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general 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Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-01-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of rdc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_rdc","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-01-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of rdc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_rdc","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Cohabite dans un régime hybride avec un exécutif fort et un Parlement fragmenté (100+ partis).","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle. Cohabite dans un régime hybride avec un exécutif fort et un Parlement fragmenté (100+ partis)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":500,"mode_designation":"Proportionnelle par circonscription.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-12-20","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cd.udps","sieges":78,"voix_pct":15.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":422,"voix_pct":84.4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Proportionnelle par circonscription."},{"nom":"Sénat","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":109,"mode_designation":"Suffrage indirect par les assemblées provinciales.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Suffrage indirect par les assemblées provinciales."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par Président, Parlement et magistrats (3 chacun).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans non-renouvelable","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":93,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":871,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":7.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/COD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"28 January 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"11 November 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":56.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Zambie","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":29.5},{"pays":"Zambie","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Cuivre","Cobalt","Diamants","Or","Coltan"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Pétrole raffiné","Véhicules","Céréales","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Cobalt","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~70% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Cuivre","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"~3 M t/an."},{"produit":"Coltan","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cod","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":12.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"CDF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":39.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.9,"esperance_vie_femmes":61.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":58,"indice_fecondite":6.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/rdc","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":4613156,"deces_2025":950501,"solde_naturel_2025":3662655,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":16.7},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Cotisation 10% (5% employé + 5% employeur), faible couverture (~5%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — République démocratique du Congo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/République démocratique du Congo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CNSS)","description_en":"Cotisation 10% (5% employé + 5% employeur), faible couverture (~5%)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.19,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride, élections contestées.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime hybride, élections contestées."},"notes_speciales":["Pays le plus vaste d'Afrique subsaharienne (2,3 M km²), 106 M d'habitants.","Guerre au Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu — offensive M23 (soutenu par le Rwanda) a pris Goma janvier 2025 puis Bukavu février 2025.","1er producteur mondial de cobalt (~70%) — enjeu stratégique batteries EV. 4ᵉ producteur mondial de cuivre.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda signé à Washington en juin 2025 (médiation USA-Qatar) — cessez-le-feu fragile."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Actualité.cd","url_rss":"https://actualite.cd/feed","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Radio Okapi","url_rss":"https://www.radiookapi.net/rss.xml","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":134250,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":12000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["SADC","EAC","EAC (2022)","CEEAC","Coopération bilatérale Rwanda/Ouganda/Burundi anti-groupes armés (fluctuante)"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":82,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Nord et Sud-Kivu","mission":"Guerre contre M23 et ADF — perte de Goma (jan. 2025) et Bukavu (fév. 2025)","effectifs":75000,"depuis":"2012","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Guerre contre M23 et ADF — perte de Goma (jan. 2025) et Bukavu (fév. 2025)","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Ituri","mission":"Guerre contre ADF et CODECO","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Guerre contre ADF et CODECO","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":800,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Frontière rwandaise/ougandaise","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — tension permanente","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière — tension permanente","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée en profonde réforme après revers majeurs 2024-2025 face au M23.","Soutien Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimé à ~1 500 hommes (2024-2025).","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar — cessez-le-feu fragile.","SAMIDRC (SADC) — mission d'appui déployée fin 2023, retrait décidé mars 2025 après revers militaires (14 soldats sud-africains tués).","MONUSCO — plus grande mission ONU au monde (~14 000 casques bleus), retrait progressif engagé 2024, mais annulé fév. 2025 après chute Goma.","Fournisseurs : héritage soviétique et chinois, ouverture aux drones chinois CH-4B 2023+, coopération russe Africa Corps."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72M1","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS / Ukraine","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod / Kharkiv","pays_fabricant":"Russie / Ukraine"},{"nom":"T-55","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Type 62","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-60/80","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"WZ-551","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"YW-531 (Type 63)","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS / Chine","fabricant":"Motovilikha / NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Russie / Chine"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-25 Frogfoot","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1999,"origine":"Bélarus / Géorgie (occasion)","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-23UB","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"MiG Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24/35","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie / Bélarus (occasion)","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-8/17","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"CH-4B (annoncés 2023)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CASC","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Utilisation Nord-Kivu."}]},"notes_speciales_en":["Armée en profonde réforme après revers majeurs 2024-2025 face au M23.","Soutien Wagner/Africa Corps russe estimé à ~1 500 hommes (2024-2025).","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar — cessez-le-feu fragile.","SAMIDRC (SADC) — mission d'appui déployée fin 2023, retrait décidé mars 2025 après revers militaires (14 soldats sud-africains tués).","MONUSCO — plus grande mission ONU au monde (~14 000 casques bleus), retrait progressif engagé 2024, mais annulé fév. 2025 après chute Goma.","Fournisseurs : héritage soviétique et chinois, ouverture aux drones chinois CH-4B 2023+, coopération russe Africa Corps."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":37,"zee_km2":1288,"pib_maritime_pct":1,"notes":"Matadi + Banana. Accès Atlantique très limité.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Pays le plus vaste d'Afrique subsaharienne (2,3 M km²), 106 M d'habitants.","Guerre au Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu — offensive M23 (soutenu par le Rwanda) a pris Goma janvier 2025 puis Bukavu février 2025.","1er producteur mondial de cobalt (~70%) — enjeu stratégique batteries EV. 4ᵉ producteur mondial de cuivre.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda signé à Washington en juin 2025 (médiation USA-Qatar) — cessez-le-feu fragile."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-12-20","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Félix Tshisekedi (UDPS, 73.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Tshisekedi 2ᵉ mandat 2024-2028. Judith Suminwa Tuluka PM depuis mai 2024, première femme PM de la RDC.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-12-30","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Félix Tshisekedi (UDPS, 38.6%, résultat contesté)","gouvernement_issu":"Tshisekedi 1er mandat 2019-2023, coalition avec Joseph Kabila puis rupture.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"DO","iso3":"DOM","slug":"republique-dominicaine","nom_courant_fr":"République dominicaine","nom_officiel_fr":"République dominicaine","nom_officiel_local":"República Dominicana","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Saint-Domingue","source":{"nom":"ONE RD","url":"https://www.one.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11520487,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/dom","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":48671,"source":{"nom":"ONE","url":"https://www.one.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CARICOM","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Observateur seulement.","source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Observateur seulement."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Luis Abinader","source":{"nom":"Présidence dominicaine","url":"https://presidencia.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"do.prm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-16","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://presidencia.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Réélu au 1er tour le 19 mai 2024 (57,4%). 2e mandat (dernier — non renouvelable).","notes_en":"Réélu au 1er tour le 19 mai 2024 (57,4%). 2e mandat (dernier — non renouvelable)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 4 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution dominicaine","url":"https://www.suprema.gov.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Luis Abinader (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.suprema.gov.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"do.prm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-08-16","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://presidencia.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.suprema.gov.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"do.prm","sieges":137,"source":{"nom":"JCE","url":"https://www.jce.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2024-05-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2020-08-16","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of republique-dominicaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_republique_dominicaine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-08-16","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of republique-dominicaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_republique_dominicaine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle bicamérale. Deuxième économie des Caraïbes après Cuba. Tension migratoire massive avec Haïti — construction d'un mur frontalier depuis 2022.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle bicamérale. Deuxième économie des Caraïbes après Cuba. Tension migratoire massive avec Haïti — construction d'un mur frontalier depuis 2022."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Diputados","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":190,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 31 provinces + DN.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-05-19","distribution":[{"parti_id":"do.prm","sieges":137,"voix_pct":51.6},{"parti_id":"do.frg","sieges":27,"voix_pct":14.3},{"parti_id":"do.pld","sieges":12,"voix_pct":10.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"JCE","url":"https://www.jce.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2024-05-19","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 31 provinces + DN."},{"nom":"Senado","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":32,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour (1 par province + DN).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre 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renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.suprema.gov.do/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":128,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":11749,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Croissance la plus forte des Amériques 2024-2025."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":59,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"19 December 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba3","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"10 August 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":52.7},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":8.3},{"pays":"Haïti","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Canada","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":3.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":43.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":17.6},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":3.2},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":2.9}],"top_categories_export":["Instruments médicaux (dispositifs)","Or","Cigares","Bananes","Vêtements"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Alimentation","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Tourisme (~15% PIB)","rang_caraibes":1,"notes":"Punta Cana, ~9 M visiteurs/an."},{"produit":"Cigares (Habanos concurrent)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Dispositifs médicaux (zones franches)","rang_americain":5},{"produit":"Or (Barrick Gold — Pueblo Viejo)","rang_americain":3},{"produit":"Base-ball (fournisseur MLB)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~10% des joueurs MLB sont dominicains."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Dominican Republic","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/dom","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":16.4,"source":{"nom":"MinHacienda RD","url":"https://www.hacienda.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":19.6,"source":{"nom":"MinHacienda","url":"https://www.hacienda.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"DOP","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":17.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Transition démographique en 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Cotisation 9,97% (7,1% employeur + 2,87% salarié).","source":{"nom":"SIPEN","url":"https://www.sipen.gob.do/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation individuelle (AFP)","description_en":"Réforme 2001 → capitalisation privée obligatoire. Cotisation 9,97% (7,1% employeur + 2,87% salarié)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.56,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Abinader a mis fin à 16 ans de pouvoir PLD en 2020. Réélu au 1er tour en 2024.","**Frontière avec Haïti** : construction d'un mur depuis 2022. Expulsions massives de Haïtiens (100 000+/an).","Croissance économique la plus forte des Amériques (2024-2025).","Tourisme et zones franches piliers de l'économie.","Corruption endémique historique — Abinader a mis en cause l'ancien président Danilo Medina."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — République dominicaine","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=DO&ceid=DO:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":56000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.87,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":82,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"EMB-314 Super Tucano","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"},{"nom":"A-29B (contrat expansion 2024)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"MD 500","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1974,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"MD Helicopters (ex-Hughes)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"OH-58 Kiowa","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"UH-60L Black 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EE-9","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Engesa","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"OPV classe Cyclone (ex-USN)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1993,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion)","fabricant":"Bollinger Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs Damen (2020-2025)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Damen Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"}]},"alliances_militaires":["OEA","CARICOM (observateur)","Traité SICA (mardi 2024)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Haïti — Frontière","mission":"Sécurisation frontière Massacre / Dajabón — mur 391 km en construction depuis 2022","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière Massacre / Dajabón — mur 391 km en construction depuis 2022","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Golfe de Mexique","mission":"Coast Guard — 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Croisières importantes. Mur frontière avec Haïti 391 km.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Abinader a mis fin à 16 ans de pouvoir PLD en 2020. Réélu au 1er tour en 2024.","**Frontière avec Haïti** : construction d'un mur depuis 2022. Expulsions massives de Haïtiens (100 000+/an).","Croissance économique la plus forte des Amériques (2024-2025).","Tourisme et zones franches piliers de l'économie.","Corruption endémique historique — Abinader a mis en cause l'ancien président Danilo Medina."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-05-19","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Luis Abinader (PRM, 57.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Luis Abinader, 2ᵉ mandat 2024-2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Dominican Republic general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Dominican_Republic_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-07-05","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Luis Abinader (PRM, 52.5%)","gouvernement_issu":"Luis Abinader, 1er mandat 2020-2024 — fin de 20 ans de PLD au pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Dominican Republic general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Dominican_Republic_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"CZ","iso3":"CZE","slug":"republique-tcheque","nom_courant_fr":"République tchèque","nom_officiel_fr":"République tchèque","nom_officiel_local":"Česká republika / Česko","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Prague","source":{"nom":"Czech Statistical Office","url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/home","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":10886878,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/cze","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":78871,"source":{"nom":"Czech Statistical Office","url":"https://www.czso.cz/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Petr Pavel","source":{"nom":"Hrad.cz / AP News","url":"https://apnews.com/article/czech-babis-new-prime-minister-e4b5630dbc9cd761d7f4cda451626b8d","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-03-09","notes":"Ancien général de l'OTAN. Élu au second tour de la présidentielle 2023 face à Andrej Babiš.","source":{"nom":"Hrad.cz","url":"https://www.hrad.cz/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Ancien général de l'OTAN. Élu au second tour de la présidentielle 2023 face à Andrej Babiš."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours (depuis 2013). Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution tchèque","url":"https://www.psp.cz/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Andrej Babiš","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement tchèque","url":"https://www.vlada.cz/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Předseda vlády","parti_id":"cz.ano","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-12-15","source":{"nom":"Vláda ČR","url":"https://www.vlada.cz/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e cabinet Babiš. Coalition ANO + SPD + Motoristé (108 sièges/200). ANO 1er avec 80 sièges après législatives 3-4 oct 2025.","notes_en":"3e cabinet Babiš. Coalition ANO + SPD + Motoristé (108 sièges/200). ANO 1er avec 80 sièges après législatives 3-4 oct 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le président, doit obtenir la confiance de la Chambre des députés dans les 30 jours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution tchèque","url":"https://www.psp.cz/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"cz.ano","sieges":80,"source":{"nom":"ČSÚ","url":"https://www.volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2025-10-04","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cz.spd","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"ČSÚ","url":"https://www.volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2025-10-04","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"cz.motoriste","sieges":13,"source":{"nom":"ČSÚ","url":"https://www.volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2025-10-04","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-12-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of republique-tcheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_republique_tcheque","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-12-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of republique-tcheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_republique_tcheque","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire bicamérale. Depuis 2013, président élu au suffrage universel — pouvoirs surtout de nomination et de veto (surmontable). PM chef effectif de l'exécutif. Bicamérisme asymétrique (Chambre des députés dominante).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire bicamérale. Depuis 2013, président élu au suffrage universel — pouvoirs surtout de nomination et de veto (surmontable). PM chef effectif de l'exécutif. Bicamérisme asymétrique (Chambre des députés dominante)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Poslanecká sněmovna (Chambre des députés)","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la confiance au gouvernement, la loi (dernier mot).","sieges_total":200,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 14 régions. Seuil de 5%.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-10-04","distribution":[{"parti_id":"cz.ano","sieges":80,"voix_pct":34.5},{"parti_id":"cz.spolu","sieges":52,"voix_pct":23.4},{"parti_id":"cz.stan","sieges":22,"voix_pct":11.2},{"parti_id":"cz.pirati","sieges":18,"voix_pct":8.9},{"parti_id":"cz.spd","sieges":15,"voix_pct":7.8},{"parti_id":"cz.motoriste","sieges":13,"voix_pct":6.8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":0,"voix_pct":7.4}],"source":{"nom":"Český statistický úřad","url":"https://www.volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2025-10-04","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse. Vote la confiance au gouvernement, la loi (dernier mot).","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans 14 régions. Seuil de 5%."},{"nom":"Senát (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute. 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Cotisation 28% (21,5% employeur + 6,5% salarié).","source":{"nom":"MPSV / OCDE","url":"https://www.mpsv.cz/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (à évoluer vers indexation à l'espérance de vie)","description_en":"Âge légal 65 ans, réforme 2023 prévoit indexation automatique à l'espérance de vie à partir de 2030. Cotisation 28% (21,5% employeur + 6,5% salarié)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":389,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":35678,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":44.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CZE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"28 March 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"24 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.74,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/CZE.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":31.1},{"pays":"Slovaquie","part_pct":7},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":6.3},{"pays":"France","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":4.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":21.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.9},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Slovaquie","part_pct":5.3},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":3.9}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (Škoda, TPCA)","Machines et équipements","Ordinateurs et électronique","Métaux","Meubles"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Ordinateurs","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Hydrocarbures"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (Škoda, part de Volkswagen)","rang_europeen":6},{"produit":"Bière (par habitant)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~130 L/an/habitant."},{"produit":"Verre de Bohême","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Armement (CZ 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2025.","notes":"Retour de Babiš. Coalition avec extrême droite SPD — première fois en Tchéquie.","source":{"nom":"CZSO","url":"https://volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2025-10-04","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2021-10-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":65.4,"vainqueur_parti_id":"cz.ods","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition SPOLU (ODS + KDU-ČSL + TOP09) + PirStan (Fiala).","source":{"nom":"CZSO","url":"https://volby.cz/","date_donnee":"2021-10-08","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":27300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":3300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":40,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 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(KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"T-72M4 CZ (modernisé)","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Russie / Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"VOP CZ","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"},{"nom":"T-72M1 (donations)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Tous cédés à l'Ukraine 2022-2023."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (commande 2024)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2031,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"JAS 39 Gripen C/D (leasing)","quantite":14,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"JAS-39C/D Gripen (location Suède)","quantite":14,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Location renouvelée 2027-2035."},{"nom":"L-159A/T ALCA","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"République tchèque","fabricant":"Aero Vodochody","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2029-2032)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CV9030CZ (commande 2024)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"246 exemplaires prévus"},{"nom":"Pandur II 8x8","quantite":107,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Autriche/Tchéquie","fabricant":"GDELS-Steyr + Tatra Defence Vehicle","pays_fabricant":"Autriche/Tchéquie"},{"nom":"BVP-2 (BMP-2)","quantite":175,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Pandur II 8×8 CZ","quantite":107,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Autriche / Tchèque","fabricant":"Steyr / TATRA","pays_fabricant":"Autriche / République tchèque"},{"nom":"BVP-2 (BMP-2)","quantite":179,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie / URSS","fabricant":"ZTS Dubnica","pays_fabricant":"Slovaquie"},{"nom":"CV9030CZ MkIV (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2026-2030)","quantite":246,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"Suède / Tchèque","fabricant":"BAE Hägglunds / VOP CZ","pays_fabricant":"Suède / République tchèque"},{"nom":"Iveco LMV Lince","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Iveco Defence","pays_fabricant":"Italie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"DANA vz.77 (SPH 152mm)","quantite":89,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"ZTS Dubnica nad Váhom","pays_fabricant":"ex-Tchécoslovaquie"},{"nom":"CAESAR 8x8 (commande 2021)","quantite":52,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter (KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"CAESAR 8×8 CZ (contrat 2021 — livraisons 2024-2026)","quantite":62,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Dana vz.77 152mm (auto-portée)","quantite":89,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"ZTS Dubnica","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"},{"nom":"vz. 70 122mm MLRS BM-21","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-1Y Venom / AH-1Z Viper (commande 2019)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mi-24V/35 Hind","quantite":17,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"UH-1Y Venom / AH-1Z Viper (contrat 2019 — livraisons 2023-2024)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Remplace Mi-24."},{"nom":"Mi-24V/35 (retrait 2023-2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Mil Moscow / Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Cédés à Ukraine 2023."},{"nom":"Mi-17","quantite":5,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"W-3A Sokół","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"PZL Świdnik","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-295M","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus Defence & Space","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"L-410 Turbolet","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"Let Kunovice","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"},{"nom":"CL-604 Challenger","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Canada","fabricant":"Bombardier","pays_fabricant":"Canada"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SPYDER (contrat 2021 — livraisons 2023-2026)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël","notes":"Remplace S-125/2K12 Kub."},{"nom":"RBS-70 NG","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Stinger MANPADS (donation USA 2022)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"ScanEagle","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Insitu","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (annoncé 2022 puis abandonné)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Slovaquie","mission":"NATO enhanced Vigilance Activity — brigade CZ-DE-NL","effectifs":350,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"NATO enhanced Vigilance Activity — brigade CZ-DE-NL","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Lettonie","mission":"Enhanced Forward Presence (contingent 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(munitions), Excalibur Army."],"notes_speciales_en":["Contrat F-35A 2023 (24 unités) — 1er de la région à choisir F-35 après retraite du JAS 39 loué.","Contrat Leopard 2A8 2023 (77 unités) — modernisation majeure post-Ukraine.","Cession massive à l'Ukraine 2022-2024 : chars T-72, hélicoptères Mi-24, artillerie DANA.","Industrie de défense : Aero Vodochody (L-159, L-39NG), TATRA (véhicules), STV (munitions), Excalibur Army."]},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","Retour de Babiš au pouvoir en décembre 2025 — 3e gouvernement Babiš, en coalition avec l'extrême droite (SPD) et AUTO.","Le président Petr Pavel — anti-Babiš — a néanmoins respecté le résultat électoral."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque 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euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Objectif 2029.","source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Objectif 2029."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"notes":"Frontières terrestres levées le 1er janvier 2025 (aéroports depuis mars 2024).","source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Frontières terrestres levées le 1er janvier 2025 (aéroports depuis mars 2024)."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Processus d'adhésion ouvert 2022.","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Processus d'adhésion ouvert 2022."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nicușor Dan","source":{"nom":"Présidence roumaine","url":"https://www.presidency.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"President al României","parti_id":"ro.dan","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-05-26","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidency.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Indépendant, ancien maire de Bucarest. Élu au 2e tour le 18 mai 2025 face à George Simion (AUR, 46%). Après l'annulation de l'élection 2024.","notes_en":"Indépendant, ancien maire de Bucarest. Élu au 2e tour le 18 mai 2025 face à George Simion (AUR, 46%). Après l'annulation de l'élection 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution roumaine","url":"http://www.cdep.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ilie Bolojan (par intérim)","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement roumain","url":"https://gov.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prim-ministru","parti_id":"ro.pnl","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-06-23","source":{"nom":"Gov.ro","url":"https://gov.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Gouvernement tombé sur motion de censure 5 mai 2026, reste en fonction en attendant la nomination de son successeur.","notes_en":"Gouvernement tombé sur motion de censure 5 mai 2026, reste en fonction en attendant la nomination de son successeur."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président après consultations. Doit obtenir la confiance du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.cdep.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ro.psd","sieges":90,"source":{"nom":"BEC — législatives 2024","url":"https://www.roaep.ro/","date_donnee":"2024-12-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ro.pnl","sieges":65,"source":{"nom":"BEC","url":"https://www.roaep.ro/","date_donnee":"2024-12-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ro.usr","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"BEC","url":"https://www.roaep.ro/","date_donnee":"2024-12-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"ro.umdr","sieges":22,"source":{"nom":"BEC","url":"https://www.roaep.ro/","date_donnee":"2024-12-01","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-05-26","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of roumanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_roumanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-05-26","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of roumanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_roumanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Semi-présidentiel : Président élu au suffrage universel avec des pouvoirs importants (nomination du PM, dissolution). Premier ministre chef effectif du gouvernement mais partage l'exécutif avec le président — cohabitations fréquentes.","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-présidentiel : Président élu au suffrage universel avec des pouvoirs importants (nomination du PM, dissolution). Premier ministre chef effectif du gouvernement mais partage l'exécutif avec le président — cohabitations fréquentes."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Camera Deputaților","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":331,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans les 43 circonscriptions.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-12-01","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ro.psd","sieges":86,"voix_pct":22.3},{"parti_id":"ro.aur","sieges":63,"voix_pct":18},{"parti_id":"ro.pnl","sieges":49,"voix_pct":14.3},{"parti_id":"ro.usr","sieges":40,"voix_pct":12.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":93,"voix_pct":33}],"source":{"nom":"BEC Roumanie","url":"https://www.roaep.ro/","date_donnee":"2024-12-01","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans les 43 circonscriptions."},{"nom":"Senatul României","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":136,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Curtea Constituțională a României","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.ccr.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 142","url":"http://www.cdep.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"3 par la Chambre des Députés, 3 par le Sénat, 3 par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 142","url":"http://www.cdep.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.cdep.ro/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"A joué un rôle central en annulant le 1er tour présidentiel 2024 (ingérence russe TikTok, Călin Georgescu).","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":428,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":22725,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":7.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":60.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-7.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ROU","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"16 May 2014","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB−","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"17 December 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"3 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":6.15,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/ROU.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":20.6},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":9.9},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Hongrie","part_pct":5},{"pays":"Bulgarie","part_pct":4.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":18.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":7.9},{"pays":"Hongrie","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":5.7}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (Dacia, Ford Craiova)","Machines et équipements","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Textiles","Agriculture (blé, maïs)"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Produits chimiques","Ordinateurs"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (Dacia — Renault)","rang_europeen":8},{"produit":"Blé","rang_europeen":3},{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_europeen":7,"notes":"Le pays devient exportateur avec le champ Neptun Deep en mer Noire (2027)."},{"produit":"Informatique et externalisation IT","rang_europeen":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Romania","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rou","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":34.5,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":42.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"RON","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":12.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1992,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1992 + émigration massive (~5 M de Roumains à l'étranger). Population passée de 23 M en 1990 à 19 M en 2024.","esperance_vie_femmes":80.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":72.8,"age_median":43.3,"indice_fecondite":1.39,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/rou","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":142652,"deces_2025":243459,"solde_naturel_2025":-100807},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II capitalisé obligatoire","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":50,"description":"Âge légal 65 ans (H) / 62 ans (F, égalisation en 2035). Cotisation 25% employeur. Pilier II obligatoire pour < 45 ans, gestionnaires privés. Cotisations bien inférieures aux dépenses (déficit chronique).","source":{"nom":"Casa Națională de Pensii Publice","url":"https://www.cnpp.ro/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + Pilier II capitalisé obligatoire","description_en":"Âge légal 65 ans (H) / 62 ans (F, égalisation en 2035). Cotisation 25% employeur. Pilier II obligatoire pour < 45 ans, gestionnaires privés. Cotisations bien inférieures aux dépenses (déficit chronique)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.62,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Reste démocratie libérale mais tensions autour de la corruption et l'ingérence russe.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Reste démocratie libérale mais tensions autour de la corruption et l'ingérence russe."},"notes_speciales":["**Crise présidentielle 2024-2025** : 1er tour du 24 novembre 2024 remporté par Călin Georgescu (extrême droite pro-russe) puis annulé par la Cour constitutionnelle (ingérence via TikTok). Nouvelle élection en mai 2025 : Nicușor Dan (indépendant pro-européen) élu.","Adhésion Schengen terrestre le 1er janvier 2025 après 13 ans d'attente.","Zone euro visée pour 2029.","Diaspora ~5 millions."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Roumanie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ro&gl=RO&ceid=RO:ro","langue":"ro"},{"nom":"Digi24","url_rss":"https://www.digi24.ro/rss","langue":"ro"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":69300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":55000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":79000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":9.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":45,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE","B9 (Bucarest Nine)","Trilatérale RO-Pologne-Turquie"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A2 SEP v3 Abrams (commande 2023)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"TR-85 M1 Bizonul","quantite":314,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Roumanie (mod. T-55)","fabricant":"Uzina Mecanica București","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"TR-85M1 Bizonul","quantite":213,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Uzina Mecanică Bucureşti","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"T-55AM2","quantite":245,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Réserve stratégique."},{"nom":"M1A2 SEP-v3 Abrams (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2026-2030)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics LSC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"1 Md USD."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16AM/BM (occasion Norvège/Portugal)","quantite":32,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (commande 2024)","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2030,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16 Fighting Falcon (occasion Portugal, Norvège)","quantite":49,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion)","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Livraisons 2016-2027."},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (contrat 2024 — livraisons 2031-2035)","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2031,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Programme 6,5 Md USD."},{"nom":"MiG-21 LanceR (retrait 2023)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Russie / Israël","fabricant":"MiG / Elbit","pays_fabricant":"Russie / Israël","notes":"Retrait complet mai 2023."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3 MSE (commande 2017)","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"MIM-104F Patriot PAC-3 (contrat 2018)","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"MIM-23 Hawk XXI","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Roumanie","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"S-125 Neva-SC","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Gepard (commande 2019 gelée)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":null,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Contrat gelé 2023"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Regele Ferdinand (Type 22 ex-UK)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Royaume-Uni (occasion)","fabricant":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Tetal","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Şantierul Naval Mangalia","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"Corvettes multirôle (annulé 2023)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Naval Group / Roumanie","fabricant":"Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Contrat annulé."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Piranha V (commande 2018)","quantite":227,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Suisse/Roumanie","fabricant":"GDELS-MOWAG + Uzina Mecanică București","pays_fabricant":"Suisse/Roumanie"},{"nom":"MLI-84M Jderul (BMP-1 mod.)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Uzina Mecanică București","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"TAB-77","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"ROMARM","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"Piranha V (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2020-2027)","quantite":227,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Suisse / Roumanie","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag / Uzina Bucureşti","pays_fabricant":"Suisse / Roumanie"},{"nom":"MLI-84M Jderul","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Uzina Mecanică Bucureşti","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"TAB-77 / TAB-71","quantite":500,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Uzina Bucureşti","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"ATMOS 2000 (commande 2022)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems (Soltam)","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"HIMARS M142 (commande 2018)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"APRA 40 122mm MLRS (BM-21 clone)","quantite":137,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Roumanie","fabricant":"Aerostar","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"LAROM 160mm (upgrade)","quantite":54,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Roumanie / Israël","fabricant":"IMI Systems / Aerostar","pays_fabricant":"Israël / Roumanie"},{"nom":"M-30 122mm","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1955,"origine":"Union soviétique","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"HIMARS (contrat 2018 — livraisons 2021-2025)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"1 Md USD."}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"IAR 330L Puma (licence Aérospatiale)","quantite":45,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France/Roumanie","fabricant":"IAR Brașov","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie/France"},{"nom":"H215M (commande)","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters + IAR","pays_fabricant":"Europe/Roumanie","notes":"Assemblage local"},{"nom":"IAR 330 SOCAT (attaque)","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Roumanie / Israël","fabricant":"IAR / Elbit","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"},{"nom":"AS532 Cougar","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"H215M (contrat 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"France / Roumanie","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-27J Spartan","quantite":7,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1996,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"IAR 330 Puma (transport)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Roumanie / France","fabricant":"IAR Braşov / Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Roumanie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (contrat 2023 — livraisons 2024-2026)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Base aérienne Mihail Kogălniceanu","mission":"Base OTAN majeure — plus grande d'Europe post-2027, expansion 2024+","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"1957","cadre":"Territoire national + OTAN","mission_en":"Base OTAN majeure — plus grande d'Europe post-2027, expansion 2024+","cadre_en":"Territoire national + OTAN"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR","effectifs":60,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":100,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Frontière ukrainienne (600 km)","mission":"Sécurisation frontière + hub logistique aide Ukraine","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière + hub logistique aide Ukraine","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL (contingent roumain)","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2007","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL (contingent roumain)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"EUTM Mali (retrait 2022)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"UE","status":"retire","mission_en":"EUTM Mali (retrait 2022)","cadre_en":"UE"}],"notes_speciales":["Base aérienne Mihail Kogălniceanu (Constanta) — en expansion 2024+ pour devenir la plus grande base OTAN d'Europe (~10 000 personnels).","Contrats majeurs 2023-2024 : F-35 (6,5 Md USD), M1A2 Abrams (54 unités), HIMARS complet, Patriot PAC-3, Bayraktar TB2.","Budget défense 2,5% PIB en 2024 (>2% depuis 2017) — engagement de porter à 3%.","Roumanie pilier oriental de l'OTAN post-2022 — accès mer Noire crucial pour l'appui à l'Ukraine."],"notes_speciales_en":["Base aérienne Mihail Kogălniceanu (Constanta) — en expansion 2024+ pour devenir la plus grande base OTAN d'Europe (~10 000 personnels).","Contrats majeurs 2023-2024 : F-35 (6,5 Md USD), M1A2 Abrams (54 unités), HIMARS complet, Patriot PAC-3, Bayraktar TB2.","Budget défense 2,5% PIB en 2024 (>2% depuis 2017) — engagement de porter à 3%.","Roumanie pilier oriental de l'OTAN post-2022 — accès mer Noire crucial pour l'appui à l'Ukraine."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":225,"zee_km2":29756,"pib_maritime_pct":1.8,"flotte_marchande_navires":60,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.006,"notes":"Constanța 1er port mer Noire (63 Mt/an, hub céréales ukrainiennes 2022+).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Crise présidentielle 2024-2025** : 1er tour du 24 novembre 2024 remporté par Călin Georgescu (extrême droite pro-russe) puis annulé par la Cour constitutionnelle (ingérence via TikTok). Nouvelle élection en mai 2025 : Nicușor Dan (indépendant pro-européen) élu.","Adhésion Schengen terrestre le 1er janvier 2025 après 13 ans d'attente.","Zone euro visée pour 2029.","Diaspora ~5 millions."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-05-18","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":64.7,"vainqueur":"Nicușor Dan (indépendant pro-européen, 53.6% au 2ᵉ tour vs George Simion AUR 46.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Nicușor Dan président depuis mai 2025 — après annulation par la Cour constitutionnelle du 1er tour de nov. 2024 (Călin Georgescu).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Romanian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Romanian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2024-12-01","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PSD (86 sièges sur 331) + PNL (49) + AUR (63)","gouvernement_issu":"Ilie Bolojan (par intérim depuis mai 2025 après démission de Marcel Ciolacu).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Romanian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Romanian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"GB","iso3":"GBR","slug":"royaume-uni","nom_courant_fr":"Royaume-Uni","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord","nom_officiel_local":"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Londres","source":{"nom":"ONS","url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":69487000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gbr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":243610,"source":{"nom":"ONS","url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Ancien membre (1973-2020). Sortie effective le 31 janvier 2020.","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/eu-uk-relations_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Ancien membre (1973-2020). Sortie effective le 31 janvier 2020."},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"OTAN — membres fondateurs","url":"https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/47-members-states","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/fr/apropos/membres/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"G7","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III","source":{"nom":"The Royal Family official site","url":"https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-the-king","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"King (chef de l'État, monarchie héréditaire)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","notes":"Accession au trône à la mort d'Élisabeth II. Couronnement le 6 mai 2023.","source":{"nom":"The Royal Family","url":"https://www.royal.uk/his-majesty-the-king","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accession au trône à la mort d'Élisabeth II. Couronnement le 6 mai 2023."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire (Act of Settlement 1701, amendé Succession to the Crown Act 2013).","source":{"nom":"UK Parliament — Act of Settlement","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/actofsettlement/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Andy Burnham","source":{"nom":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/prime-ministers-office-10-downing-street","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury","parti_id":"gb.lab","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-07-20","source":{"nom":"BBC / gov.uk","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/andy-burnham","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Succède à Keir Starmer démissionnaire (22 juin 2026). Élu leader du Labour le 17 juillet 2026 (seul candidat éligible), PM le 20 juillet.","notes_en":"Succède à Keir Starmer démissionnaire (22 juin 2026). Élu leader du Labour le 17 juillet 2026 (seul candidat éligible), PM le 20 juillet."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le monarque parmi les MPs de la Chambre des communes, par convention le leader du parti disposant de la majorité (ou capable de former un gouvernement).","source":{"nom":"UK Parliament — role of the PM","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/principal/hmg/prime-minister/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"uk.labour","sieges":411,"notes":"Gouvernement monocolore Labour issu des élections du 4 juillet 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 UK general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Gouvernement monocolore Labour issu des élections du 4 juillet 2024."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-07-05","notes":"Keir Starmer nommé Premier ministre le 5 juillet 2024, formation du gouvernement travailliste après victoire du Labour aux législatives du 4 juillet 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of royaume-uni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_royaume_uni","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-07-04","notes":"Fin normale de la législature (5 ans, terme habituel).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of royaume-uni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_royaume_uni","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"nombre_ministres":{"valeur":124,"notes":"Ministres au total (cabinet + ministres juniors + secrétaires parlementaires), hors ministres en congé.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Starmer ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starmer_ministry","date_donnee":"2025-10","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"definition_ministre_retenue":"Ensemble des ministres (Cabinet + Ministers of State + Parliamentary Under-Secretaries)."},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire de Westminster. Souveraineté du Parlement (pas de constitution écrite unique). Scrutin majoritaire à un tour → forte tendance au bipartisme majoritaire. Pas de contrôle de constitutionnalité au sens continental : la Cour suprême peut interpréter mais pas invalider une loi du Parlement.","source":{"nom":"UK Parliament","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie parlementaire de Westminster. Souveraineté du Parlement (pas de constitution écrite unique). Scrutin majoritaire à un tour → forte tendance au bipartisme majoritaire. Pas de contrôle de constitutionnalité au sens continental : la Cour suprême peut interpréter mais pas invalider une loi du Parlement."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"House of Commons","role":"Chambre basse élue. 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Vote la loi, la confiance au gouvernement, contrôle l'exécutif.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au suffrage universel."},{"nom":"House of Lords","role":"Chambre haute non élue. Révise la législation, peut retarder mais pas bloquer indéfiniment (Parliament Acts 1911/1949).","mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Non élue. Composition mixte : Lords Spirituels (26 évêques anglicans), Lords Temporels — Life Peers (nominés à vie par le monarque sur recommandation du PM), Hereditary Peers (92 restants suite au Lords Reform Act 1999).","source":{"nom":"UK Parliament — House of Lords","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/lords/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"seuil_electoral_pct":null,"sieges_total":800,"mode_designation":"Nomination par le monarque sur recommandation du Premier ministre (life peers), succession héréditaire (limitée à 92), Lords Spirituels de droit (26 évêques anglicans).","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Chambre haute non élue. Révise la législation, peut retarder mais pas bloquer indéfiniment (Parliament Acts 1911/1949).","mode_designation_en":"Nomination par le monarque sur recommandation du Premier ministre (life peers), succession héréditaire (limitée à 92), Lords Spirituels de droit (26 évêques anglicans)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Supreme Court of the United Kingdom","source":{"nom":"Supreme Court UK","url":"https://www.supremecourt.uk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Supreme Court UK","url":"https://www.supremecourt.uk/justices/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nomination par le monarque sur recommandation du Premier ministre, après sélection par une commission indépendante (Judicial Appointments Commission).","source":{"nom":"Constitutional Reform Act 2005","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/4/contents","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Retraite obligatoire à 75 ans (relèvement 70 → 75 en 2022).","source":{"nom":"Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/7/contents","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"aucun","notes":"Souveraineté parlementaire : la Cour suprême peut déclarer une loi incompatible avec la Human Rights Act 1998 mais ne peut pas invalider une loi du Parlement.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"aucun"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":4003,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GBR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":57608,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GBR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GBR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"27 June 2016","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"22 March 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"20 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":4.94,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/GBR.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":22},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Irlande","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.1}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":12},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":11},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Services financiers et d'assurance","Machines et équipements","Automobile","Produits pharmaceutiques","Boissons (whisky)"],"top_categories_import":["Automobile","Machines et équipements","Hydrocarbures","Or et métaux précieux","Ordinateurs et électronique"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Services financiers (City of London)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Un des deux premiers centres financiers mondiaux avec New York."},{"produit":"Aérospatiale (Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems)","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Pharmacie (AstraZeneca, GSK)","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Whisky","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"1er exportateur mondial."},{"produit":"Industries créatives (cinéma, TV, jeu vidéo, musique)","rang_mondial":2}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — United Kingdom","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/gbr","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":39.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 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Reform UK obtient 14,3% des voix mais seulement 5 sièges (effet mécanique du FPTP).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 UK general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2019-12-12","type":"legislative","participation_pct":67.3,"vainqueur_parti_id":"uk.conservative","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Johnson II (majorité de 80 sièges).","notes":"Élection centrée sur le Brexit. \"Get Brexit Done\". Sortie du Royaume-Uni de l'UE le 31 janvier 2020.","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8749/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2017-06-08","type":"legislative","participation_pct":68.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"uk.conservative","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement May (minorité, soutien DUP).","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"date":"2015-05-07","type":"legislative","participation_pct":66.1,"vainqueur_parti_id":"uk.conservative","gouvernement_issu":"Gouvernement Cameron II (majorité absolue).","source":{"nom":"House of Commons Library","url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}],"notes_speciales":["Post-Brexit : sortie effective de l'UE le 31 janvier 2020. Windsor Framework 2023 régule les relations sur l'Irlande du Nord.","Andy Burnham devient PM le 20 juillet 2026 après la démission de Keir Starmer (22 juin) — 4e PM en 5 ans.","Souveraineté parlementaire — pas de constitution écrite unique.","Dévolution : Écosse, Pays de Galles, Irlande du Nord ont leurs propres parlements/assemblées avec compétences propres."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.77,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Royaume-Uni","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=GB&ceid=GB:en","langue":"en"},{"nom":"BBC News","url_rss":"https://feeds.bbci.co.uk/news/uk/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"The Guardian","url_rss":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/rss","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Financial Times UK","url_rss":"https://www.ft.com/uk?format=rss","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2028,"annee_bascule_note":"Le solde naturel du Royaume-Uni s'est effondré depuis 2012 (~+215 000) à quasi zéro en 2024. L'ONS projette le croisement décès > naissances vers 2028-2030.","esperance_vie_femmes":83.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.5,"age_median":40.8,"indice_fecondite":1.55,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/gbr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":687365,"deces_2025":674093,"solde_naturel_2025":13272},"retraites":{"age_legal":66,"age_taux_plein":66,"systeme_type":"Mixte (répartition étatique + capitalisation obligatoire)","duree_cotisation_ans":35,"taux_cotisation_pct":25.8,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":54,"description":"State Pension à taux forfaitaire (~230 £/semaine en 2025), montée à 67 ans en 2028 puis 68 ans en 2044-46. Auto-enrolment obligatoire (2012) dans un régime d'entreprise (min 8% du salaire, 3% employeur + 5% salarié). NIC (National Insurance Contributions) : 13,25% salarié + 15,05% employeur.","source":{"nom":"GOV.UK — State Pension / OCDE","url":"https://www.gov.uk/state-pension","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Mixte (répartition étatique + capitalisation obligatoire)","description_en":"State Pension à taux forfaitaire (~230 £/semaine en 2025), montée à 67 ans en 2028 puis 68 ans en 2044-46. Auto-enrolment obligatoire (2012) dans un régime d'entreprise (min 8% du salaire, 3% employeur + 5% salarié). NIC (National Insurance Contributions) : 13,25% salarié + 15,05% employeur."},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":148000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":78300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":82.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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Guardian","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Merlin HC.4/HM.2","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"UK/Italie","fabricant":"AgustaWestland (Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"UK/Italie"},{"nom":"Chinook HC.6A","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Wildcat AH.1/HMA.2","quantite":62,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"UK/Italie","fabricant":"AgustaWestland (Leonardo)","pays_fabricant":"UK/Italie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Sky Sabre (CAMM)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"MBDA UK","pays_fabricant":"UK"},{"nom":"Rapier FSC","quantite":24,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1971,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"MBDA UK","pays_fabricant":"UK","notes":"Retrait complet 2022"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9B Protector RG.1","quantite":16,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Atomics Aeronautical Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Successeur des Reaper"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Chypre","effectifs":2200,"mission":"British Forces Cyprus (Akrotiri + Dhekelia)","depuis":"1960","cadre":"SBA","mission_en":"British Forces Cyprus (Akrotiri + Dhekelia)","cadre_en":"SBA"},{"pays":"Estonie","effectifs":900,"mission":"Op Cabrit / Enhanced Forward Presence","depuis":"2017","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Op Cabrit / Enhanced Forward Presence","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Pologne","effectifs":150,"mission":"EFP (Poznan)","depuis":"2019","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"EFP (Poznan)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Malouines","effectifs":1200,"mission":"British Forces South Atlantic Islands","depuis":"1982","cadre":"National","mission_en":"British Forces South Atlantic Islands","cadre_en":"National"},{"pays":"Kenya","effectifs":400,"mission":"BATUK (entraînement)","depuis":"1964","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"BATUK (entraînement)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Brunei","effectifs":1000,"mission":"British Forces Brunei (Gurkhas)","depuis":"1962","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"British Forces Brunei (Gurkhas)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Gibraltar","effectifs":1050,"mission":"Base souveraine","depuis":"1704","cadre":"National","mission_en":"Base souveraine","cadre_en":"National"},{"pays":"Ukraine (entraînement)","effectifs":200,"mission":"Op Interflex (formation Ukrainiens depuis 2022)","depuis":"2022","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Op Interflex (formation Ukrainiens depuis 2022)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["AUKUS (2021) : partenariat trilatéral USA-UK-Australie pour sous-marins nucléaires australiens.","Renouvellement dissuasion : classe Dreadnought (successeur Vanguard) livraison ~2030.","Op Interflex : formation de ~50 000 militaires ukrainiens depuis 2022."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"Dissuasion uniquement océanique depuis 1998 (retrait bombardiers). **4 SNLE classe Vanguard** en rotation permanente (1 en patrouille CASD — Continuous At-Sea Deterrence). Missiles Trident II D5 (loués aux USA) armant les têtes britanniques. Cible : dissuasion minimale crédible. Livre blanc 2021 « Integrated Review » : plafond porté de 180 à **260 têtes** (revirement doctrinal). Renouvellement en cours : classe Dreadnought (4 SNLE, livraison à partir 2030, coût 41 Md£).","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Dissuasion uniquement océanique depuis 1998 (retrait bombardiers). **4 SNLE classe Vanguard** en rotation permanente (1 en patrouille CASD — Continuous At-Sea Deterrence). Missiles Trident II D5 (loués aux USA) armant les têtes britanniques. Cible : dissuasion minimale crédible. Livre blanc 2021 « Integrated Review » : plafond porté de 180 à **260 têtes** (revirement doctrinal). Renouvellement en cours : classe Dreadnought (4 SNLE, livraison à partir 2030, coût 41 Md£).","notes_speciales_en":["AUKUS (2021) : partenariat trilatéral USA-UK-Australie pour sous-marins nucléaires australiens.","Renouvellement dissuasion : classe Dreadnought (successeur Vanguard) livraison ~2030.","Op Interflex : formation de ~50 000 militaires ukrainiens depuis 2022."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"gibraltar","nom":"Détroit de Gibraltar","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (ES, MA, GB)","importance_globale":"Seul accès de la Méditerranée à l'Atlantique. Passage obligé du commerce UE-USA, du pétrole russe (avant 2022) et algérien, des porte-conteneurs Est-Ouest via Suez.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":105000,"petrole_mb_j":4.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Rocher de Gibraltar sous contrôle britannique (territoire d'outre-mer, contentieux avec l'Espagne). Trafics de drogue (haschisch marocain)."},{"id":"la-manche","nom":"Détroit du Pas-de-Calais / Manche","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (FR, GB)","importance_globale":"Passage maritime le plus fréquenté au monde en nombre de navires — jusqu'à 500 navires/jour. Reliant l'Atlantique à la mer du Nord et à la Baltique. Route commerciale majeure Europe du Nord ↔ Amériques et Extrême-Orient (via Suez ou cap).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":500000,"pct_commerce_mondial":20},"menace_principale":"Migrations irrégulières par petits bateaux (small boats) depuis les côtes françaises vers le Royaume-Uni — >36 000 traversées en 2024. Trafic dense = risques de collision."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":12429,"zee_km2":6805000,"pib_maritime_pct":3.8,"pib_maritime_md_usd":130,"flotte_marchande_navires":1300,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.6,"notes":"5ᵉ plus grande ZEE mondiale (avec territoires : Falklands, Sainte-Hélène, Chagos-BIOT contesté). Puissance navale historique (2 porte-avions). Post-Brexit : contentieux pêche UE.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Post-Brexit : sortie effective de l'UE le 31 janvier 2020. Windsor Framework 2023 régule les relations sur l'Irlande du Nord.","Andy Burnham devient PM le 20 juillet 2026 après la démission de Keir Starmer (22 juin) — 4e PM en 5 ans.","Souveraineté parlementaire — pas de constitution écrite unique.","Dévolution : Écosse, Pays de Galles, Irlande du Nord ont leurs propres parlements/assemblées avec compétences propres."]},{"iso2":"RU","iso3":"RUS","slug":"russie","nom_courant_fr":"Russie","nom_officiel_fr":"Fédération de Russie","nom_officiel_local":"Российская Федерация","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Moscou","source":{"nom":"Rosstat","url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":143513328,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/rus","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":17098246,"notes":"Superficie officielle russe. Frontières internationalement reconnues : Crimée exclue (revendiquée par Russie depuis 2014).","source":{"nom":"Rosstat","url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Superficie officielle russe. Frontières internationalement reconnues : Crimée exclue (revendiquée par Russie depuis 2014)."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Exclue le 16 mars 2022 après l'invasion de l'Ukraine (membre 1996-2022).","source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Exclue le 16 mars 2022 après l'invasion de l'Ukraine (membre 1996-2022)."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Processus d'adhésion suspendu en 2022.","source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Processus d'adhésion suspendu en 2022."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Vladimir Poutine","source":{"nom":"Kremlin.ru","url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la Fédération de Russie","parti_id":"ru.er","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2012-05-07","notes":"Président 2000-2008, PM 2008-2012, Président depuis mai 2012. Réélu en 2018 puis en mars 2024 (élection non compétitive). L'amendement constitutionnel de 2020 lui permet de rester jusqu'en 2036.","source":{"nom":"Kremlin","url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Président 2000-2008, PM 2008-2012, Président depuis mai 2012. Réélu en 2018 puis en mars 2024 (élection non compétitive). L'amendement constitutionnel de 2020 lui permet de rester jusqu'en 2036."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 6 ans. **Élections non compétitives selon les observateurs internationaux (opposition réprimée, contrôle des médias).**","source":{"nom":"Constitution russe","url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mikhaïl Michoustine","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia / Meduza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsedatel Pravitel'stva (Président du gouvernement)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Ex-directeur du service fiscal fédéral. Non-membre officiel de Russie unie mais aligné.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-01-16","notes":"PM depuis 6 ans (mi-janvier 2026). Reconduit après l'élection présidentielle de mars 2024.","source":{"nom":"Meduza","url":"https://meduza.io/en/feature/2026/03/03/no-one-expected-mikhail-mishustin-to-last-as-russia-s-pm-but-after-four-years-of-war-he-s-become-synonymous-with-the-role","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"PM depuis 6 ans (mi-janvier 2026). Reconduit après l'élection présidentielle de mars 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Proposé par le Président, confirmé par la Douma d'État.","source":{"nom":"Constitution russe","url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ru.er","sieges":324,"notes":"Russie unie domine largement la Douma. Autres partis (KPRF, LDPR, SR, Nouveau peuple) sont largement des partis de « façade démocratique ».","source":{"nom":"State Duma","url":"http://duma.gov.ru/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Russie unie domine largement la Douma. Autres partis (KPRF, LDPR, SR, Nouveau peuple) sont largement des partis de « façade démocratique »."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-05-07","notes":"Vladimir Poutine investi pour son 5ᵉ mandat présidentiel le 7 mai 2024 après l'élection du 15-17 mars 2024 (87.3% officiels).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of russie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_russie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-05-07","notes":"Fin normale du mandat de 6 ans. Poutine peut se représenter en 2030 grâce à la réforme constitutionnelle de 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics of russie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_russie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle formelle, en réalité régime autoritaire. Amendements constitutionnels 2020 : suppression de la limite de mandats pour Poutine (jusqu'à 2036 possible). Loi contre la « discréditation des forces armées » depuis 2022 : opposition emprisonnée ou exilée (Navalny mort en février 2024).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle formelle, en réalité régime autoritaire. Amendements constitutionnels 2020 : suppression de la limite de mandats pour Poutine (jusqu'à 2036 possible). Loi contre la « discréditation des forces armées » depuis 2022 : opposition emprisonnée ou exilée (Navalny mort en février 2024)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Государственная Дума (Douma d'État)","role":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et confirme le PM.","sieges_total":450,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 225 sièges au scrutin proportionnel de liste (seuil 5%), 225 uninominaux majoritaires à un tour.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre basse. Vote la loi et confirme le PM.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 225 sièges au scrutin proportionnel de liste (seuil 5%), 225 uninominaux majoritaires à un tour.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-09-19","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ru.er","sieges":324},{"parti_id":"ru.kprf","sieges":57},{"parti_id":"ru.sr","sieges":27},{"parti_id":"ru.lp","sieges":23},{"parti_id":"ru.novye_lyudi","sieges":15},{"parti_id":"ru.indep","sieges":4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Russian legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élections contestées (retrait de nombreux candidats d'opposition). Mikhaïl Michoustine PM depuis 2020."}},{"nom":"Совет Федерации (Conseil de la Fédération)","role":"Chambre haute. Représente les 89 sujets fédéraux (dont territoires ukrainiens annexés — non reconnu internationalement).","sieges_total":178,"mode_designation":"Non élu directement : 2 représentants par sujet fédéral (1 nommé par l'exécutif, 1 par la législature locale) + sièges nommés par le Président (introduits en 2020).","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Chambre haute. Représente les 89 sujets fédéraux (dont territoires ukrainiens annexés — non reconnu internationalement).","mode_designation_en":"Non élu directement : 2 représentants par sujet fédéral (1 nommé par l'exécutif, 1 par la législature locale) + sièges nommés par le Président (introduits en 2020)."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**V-Dem classe la Russie comme « autocratie électorale » à la limite de l'autocratie fermée.** Élections présidentielles 2024 non compétitives.","Exclue du Conseil de l'Europe le 16 mars 2022 après l'invasion de l'Ukraine.","Amendement constitutionnel 2020 : mandat présidentiel remis à zéro pour Poutine, permettant sa présence jusqu'en 2036.","Alexeï Navalny, principal opposant, mort en prison le 16 février 2024.","**Détenteur du pouvoir effectif = Président** (règle générale pour régime présidentiel autoritaire)."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.06,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"V-Dem la considère à la frontière de l'autocratie fermée. Freedom House : « Not Free » (score 13/100).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Freedom House","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"V-Dem la considère à la frontière de l'autocratie fermée. Freedom House : « Not Free » (score 13/100)."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Russie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ru&gl=RU&ceid=RU:ru","langue":"ru"},{"nom":"Meduza (English, en exil)","url_rss":"https://meduza.io/en/rss/all","langue":"en"},{"nom":"The Moscow Times (en exil)","url_rss":"https://www.themoscowtimes.com/rss/news","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":12.4,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1992,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 1992 (avec brève accalmie 2013-2015). Chiffres 2024 hors territoires occupés en Ukraine (annexions non reconnues internationalement).","esperance_vie_femmes":78.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":68.3,"age_median":41.2,"indice_fecondite":1.42,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/rus","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1205512,"deces_2025":1779565,"solde_naturel_2025":-574053},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + 2e pilier obligatoire (gelé depuis 2014)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":30,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":35,"description":"Réforme 2018 très impopulaire : âge relevé de 60→65 (H) et 55→60 (F). Cotisation 22% (retraite) + 8% (autres sociales), employeur. Le 2e pilier obligatoire (privé) est gelé depuis 2014 (transferts au budget d'État).","source":{"nom":"PFR / Meduza analyse","url":"https://pfr.gov.ru/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + 2e pilier obligatoire (gelé depuis 2014)","description_en":"Réforme 2018 très impopulaire : âge relevé de 60→65 (H) et 55→60 (F). Cotisation 22% (retraite) + 8% (autres sociales), employeur. Le 2e pilier obligatoire (privé) est gelé depuis 2014 (transferts au budget d'État)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":2588,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":17972,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":8.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/RUS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC-","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ca","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Notation dégradée en catégorie « défaut sélectif » depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine en février 2022. Les 3 agences ont suspendu leur suivi actif en 2022 ; dernières notes historiques."},"fitch":{"valeur":"CCC-","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":30.6},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":16.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":7.5},{"pays":"Bélarus","part_pct":6},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":4.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":45},{"pays":"Bélarus","part_pct":8.9},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":4.2},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.4}],"top_categories_export":["Hydrocarbures (pétrole, gaz)","Métaux (fer, nickel, palladium)","Céréales (blé)","Engrais","Bois"],"top_categories_import":["Machines et équipements","Automobile (Chine)","Ordinateurs et électronique","Produits pharmaceutiques","Textiles"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Gaz naturel","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Après les États-Unis. Rôle diminué en Europe post-2022."},{"produit":"Pétrole","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Blé","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"1er exportateur mondial."},{"produit":"Palladium","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~40% de la production mondiale."},{"produit":"Uranium enrichi","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Russia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rus","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.5,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":37.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"RUB","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Конституционный Суд России (Cour constitutionnelle, Saint-Pétersbourg)","source":{"nom":"CCR","url":"http://www.ksrf.ru/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":11,"source":{"nom":"Amendement constitutionnel 2020 (réduit de 19 à 11)","url":"http://www.constitution.ru/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Conseil de la Fédération sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 128","url":"http://www.constitution.ru/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie, retraite obligatoire à 70 ans (75 pour le Président de la Cour).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"http://www.constitution.ru/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Sous contrôle politique effectif du Kremlin — n'a annulé aucune loi majeure depuis 2010.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-03-17","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":77.5,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ru.er","gouvernement_issu":"Poutine reconduit pour un 5e mandat (jusqu'en 2030), score officiel 87,3%. Reconduit Mishustin PM.","notes":"**Élection non compétitive** — opposition emprisonnée (Navalny mort en février 2024), candidats validés par le pouvoir uniquement. OSCE non invitée pour la 1re fois.","source":{"nom":"CIK Rossii","url":"http://www.cikrf.ru/","date_donnee":"2024-03-17","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"}},{"date":"2021-09-19","type":"legislative","participation_pct":51.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ru.er","gouvernement_issu":"Russie unie garde sa majorité constitutionnelle (324/450) malgré érosion.","notes":"Fraudes massives dénoncées, opposition Navalny déjà exclue.","source":{"nom":"CIK Rossii","url":"http://www.cikrf.ru/","date_donnee":"2021-09-19","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"basse"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1500000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1500000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":149,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":7.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":2,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":true,"tetes_nucleaires":5580,"alliances_militaires":["OTSC","OCS","BRICS"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-14 Armata","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-90M / T-90M2","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-90A","quantite":350,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-80BVM / U","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Omsktransmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"T-72B3 / B3M","quantite":2500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie (mod. T-72)","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod (rénovation)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-72B (originel)","quantite":1200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-62M / T-55 (réserve)","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1962,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-57 Felon (5e génération)","quantite":22,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi (Rostec / UAC)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-35S Flanker-E","quantite":130,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi (Rostec / UAC)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-34 Fullback","quantite":130,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi (Rostec / UAC)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-30SM / SM2","quantite":130,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut Corporation (UAC)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-31BM / K (porteur Kinjal)","quantite":130,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"URSS mod. Russie","fabricant":"RSK MiG (UAC)","pays_fabricant":"URSS mod. Russie"},{"nom":"Su-27SM3","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi (Rostec / UAC)","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"MiG-29SMT","quantite":90,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG (UAC)","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Russie"},{"nom":"Tu-160M (bombardier stratégique)","quantite":17,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Russie (mod.)","fabricant":"Tupolev / Kazan Aircraft Production","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Tu-95MS Bear","quantite":55,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1956,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Tupolev","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Croiseur Amiral Nakhimov (Kirov mod.)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"URSS mod. Russie","fabricant":"Sevmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Croiseur Pierre le Grand (Kirov)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1998,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Baltiysky Zavod","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Frégates projet 22350 Amiral Gorchkov","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Severnaya Verf","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Corvettes projet 20380/20385","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Severnaya Verf / Amur Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"SNLE projet 955 Boreï-A","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sevmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SNA projet 885 Iassen-M","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sevmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"SNLE projet 667BDRM Delta IV","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sevmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"SNA projet 971 Akula","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Amur Shipyard / Sevmash","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Syrie (bases Hmeimim, Tartous)","effectifs":4000,"mission":"Négociation retrait avec nouveau gouvernement al-Charaa","depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral (transition)","mission_en":"Négociation retrait avec nouveau gouvernement al-Charaa","cadre_en":"Bilatéral (transition)"},{"pays":"Ukraine (territoires occupés)","effectifs":550000,"mission":"Opération militaire spéciale","depuis":"2022","cadre":"Unilatéral (contesté ONU)","mission_en":"Opération militaire spéciale","cadre_en":"Unilatéral (contesté ONU)"},{"pays":"Biélorussie","effectifs":6000,"mission":"Rotation + têtes nucléaires tactiques","depuis":"2023","cadre":"État de l'Union","mission_en":"Rotation + têtes nucléaires tactiques","cadre_en":"État de l'Union"},{"pays":"Transnistrie (Moldavie)","effectifs":1500,"mission":"Groupe opérationnel + gardiens dépôts","depuis":"1991","cadre":"Contesté","mission_en":"Groupe opérationnel + gardiens dépôts","cadre_en":"Contesté"},{"pays":"Ossétie du Sud","effectifs":4500,"mission":"Base 4","depuis":"2008","cadre":"Reconnaissance contestée","mission_en":"Base 4","cadre_en":"Reconnaissance contestée"},{"pays":"Abkhazie","effectifs":4000,"mission":"Base 7","depuis":"2008","cadre":"Reconnaissance contestée","mission_en":"Base 7","cadre_en":"Reconnaissance contestée"},{"pays":"Kirghizistan","effectifs":500,"mission":"Base aérienne Kant","depuis":"2003","cadre":"OTSC","mission_en":"Base aérienne Kant","cadre_en":"OTSC"},{"pays":"Tadjikistan","effectifs":5000,"mission":"201e base militaire","depuis":"2004","cadre":"OTSC","mission_en":"201e base militaire","cadre_en":"OTSC"}],"notes_speciales":["Guerre en Ukraine depuis 2022 : plus grande mobilisation depuis 1945. Pertes estimées ~200 000 morts + 500 000 blessés (chiffres UK MoD).","Doctrine « escalate to de-escalate » — usage limité d'armes tactiques envisagé.","Modernisation rapide des Boreï-A (SNLE) et Iassen-M (SNA).","Retrait probable de Syrie post-Assad (négociations en cours)."],"doctrine_nucleaire":"Triade complète. Doctrine 2020 « Sur les principes de dissuasion nucléaire » : usage envisagé si (1) frappe nucléaire adverse, (2) frappe conventionnelle menaçant l'existence de l'État, (3) attaque contre installations de C&C nucléaire, (4) frappe de missiles balistiques. **Réforme 2024** : abaissement du seuil — inclut désormais les attaques massives conventionnelles avec appui d'une puissance nucléaire. Concept « escalate to de-escalate » — usage limité d'armes tactiques (Iskander, Kinjal) envisagé sur théâtre européen. Têtes tactiques déployées en Biélorussie depuis 2023.","doctrine_source":{"nom":"FAS Nuclear Notebook 2025 + Livre blanc défense national + analyses SIPRI","url":"https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"doctrine_nucleaire_en":"Triade complète. Doctrine 2020 « Sur les principes de dissuasion nucléaire » : usage envisagé si (1) frappe nucléaire adverse, (2) frappe conventionnelle menaçant l'existence de l'État, (3) attaque contre installations de C&C nucléaire, (4) frappe de missiles balistiques. **Réforme 2024** : abaissement du seuil — inclut désormais les attaques massives conventionnelles avec appui d'une puissance nucléaire. Concept « escalate to de-escalate » — usage limité d'armes tactiques (Iskander, Kinjal) envisagé sur théâtre européen. Têtes tactiques déployées en Biélorussie depuis 2023.","notes_speciales_en":["Guerre en Ukraine depuis 2022 : plus grande mobilisation depuis 1945. Pertes estimées ~200 000 morts + 500 000 blessés (chiffres UK MoD).","Doctrine « escalate to de-escalate » — usage limité d'armes tactiques envisagé.","Modernisation rapide des Boreï-A (SNLE) et Iassen-M (SNA).","Retrait probable de Syrie post-Assad (négociations en cours)."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bering","nom":"Détroit de Béring","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (RU, US)","importance_globale":"Passage entre océan Pacifique et Arctique. Frontière Russie–USA (Alaska). En croissance rapide avec la NSR (route arctique nord) et le NWP (route arctique nord-ouest canadien).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":350},"menace_principale":"Tensions militaires Russie–USA post-2022 : incursions bombardiers russes Tu-95/160 dans ADIZ Alaska. Fonte des glaces = enjeu contrôle territorial arctique."},{"id":"kertch","nom":"Détroit de Kertch","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (UA, RU)","importance_globale":"Passage de la mer Noire à la mer d'Azov. Contrôle du trafic vers les ports ukrainiens de Marioupol (occupée) et Berdiansk (occupée). Pont de Crimée (2018) — infrastructure russe stratégique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":3000,"pct_petrole_mondial":1},"menace_principale":"Contrôle militaire russe depuis annexion Crimée 2014. Ukraine cible régulièrement le pont de Crimée (attaques 2022, 2023, 2024)."},{"id":"hormuz-arctique-nord","nom":"Route maritime du Nord (NSR)","type":"route","role":"Pays riverain (RU)","importance_globale":"Route arctique le long de la côte russe reliant l'Atlantique nord au Pacifique nord. Alternative à Suez : −40% en distance Chine-Europe du Nord. En croissance rapide sous l'effet du réchauffement.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":400,"tonnage_mt_an":36},"menace_principale":"Contrôle russe complet (permis obligatoire, prévention pilots), rivalité géopolitique. Utilisée essentiellement pour l'exportation de GNL russe (Yamal → Chine, Japon, Corée)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":37653,"zee_km2":7566673,"pib_maritime_pct":2.8,"pib_maritime_md_usd":60,"flotte_marchande_navires":2900,"peche_annuelle_mt":5.4,"peche_annuelle_rang":5,"notes":"3ᵉ plus longue côte mondiale (37 653 km). Route arctique NSR (36 Mt/an). Flotte du Nord (Severomorsk), flotte du Pacifique (Vladivostok). Terminaux GNL Sabetta.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**V-Dem classe la Russie comme « autocratie électorale » à la limite de l'autocratie fermée.** Élections présidentielles 2024 non compétitives.","Exclue du Conseil de l'Europe le 16 mars 2022 après l'invasion de l'Ukraine.","Amendement constitutionnel 2020 : mandat présidentiel remis à zéro pour Poutine, permettant sa présence jusqu'en 2036.","Alexeï Navalny, principal opposant, mort en prison le 16 février 2024.","**Détenteur du pouvoir effectif = Président** (règle générale pour régime présidentiel autoritaire)."]},{"iso2":"RW","iso3":"RWA","slug":"rwanda","nom_courant_fr":"Rwanda","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Rwanda","nom_officiel_local":"Repubulika y'u Rwanda","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kigali","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":14569341,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/rwa","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":26338,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1962,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2009,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"OIF","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1970,"source":{"nom":"OIF","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIF","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Paul Kagame","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"rw.fpr","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2000-04-22","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu 2003, 2010, 2017 (98,79%), 2024 (99,18%). Au pouvoir de facto depuis 1994 (fin génocide).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"rw.fpr","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Rwandan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rwandan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Édouard Ngirente","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"rw.fpr","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-08-30","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Rwanda","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2000-04-22","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_rwanda","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2005-04-22","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_rwanda","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Kagame de facto au pouvoir depuis 1994 (fin génocide), constitutionnellement depuis 2000.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"4 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"8 September 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":44.5},{"pays":"RDC","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":0},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Kenya","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Tanzanie","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or (transit)","Café","Thé","Coltan/étain","Cassitérite"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole 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RDC.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar.","Force rwandaise clé au Cabo Delgado (Mozambique) — 2 500 hommes financés par TotalEnergies et UE, gains territoriaux vs ISCAP.","Accusations ONU/OCDE de soutien direct au M23 en RDC — 3 000 soldats rwandais estimés dans l'est du Congo.","Accord de paix DRC-Rwanda juin 2025 sous médiation USA-Qatar — cessez-le-feu fragile.","Armée bien entraînée, professionnelle — modèle salué par les partenaires occidentaux malgré controverse RDC.","Nouvelle mission d'aide bilatérale au Bénin (2024) contre débordement djihadiste sahélien."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55, T-72 (livrés récemment)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80, RG-31 Nyala, VBL","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 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Édouard Ngirente PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Rwandan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rwandan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-08-04","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Kagame (98.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Kagame 3ᵉ mandat 2017-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Rwandan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rwandan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"SB","iso3":"SLB","slug":"salomon","nom_courant_fr":"Salomon","nom_officiel_fr":"Îles Salomon","nom_officiel_local":"Solomon Islands","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Honiara","source":{"nom":"Solomon Islands National Statistics Office","url":"https://www.statistics.gov.sb/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":775000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/SB","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"1000+ îles dont 6 principales (Guadalcanal, Malaita…).","notes_en":"1000+ îles dont 6 principales (Guadalcanal, Malaita…)."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":28896,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/solomon-islands/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1978,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1978","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1978,"notes":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/solomon-islands","date_donnee":"1978","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État."},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1978,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1978","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III (représenté par David Tiva Kapu, Gouverneur général)","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of Solomon Islands","url":"https://gg.gov.sb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi des Îles Salomon (chef de l'État constitutionnel)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-08-15","source":{"nom":"Governor-General of Solomon Islands","url":"https://gg.gov.sb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jeremiah Manele","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister's Office of Solomon Islands","url":"https://pmo.gov.sb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-02","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister's Office of Solomon Islands","url":"https://pmo.gov.sb/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chef de l'OUR Party (Ownership, Unity and Responsibility). Successeur de Manasseh Sogavare après les élections d'avril 2024. Maintient l'alignement pro-Chine du gouvernement précédent (relations diplomatiques avec Pékin depuis 2019).","notes_en":"Chef de l'OUR Party (Ownership, Unity and Responsibility). Successeur de Manasseh Sogavare après les élections d'avril 2024. Maintient l'alignement pro-Chine du gouvernement précédent (relations diplomatiques avec Pékin depuis 2019)."},"parti_id":"sb.our"},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sb.our","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sb.up_sb","sieges":6,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sb.pap","sieges":3,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sb.indep","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-05-02","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_salomon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-05-02","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_salomon","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Îles Salomon : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Gouverneur général représente Charles III. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre élu par le National Parliament (unicaméral). Politique dominée par les alliances tribales et l'axe Chine-Occident.","explication_concrete_en":"Îles Salomon : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Gouverneur général représente Charles III. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre élu par le National Parliament (unicaméral). Politique dominée par les alliances tribales et l'axe Chine-Occident."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement national","sieges_total":50,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Premier ministre.","mode_designation":"Suffrage universel direct dans 50 circonscriptions uninominales majoritaires à un tour (FPTP).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-04-17","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sb.our","sieges":15},{"parti_id":"sb.dcc","sieges":11},{"parti_id":"sb.snjp","sieges":8},{"parti_id":"sb.pap","sieges":3},{"parti_id":"sb.rgp","sieges":2},{"parti_id":"sb.up_sb","sieges":6},{"parti_id":"sb.indep","sieges":5}],"notes":"Manele (OUR party) élu PM le 2 mai 2024 avec 31 voix (majorité constituée avec des indépendants et petits partis).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'appel des Salomon + Haute Cour","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judicial system of Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Solomon_Islands","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":4,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Chief Justice nommé par le Gouverneur général sur avis du PM après consultation du chef de l'opposition. Autres juges par le Judicial and Legal Service Commission.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Solomon Islands","url":"https://www.paclii.org/sb/legis/consol_act/cotsi189/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 60 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Gouverneur général sur recommandation de la Judicial and Legal Service Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à 60 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la High Court."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1.71,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":2320,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":5.5,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":28.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.9,"esperance_vie_femmes":74.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":71,"age_median":22.4,"indice_fecondite":3.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Solomon Islands","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/solomon-islands","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.41,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale marquée par les tensions ethniques Malaita-Guadalcanal (émeutes 2021, mission RAMSI 2003-2017) et les rivalités géopolitiques Chine-Australie.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute — Democracy Report 2024","url":"https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Démocratie électorale marquée par les tensions ethniques Malaita-Guadalcanal (émeutes 2021, mission RAMSI 2003-2017) et les rivalités géopolitiques Chine-Australie."},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":65.4},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":5.8},{"pays":"Philippines","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":3.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":31.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":16.8},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":14.2},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":6.4}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Bois brut","part_pct":65},{"categorie":"Poisson","part_pct":15},{"categorie":"Huile de palme","part_pct":5}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":22},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":5},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":5}],"productions_notables":["Bois tropical (déforestation controversée)","Poisson (thon)","Huile de palme","Copra","Cacao"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Bois tropical (déforestation controversée)","Poisson (thon)","Huile de palme","Copra","Cacao"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-04-17","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"OUR (Our Party, 15 sièges) — Manasseh Sogavare","gouvernement_issu":"Jeremiah Manele (OUR) élu PM le 2 mai 2024, succédant à Sogavare.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-04-03","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"DAP (Democratic Alliance Party) — 8 sièges","gouvernement_issu":"Manasseh Sogavare, PM (2019-2024)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Solomon Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Solomon_Islands_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Solomon Islands","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SLB","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Solomon Islands","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SLB","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Dollar des Salomon (SBD)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Royal Solomon Islands Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Solomon_Islands_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Royal Solomon Islands Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Solomon_Islands_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Accord de sécurité avec la Chine (mars 2022, controversé)","Accord de sécurité bilatéral avec l'Australie (mai 2024, PM Manele réaffirmé)"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée. Sécurité assurée par la Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (~1500 personnels).","L'accord de sécurité signé avec la Chine en 2022 sous Sogavare permet théoriquement à la police et à la marine chinoises d'être stationnées aux Salomon — objet d'inquiétudes majeures de l'Australie et des USA.","En 2019, les Salomon ont rompu avec Taïwan pour reconnaître la RPC.","Le PM Manele (mai 2024) a nuancé la relation avec la Chine tout en réaffirmant les liens historiques avec l'Australie."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":5313,"zee_km2":1589477,"peche_annuelle_mt":165000,"source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Solomon Islands EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/90","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Fonds provident (SINPF)","age_legal":50,"description":"Solomon Islands National Provident Fund : cotisations 5% employé + 7,5% employeur, capital retiré à 50 ans en somme forfaitaire ou en rente. Couverture limitée au secteur formel.","source":{"nom":"Solomon Islands National Provident Fund","url":"https://www.sinpf.org.sb","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2024"}}},{"iso2":"SV","iso3":"SLV","slug":"salvador","nom_courant_fr":"Salvador","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Salvador","nom_officiel_local":"República de El Salvador","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"San Salvador","source":{"nom":"DIGESTYC","url":"https://www.digestyc.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":6365503,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/slv","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":21041,"source":{"nom":"DIGESTYC","url":"https://www.digestyc.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"SICA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"source":{"nom":"SICA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nayib Bukele","source":{"nom":"Présidence salvadorienne","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Presidente de la República","parti_id":"sv.nuevas","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-06-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"2e mandat — réélection en février 2024 (85%) rendue possible par une **réforme constitutionnelle controversée** (autorisée par la Chambre constitutionnelle nouvellement nommée). 1re réélection consécutive dans l'histoire du pays.","notes_en":"2e mandat — réélection en février 2024 (85%) rendue possible par une **réforme constitutionnelle controversée** (autorisée par la Chambre constitutionnelle nouvellement nommée). 1re réélection consécutive dans l'histoire du pays."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 5 ans — réélection consécutive interdite par la Constitution (mais autorisée par la nouvelle Chambre constitutionnelle en 2021).","source":{"nom":"Constitution salvadorienne","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nayib Bukele (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"sv.nuevas","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-06-01","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.presidencia.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sv.nuevas","sieges":54,"source":{"nom":"TSE El Salvador","url":"https://www.tse.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2024-02-04","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-06-01","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_salvador","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-06-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_salvador","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Régime présidentiel formel, en réalité concentration hyper-présidentielle depuis 2019. Bukele contrôle Chambre constitutionnelle (renouvelée en 2021), Assemblée (57/60 sièges), police, armée. Régime d'exception depuis mars 2022 (état d'urgence contre les gangs — Mara Salvatrucha, Barrio 18).","explication_concrete_en":"Régime présidentiel formel, en réalité concentration hyper-présidentielle depuis 2019. Bukele contrôle Chambre constitutionnelle (renouvelée en 2021), Assemblée (57/60 sièges), police, armée. Régime d'exception depuis mars 2022 (état d'urgence contre les gangs — Mara Salvatrucha, Barrio 18)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Legislativa","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":60,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 14 départements. Réforme 2023 : réduction de 84 à 60 sièges.","duree_mandat_ans":3,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-02-04","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sv.nuevas","sieges":54,"voix_pct":70.3},{"parti_id":"sv.arena","sieges":2,"voix_pct":5.6},{"parti_id":"sv.fmln","sieges":0,"voix_pct":6.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":4,"voix_pct":null}],"source":{"nom":"TSE El Salvador","url":"https://www.tse.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2024-02-04","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans 14 départements. Réforme 2023 : réduction de 84 à 60 sièges."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema","source":{"nom":"CSJ Salvador","url":"https://www.csj.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 174","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Chambre constitutionnelle entièrement remplacée en 2021 par le camp Bukele — capture reconnue par l'OEA et l'ONU. Cette nouvelle Chambre a autorisé la réélection consécutive du Président en 2021, préparant la victoire de Bukele en 2024.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":37,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5839,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":87.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SLV","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"7 November 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"30 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"26 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":32.9},{"pays":"Guatemala","part_pct":15.6},{"pays":"Honduras","part_pct":13.3},{"pays":"Nicaragua","part_pct":5.4},{"pays":"Costa Rica","part_pct":3.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":27.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15},{"pays":"Guatemala","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"Mexique","part_pct":7.9},{"pays":"Honduras","part_pct":5.6}],"top_categories_export":["Vêtements (maquilas)","Café","Sucre","Ethanol","Ferro-alliages"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Alimentation","Automobile","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Vêtements (maquilas — hub Amérique centrale)","rang_americain":4},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora US (~24% PIB)","rang_americain":4},{"produit":"Bitcoin (adoption officielle 2021)","notes":"Premier pays au monde à adopter le Bitcoin comme monnaie légale. Résultats mitigés — FMI critique."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — El Salvador","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/slv","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":24.8,"source":{"nom":"MinHacienda","url":"https://www.transparenciafiscal.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.6,"source":{"nom":"MinHacienda","url":"https://www.transparenciafiscal.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"USD (dollarisation 2001) + BTC (2021)","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.5,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2060,"annee_bascule_note":"Démographie en transition. Émigration massive vers les USA (~2,5 M de Salvadoriens à l'étranger).","esperance_vie_femmes":76.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":67.8,"age_median":28.4,"indice_fecondite":1.77,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/slv","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":99283,"deces_2025":47550,"solde_naturel_2025":51733},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation individuelle (AFP)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":42,"description":"Réforme 1998 → capitalisation privée obligatoire. Cotisation 15% (7,75% employeur + 7,25% salarié). Réforme 2022 : renforcement pilier public, réforme 2023 pour créer un régime intégré.","source":{"nom":"SSF","url":"https://www.ssf.gob.sv/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation individuelle (AFP)","description_en":"Réforme 1998 → capitalisation privée obligatoire. Cotisation 15% (7,75% employeur + 7,25% salarié). Réforme 2022 : renforcement pilier public, réforme 2023 pour créer un régime intégré."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.28,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"V-Dem classe le Salvador comme « autocratie électorale » depuis 2022. Chute rapide depuis 2019 (0,50 → 0,28) — capture judiciaire, Assemblée aux ordres, état d'exception permanent, arrestations arbitraires (~80 000 depuis mars 2022).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"V-Dem classe le Salvador comme « autocratie électorale » depuis 2022. Chute rapide depuis 2019 (0,50 → 0,28) — capture judiciaire, Assemblée aux ordres, état d'exception permanent, arrestations arbitraires (~80 000 depuis mars 2022)."},"notes_speciales":["**État d'exception permanent depuis mars 2022** : ~80 000 arrestations, taux d'incarcération le plus élevé au monde (~1,7% de la population). Homicides tombés de 106/100 000 en 2015 à ~1/100 000 en 2024.","**Réélection consécutive de Bukele** (2024) : autorisée par la Chambre constitutionnelle capturée en 2021 — bien qu'interdite explicitement par 6 articles de la Constitution.","**Bitcoin monnaie légale** depuis septembre 2021 — 1re mondiale. Résultats économiques mitigés, FMI critique.","V-Dem : passage de démocratie électorale à autocratie électorale en 2022.","Popularité de Bukele exceptionnellement élevée (~85%) malgré les alertes sur l'État de droit."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Salvador","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=SV&ceid=SV:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":24500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":9900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":17000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.35,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":93,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"M-114 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Ford","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"BTR-70 / BTR-80","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Russie / Ukraine","fabricant":"Arzamas","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"M-113","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-1H, MD-500, Bell 407","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","origine":"USA"}],"chars":[{"nom":"AMX-13","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France"}]},"alliances_militaires":["OEA","SICA"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — Régime Bukele","mission":"État d'exception permanent depuis mars 2022 — arrestation massive maras (85 000+ détenus)","effectifs":60000,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Autonome — régime Bukele","mission_en":"État d'exception permanent depuis mars 2022 — arrestation massive maras (85 000+ détenus)","cadre_en":"Autonome — régime Bukele"},{"pays":"Frontière hondurienne / guatemaltèque","mission":"Sécurisation frontière + narco","effectifs":2000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière + narco","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Régime Bukele — état d'exception depuis mars 2022, 85 000+ arrestations, effondrement historique du taux d'homicides (100/100 000 → 2,4 en 2024).","Guerre civile 1980-1992 (~75 000 morts) — armée réformée après accords de paix.","Coopération USA (CARSI) mais tension diplomatique sur les droits humains 2022+."],"notes_speciales_en":["Régime Bukele — état d'exception depuis mars 2022, 85 000+ arrestations, effondrement historique du taux d'homicides (100/100 000 → 2,4 en 2024).","Guerre civile 1980-1992 (~75 000 morts) — armée réformée après accords de paix.","Coopération USA (CARSI) mais tension diplomatique sur les droits humains 2022+."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**État d'exception permanent depuis mars 2022** : ~80 000 arrestations, taux d'incarcération le plus élevé au monde (~1,7% de la population). Homicides tombés de 106/100 000 en 2015 à ~1/100 000 en 2024.","**Réélection consécutive de Bukele** (2024) : autorisée par la Chambre constitutionnelle capturée en 2021 — bien qu'interdite explicitement par 6 articles de la Constitution.","**Bitcoin monnaie légale** depuis septembre 2021 — 1re mondiale. Résultats économiques mitigés, FMI critique.","V-Dem : passage de démocratie électorale à autocratie électorale en 2022.","Popularité de Bukele exceptionnellement élevée (~85%) malgré les alertes sur l'État de droit."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-02-04","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":52,"vainqueur":"Nayib Bukele (Nuevas Ideas, 84.7%)","gouvernement_issu":"Nayib Bukele, 2ᵉ mandat consécutif 2024-2029 (majorité écrasante).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Salvadoran general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Salvadoran_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-02-03","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Nayib Bukele (GANA, 53.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Nayib Bukele, 1er mandat 2019-2024 — fin du bipartisme ARENA-FMLN.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Salvadoran presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Salvadoran_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":307,"zee_km2":91892,"peche_annuelle_mt":40000,"notes":"Accès unique au Pacifique. Pêche crevettière et petite pêche artisanale.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/salvador","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"WS","iso3":"WSM","slug":"samoa","nom_courant_fr":"Samoa","nom_officiel_fr":"État indépendant du Samoa","nom_officiel_local":"Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Apia","source":{"nom":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.sbs.gov.ws/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":226000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/WS","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Deux îles principales : Upolu (capitale) et Savai'i.","notes_en":"Deux îles principales : Upolu (capitale) et Savai'i."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":2842,"source":{"nom":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://www.sbs.gov.ws/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1976,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1976","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1970,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/samoa","date_donnee":"1970","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1971","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Va'aletoa Sualauvi II (O le Ao o le Malo)","source":{"nom":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"O le Ao o le Malo — chef traditionnel de l'État","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-07-21","source":{"nom":"Government of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Fiame Naomi Mata'afa","source":{"nom":"Office of the Prime Minister of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-07-24","source":{"nom":"Office of the Prime Minister of Samoa","url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Cheffe du FAST (Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi). Première femme PM du Samoa. Fin du règne de 22 ans du HRPP après crise constitutionnelle post-élection avril 2021.","notes_en":"Cheffe du FAST (Fa'atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi). Première femme PM du Samoa. Fin du règne de 22 ans du HRPP après crise constitutionnelle post-élection avril 2021."},"parti_id":"ws.fast"},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ws.fast","sieges":25,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Samoan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-07-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_samoa","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-07-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_samoa","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Samoa : régime hybride — république parlementaire à identité coutumière. Le chef de l'État (O le Ao o le Malo) est élu par le Parlement parmi les 4 principaux chefs traditionnels (matai) pour un mandat de 5 ans. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre. Système matai (chefs de famille) régule 80 % de la vie sociale.","explication_concrete_en":"Samoa : régime hybride — république parlementaire à identité coutumière. Le chef de l'État (O le Ao o le Malo) est élu par le Parlement parmi les 4 principaux chefs traditionnels (matai) pour un mandat de 5 ans. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre. Système matai (chefs de famille) régule 80 % de la vie sociale."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Fono (Assemblée législative)","sieges_total":54,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Premier ministre.","mode_designation":"51 sièges dans des circonscriptions uninominales réservées aux Matai (chefs traditionnels titrés) + 2 sièges réservés aux non-Samoans + 3 sièges suppl. quota féminin.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-04-09","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ws.fast","sieges":25},{"parti_id":"ws.hrpp","sieges":22},{"parti_id":"ws.indep","sieges":7}],"notes":"Élection historique 2021 : FAST (nouveau parti mené par Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa) rompt la domination du HRPP après 40 ans. Crise constitutionnelle avril-juillet 2021, résolue par la Cour suprême. En 2025 le gouvernement Mata'afa a chuté et une motion de censure a mené à des élections anticipées prévues.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Samoan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême du Samoa + Cour d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Samoa","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":3,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Chief Justice nommé par le Chef de l'État (O le Ao o le Malo) sur avis du PM. Autres juges par la Judicial Service Commission.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Samoa, Article 65","url":"https://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/cotisow277/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 68 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le O le Ao o le Malo sur recommandation du Judicial Service Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à 68 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1960."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.905,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":4210,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Rebond exceptionnel post-COVID grâce au retour du tourisme."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":28.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.6,"esperance_vie_femmes":76.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":71.5,"age_median":24.8,"indice_fecondite":3.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Samoa","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/samoa","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.53,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale stable. Alternance historique en 2021 (fin de 22 ans HRPP). Cheffe de gouvernement de sensibilité progressiste dans un cadre traditionnel.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute — Democracy Report 2024","url":"https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Démocratie électorale stable. Alternance historique en 2021 (fin de 22 ans HRPP). Cheffe de gouvernement de sensibilité progressiste dans un cadre traditionnel."},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":28.5},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":24.1},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":18.4},{"pays":"Fidji","part_pct":7.2},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":14.2},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":7.3}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Pièces automobiles (Yazaki)","part_pct":28},{"categorie":"Poisson","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Bière","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Noix de coco","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Taro","part_pct":4}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":5},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":3}],"productions_notables":["Faisceaux électriques automobiles (usine Yazaki)","Copra + huile de coco","Tourisme","Cacao","Taro"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Faisceaux électriques automobiles (usine Yazaki)","Copra + huile de coco","Tourisme","Cacao","Taro"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-04-09","type":"legislative","participation_pct":65,"vainqueur":"FAST (25 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa, PM (première femme PM de Samoa, juillet 2021 après crise constitutionnelle).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Samoan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-03-04","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"HRPP (Human Rights Protection Party)","gouvernement_issu":"Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi (PM 1998-2021)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Samoan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":32,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Samoa","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/WSM","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Recettes comprenant les transferts financiers de la diaspora (25-30% du PIB, l'un des taux les plus élevés au monde)."},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":34,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Samoa","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/WSM","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Tala (WST)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Samoa Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Samoa Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Traité d'amitié avec la Nouvelle-Zélande (1962)","Pacific Islands Forum"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée. Défense assurée par la Nouvelle-Zélande (Treaty of Friendship 1962).","La défense militaire est de facto assurée par la Nouvelle-Zélande en vertu du Treaty of Friendship de 1962.","Samoa a reconnu la RPC (pas Taïwan) dès les années 1970."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":403,"zee_km2":127950,"peche_annuelle_mt":4500,"source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Samoa EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/882","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Système contributif public (Samoa National Provident Fund)","age_legal":55,"description":"Samoa National Provident Fund + Senior Citizens Benefit Scheme (allocation universelle aux 65+ instaurée en 1990). 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Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via 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Sécurité intérieure : police + éventuellement garde-côtes. Défense externe généralement assurée par un allié (États-Unis, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande) ou traité."],"equipement":{"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs côtiers","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Petit parc léger","quantite":10,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":209,"zee_km2":131397,"pib_maritime_pct":6,"notes":"São Tomé port. Découverte gazière offshore.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Archipel de 2 îles principales (São Tomé + Príncipe), 220 000 habitants — 3ᵉ plus petit pays d'Afrique.","Économie dépendante du cacao (Nova Moka premium) et tourisme naissant."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-09-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"ADI (Action démocratique indépendante, 25 sièges sur 55)","gouvernement_issu":"Patrice Trovoada PM (ADI) depuis nov. 2022. Carlos Vila Nova président (indépendant, depuis 2021).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 São Toméan legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_São_Toméan_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-10-07","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"MLSTP-PSD (MOI de Jorge Bom Jesus, 23 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Bom Jesus PM 2018-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 São Toméan legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_São_Toméan_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SN","iso3":"SEN","slug":"senegal","nom_courant_fr":"Sénégal","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Sénégal","nom_officiel_local":"République du Sénégal","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Dakar","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":18931966,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sen","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":196722,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UEMOA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"UEMOA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEMOA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Bassirou Diomaye Faye","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"sn.pastef","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct pour 5 ans dès le 1er tour (54,3%) — plus jeune président africain élu (44 ans).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sn.pastef","sieges":130,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Senegalese parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Senegalese_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ousmane Sonko","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"sn.pastef","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président ; leader historique de Pastef.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-04-02","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_senegal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-04-02","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_senegal","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Président élu au suffrage universel direct, cohabite avec un Premier ministre. Basculement politique historique en 2024 avec la victoire de Pastef.","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle. Président élu au suffrage universel direct, cohabite avec un Premier ministre. Basculement politique historique en 2024 avec la victoire de Pastef."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":165,"mode_designation":"Mixte : uninominal départemental + proportionnel national.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-11-17","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sn.pastef","sieges":130,"voix_pct":52.8},{"parti_id":"sn.apr","sieges":16,"voix_pct":14.9},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":19,"voix_pct":32.3}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Mixte : uninominal départemental + proportionnel national."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Conseil constitutionnel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":37,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1936,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":7.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":130.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-7.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Watch Developing","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"14 November 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"18 March 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Mali","part_pct":18.5},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":6.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":17.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Nigeria","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Pétrole (démarrage 2024)","Produits pétroliers","Ciment","Poisson"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut","Machines","Riz","Véhicules","Céréales"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Mine Sabodala."},{"produit":"Pétrole & gaz","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Démarrage Sangomar (pétrole, 2024) et Grand Tortue Ahmeyim (gaz avec Mauritanie)."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Sénégal","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sen","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":21.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":26.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XOF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":30.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":69.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.5,"indice_fecondite":4.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/senegal","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":552510,"deces_2025":104220,"solde_naturel_2025":448290,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":19.4},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (IPRES + FNR)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":14,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"IPRES (privé, salariés), FNR (fonctionnaires). Cotisation ~14%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sénégal","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sénégal","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (IPRES + FNR)","description_en":"IPRES (privé, salariés), FNR (fonctionnaires). Cotisation ~14%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.51,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Alternance démocratique historique en 2024 après crise politique de 2023.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Alternance démocratique historique en 2024 après crise politique de 2023."},"notes_speciales":["Alternance historique 2024 : Bassirou Diomaye Faye, plus jeune président africain élu (44 ans), 12 jours après sa sortie de prison.","Fin de la présence militaire française annoncée par Faye (novembre 2024) — retrait d'ici mi-2025.","Nouveau producteur pétro-gazier : premier baril Sangomar juin 2024, gaz Grand Tortue Ahmeyim fin 2024.","Modèle démocratique ouest-africain : jamais de coup d'État militaire depuis l'indépendance de 1960."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Seneweb","url_rss":"https://www.seneweb.com/rss/actualite/","langue":"fr"},{"nom":"Le Soleil","url_rss":"https://lesoleil.sn/feed/","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":19000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":5000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":105,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Casamance","mission":"Contre-insurrection (MFDC affaibli, cessez-le-feu 2022)","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"1982","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Contre-insurrection (MFDC affaibli, cessez-le-feu 2022)","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Gambie","mission":"ECOMIG — sécurisation post-coup 2017","effectifs":900,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"CEDEAO","mission_en":"ECOMIG — sécurisation post-coup 2017","cadre_en":"CEDEAO"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"ex-MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"ex-MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"MONUSCO","effectifs":450,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MONUSCO","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée républicaine sous contrôle civil strict — aucun coup d'État depuis 1960.","Retrait annoncé de la présence militaire française d'ici mi-2025.","Contingent CEDEAO pilier (ECOMIG Gambie)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Armée républicaine sous contrôle civil strict — aucun coup d'État depuis 1960.","Retrait annoncé de la présence militaire française d'ici mi-2025.","Contingent CEDEAO pilier (ECOMIG Gambie)."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char (armée légère professionnalisée)","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Panhard AML, VAB, M-3, M-8","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"France/Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-35, PC-6 Turbo Porter","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":531,"zee_km2":158861,"pib_maritime_pct":5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.44,"notes":"Dakar port majeur ouest-africain. Gaz offshore Grand Tortue avec Mauritanie 2024. Accord pêche UE.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Alternance historique 2024 : Bassirou Diomaye Faye, plus jeune président africain élu (44 ans), 12 jours après sa sortie de prison.","Fin de la présence militaire française annoncée par Faye (novembre 2024) — retrait d'ici mi-2025.","Nouveau producteur pétro-gazier : premier baril Sangomar juin 2024, gaz Grand Tortue Ahmeyim fin 2024.","Modèle démocratique ouest-africain : jamais de coup d'État militaire depuis l'indépendance de 1960."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-03-24","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Bassirou Diomaye Faye (PASTEF, 54.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Bassirou Diomaye Faye, président depuis avril 2024 — Ousmane Sonko PM. Alternance historique.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Senegalese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Senegalese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-02-24","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Macky Sall (BBY, 58.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Macky Sall 2ᵉ mandat 2019-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Senegalese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Senegalese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"RS","iso3":"SRB","slug":"serbie","nom_courant_fr":"Serbie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Serbie","nom_officiel_local":"Република Србија / Republika Srbija","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Belgrade","source":{"nom":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia","url":"https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":6549143,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/srb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":88361,"notes":"Y compris le Kosovo (revendiqué mais non contrôlé). Superficie hors Kosovo : 77 474 km².","source":{"nom":"Statistical Office of Serbia","url":"https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Y compris le Kosovo (revendiqué mais non contrôlé). Superficie hors Kosovo : 77 474 km²."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Pays candidat depuis 2012, négociations d'adhésion ouvertes depuis 2014.","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne — élargissement","url":"https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/serbia_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Pays candidat depuis 2012, négociations d'adhésion ouvertes depuis 2014."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Serbie neutre militairement, participe au Partenariat pour la paix.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Serbie neutre militairement, participe au Partenariat pour la paix."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2003,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Aleksandar Vučić","source":{"nom":"Présidence de Serbie","url":"https://www.predsednik.rs/en","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la République","parti_id":"rs.sns","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-05-31","notes":"Réélu en avril 2022 pour un second mandat de 5 ans. Homme fort de la Serbie depuis 2012 (ex-PM 2014-2017).","source":{"nom":"Présidence de Serbie","url":"https://www.predsednik.rs/en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Réélu en avril 2022 pour un second mandat de 5 ans. Homme fort de la Serbie depuis 2012 (ex-PM 2014-2017)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution serbe","url":"https://www.parlament.rs/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Đuro Macut","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement serbe","url":"https://www.srbija.gov.rs/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsednik Vlade (Premier ministre)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Endocrinologue, non-partisan officiel mais soutenu par la coalition SNS/SPS.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-04-16","source":{"nom":"Vlada RS","url":"https://www.srbija.gov.rs/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-endocrinologue, technocrate soutenu par SNS. A demandé la dissolution du parlement le 7 septembre 2026. Législatives anticipées prévues 25 octobre 2026.","notes_en":"Ex-endocrinologue, technocrate soutenu par SNS. A demandé la dissolution du parlement le 7 septembre 2026. Législatives anticipées prévues 25 octobre 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Proposé par le Président, doit obtenir la confiance de la Skupština.","source":{"nom":"Constitution serbe","url":"https://www.parlament.rs/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"rs.sns","sieges":128,"notes":"SNS domine largement. Coalition SNS + SPS + partis alliés.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Cabinet of Đuro Macut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_%C4%90uro_Macut","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"SNS domine largement. 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Dans la pratique, Vučić concentre l'essentiel du pouvoir — la fonction présidentielle est devenue le centre du système sous son influence. Le PM est un exécutant.","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-présidentiel de façade. Dans la pratique, Vučić concentre l'essentiel du pouvoir — la fonction présidentielle est devenue le centre du système sous son influence. Le PM est un exécutant."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Skupština (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":250,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans une circonscription nationale unique. Seuil de 3%.","seuil_electoral_pct":3,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt dans une circonscription nationale unique. 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Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"4 October 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB+","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"9 August 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"8 September 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Alternance politique historique 2020 (fin du régime SPPF/US au pouvoir depuis 1977).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. Alternance politique historique 2020 (fin du régime SPPF/US au pouvoir depuis 1977)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":35,"mode_designation":"26 uninominaux + 9 proportionnels.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-10-24","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sc.ldsc","sieges":25,"voix_pct":54.6},{"parti_id":"sc.us","sieges":10,"voix_pct":43.4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Seychelles","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"26 uninominaux + 9 proportionnels."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Seychelles","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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réprimée."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Awoko","url_rss":"https://awokonewspaper.sl/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.04,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":402,"zee_km2":159050,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"notes":"Freetown port naturel.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Guerre civile 1991-2002 (~50 000 morts, mutilations symboliques) — inspiration pour Blood Diamond.","Ebola 2014-2016 (~4 000 morts) puis Covid.","Tentative de coup d'État novembre 2023 (attaque prison Freetown), réprimée."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-06-24","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Julius Maada Bio (SLPP, 56.2%, opposition APC boycott après annonce)","gouvernement_issu":"Bio 2ᵉ mandat 2023-2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Sierra Leonean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leonean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-03-07","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Julius Maada Bio (SLPP, 51.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Bio 1er mandat 2018-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Sierra Leonean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Sierra_Leonean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SG","iso3":"SGP","slug":"singapour","nom_courant_fr":"Singapour","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Singapour","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Singapore","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Singapour","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":6111175,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sgp","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":728,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1965,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Tharman Shanmugaratnam","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-09-14","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-vice-PM et ministre des Finances (2011-2015). D'origine indienne.","notes_en":"Ex-vice-PM et ministre des Finances (2011-2015). D'origine indienne."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct (fonction largement cérémonielle).","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Lawrence Wong","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"sg.pap","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-15","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister's Office","url":"https://www.pmo.gov.sg/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reconduit après victoire écrasante du PAP aux législatives du 3 mai 2025 (87/97 sièges, 65,6% des voix). 1res élections générales sous sa direction.","notes_en":"Reconduit après victoire écrasante du PAP aux législatives du 3 mai 2025 (87/97 sièges, 65,6% des voix). 1res élections générales sous sa direction."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sg.pap","sieges":83,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-07-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sg.wp","sieges":10,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-07-10","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-05-15","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of singapour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_singapour","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-05-15","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of singapour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_singapour","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire — mais parti unique de facto (PAP au pouvoir sans interruption depuis 1959). Système « démocratie électorale contrôlée » selon V-Dem.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire — mais parti unique de facto (PAP au pouvoir sans interruption depuis 1959). Système « démocratie électorale contrôlée » selon V-Dem."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parliament of Singapore","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":97,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 84 circonscriptions + 9 sièges NCMP + 9 NMP (nommés).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-03","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sg.pap","sieges":87,"voix_pct":65.6},{"parti_id":"sg.wp","sieges":10,"voix_pct":27.2}],"source":{"nom":"Elections Department Singapore","url":"https://www.eld.gov.sg/","date_donnee":"2025-05-03","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 84 circonscriptions + 9 sièges NCMP + 9 NMP (nommés)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême de Singapour","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SGP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":171.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SGP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SGP","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 March 1995","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"14 May 2003","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 May 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":9.3},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":7.8}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":13.7},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"Taïwan","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.1}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Or","Machines","Composants électroniques"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole 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Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.1,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"SGD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":81.2,"age_median":42.8,"indice_fecondite":0.97,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sgp","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":45223,"deces_2025":36667,"solde_naturel_2025":8556},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Capitalisation obligatoire 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Cotisation 37%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Capitalisation obligatoire (CPF)","description_en":"Système Capitalisation obligatoire (CPF). Cotisation 37%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.3,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"PAP contrôle depuis 1959. Élections tenues mais système restrictif.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"PAP contrôle depuis 1959. Élections tenues mais système restrictif."},"notes_speciales":["Lawrence Wong PM depuis mai 2024 — 4e PM depuis l'indépendance 1965. Transition orchestrée par Lee Hsien Loong.","Ville-État de 728 km² — l'un des pays les plus denses au monde.","PIB/habitant parmi les 5 plus élevés au monde.","CPF (Central Provident Fund) : système d'épargne obligatoire de 37% du salaire.","~40% expatriés. Politique migratoire très sélective.","Élections générales prévues avant novembre 2025."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Singapour","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=SG&ceid=SG:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":51000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":252500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":96900,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":15.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":25,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN","FPDA (Five Power Defence)","FPDA (Five Power Defence Arrangements)","Non-aligné officiellement","Coopération USA (accord Changi 1990)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2SG (Leopard 2A4 mod. AMAP)","quantite":96,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Allemagne/Singapour","fabricant":"KMW + ST Kinetics","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Singapour"},{"nom":"Leopard 2SG (2A4 modernisé)","quantite":96,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Allemagne (occasion) / Singapour","fabricant":"KMW / ST Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Singapour"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35B Lightning II (commande 2020)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-15SG Strike Eagle","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing (McDonnell Douglas)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 52+","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 52+ (modernisation 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(Type 218SG)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"AIP + attaque diesel-électrique."},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Archer (Västergötland modernisé)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Suède (occasion)","fabricant":"Kockums","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Challenger (Sjöormen modernisé — retrait 2015)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Kockums","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Retirés."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Bionix II","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Engineering (STK)","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"Bionix 25 / 40/50","quantite":350,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"Terrex 3 8×8","quantite":216,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"Belrex Protected Combat Support Vehicle","quantite":135,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"M113A2 Ultra","quantite":250,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis / Singapour","fabricant":"BAE / FMC / STK","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"SSPH 1 Primus 155mm (indigène)","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Kinetics","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"HIMARS (M142)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"FH-2000 155mm (indigène)","quantite":42,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"Pegasus 155mm ultra-léger (indigène)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Kinetics","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":5,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"KC-135R Stratotanker (ravitailleur)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"A330 MRTT","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"France / Espagne","fabricant":"Airbus DS","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"G550 CAEW (AWACS)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Israël / États-Unis","fabricant":"IAI / Gulfstream","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64D Apache Longbow","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2002,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CH-47D/F Chinook","quantite":14,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1994,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS332M Super Puma","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"H225M Caracal (contrat 2020 — livraisons 2023-2027)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"S-70B Seahawk","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Formidable (dérivée La Fayette)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"France / Singapour","fabricant":"DCN / ST Marine","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"LMV Independence-class","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2017,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Marine","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"LPD Endurance-class","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Marine","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"},{"nom":"LPD Endurance-170 (2ᵉ génération, contrat 2020)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Singapour","fabricant":"ST Marine","pays_fabricant":"Singapour"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Aster 30 SAMP/T (annoncé 2018)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France / Italie","fabricant":"Eurosam","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie"},{"nom":"SPYDER-SR/MR","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"MISTRAL","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Skyshield SPAAG","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Rheinmetall Air Defence","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Heron 1","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Hermes 450","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (annoncé 2024, non-signé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Base Changi (accueil USA)","mission":"Base logistique 7ᵉ flotte USA","effectifs":500,"depuis":"1990","cadre":"Bilatéral USA","mission_en":"Base logistique 7ᵉ flotte USA","cadre_en":"Bilatéral USA"},{"pays":"Golfe d'Aden","mission":"CTF-151 (anti-piraterie) — participations rotatives","effectifs":240,"depuis":"2009","cadre":"Coalition CTF-151","mission_en":"CTF-151 (anti-piraterie) — participations rotatives","cadre_en":"Coalition CTF-151"},{"pays":"Australie","mission":"Entraînement de la SAF (RAAF Base Oakey, Shoalwater Bay)","effectifs":800,"depuis":"1980","cadre":"Bilatéral Australie","mission_en":"Entraînement de la SAF (RAAF Base Oakey, Shoalwater Bay)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral Australie"},{"pays":"Taïwan (Starlight)","mission":"Entraînement mécanisé — programme Starlight (Hsinchu)","effectifs":1000,"depuis":"1975","cadre":"Bilatéral Taïwan","mission_en":"Entraînement mécanisé — programme Starlight (Hsinchu)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral Taïwan"}],"notes_speciales":["Plus grand budget défense d'ASEAN par habitant (~2 500 USD/hab) — force la mieux équipée régionalement.","Industrie de défense majeure : ST Engineering (véhicules blindés, artillerie, navires, drones) — exports 3+ Md USD.","Sous-marins classe Invincible (Type 218SG allemand) — 4 unités livrées 2021-2025, dominant régional.","Conscription universelle 2 ans (National Service) — 15 000+ mobilisés annuellement.","Coopération intensive USA (base Changi, 7ᵉ flotte), Taïwan (Starlight), Australie (entraînement)."],"notes_speciales_en":["Plus grand budget défense d'ASEAN par habitant (~2 500 USD/hab) — force la mieux équipée régionalement.","Industrie de défense majeure : ST Engineering (véhicules blindés, artillerie, navires, drones) — exports 3+ Md USD.","Sous-marins classe Invincible (Type 218SG allemand) — 4 unités livrées 2021-2025, dominant régional.","Conscription universelle 2 ans (National Service) — 15 000+ mobilisés annuellement.","Coopération intensive USA (base Changi, 7ᵉ flotte), Taïwan (Starlight), Australie (entraînement)."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"malacca","nom":"Détroit de Malacca","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (MY, SG, ID)","importance_globale":"Route maritime la plus fréquentée au monde. Point de passage majeur du commerce Est-Ouest : Moyen-Orient/Afrique → Chine/Japon/Corée. Chine dépend à ~80% de son pétrole importé via ce détroit (« dilemme de Malacca »).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":94000,"petrole_mb_j":16,"conteneurs_muid":22,"pct_commerce_mondial":25,"pct_petrole_mondial":25},"menace_principale":"Piraterie historique (en forte baisse depuis 2005 via patrouilles MSSP tripartites Malaisie-Singapour-Indonésie), tensions Chine-USA autour de la Mer de Chine méridionale en cas de conflit."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":193,"zee_km2":1067,"pib_maritime_pct":7,"pib_maritime_md_usd":36,"flotte_marchande_navires":3400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.001,"ports_top10_mondial":1,"notes":"Cité-État maritime — 2ᵉ port conteneurs mondial. Économie maritime = 7% PIB (routage, soutage, financement, assurances). Hub stratégique Malacca.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Lawrence Wong PM depuis mai 2024 — 4e PM depuis l'indépendance 1965. Transition orchestrée par Lee Hsien Loong.","Ville-État de 728 km² — l'un des pays les plus denses au monde.","PIB/habitant parmi les 5 plus élevés au monde.","CPF (Central Provident Fund) : système d'épargne obligatoire de 37% du salaire.","~40% expatriés. Politique migratoire très sélective.","Élections générales prévues avant novembre 2025."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-05-03","type":"legislative","participation_pct":92.5,"vainqueur":"People's Action Party (PAP, 87 sièges sur 97, 65.6% des voix)","gouvernement_issu":"Lawrence Wong (PAP) confirmé PM après son accession en mai 2024, succédant à Lee Hsien Loong.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Singaporean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-07-10","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"PAP (83 sièges sur 93, 61.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Lee Hsien Loong, dernier mandat comme PM (2020-2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Singaporean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SK","iso3":"SVK","slug":"slovaquie","nom_courant_fr":"Slovaquie","nom_officiel_fr":"République slovaque","nom_officiel_local":"Slovenská republika","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bratislava","source":{"nom":"ŠÚSR","url":"https://slovak.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":5413813,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/svk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":49036,"source":{"nom":"ŠÚSR","url":"https://slovak.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2009,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Peter Pellegrini","source":{"nom":"Présidence slovaque","url":"https://www.prezident.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prezident Slovenskej republiky","parti_id":"sk.hlas","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-06-15","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.prezident.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élu au 2e tour le 6 avril 2024 (53%) face à Ivan Korčok. Ancien PM (2018-2020), président du HLAS-SD, allié de Fico.","notes_en":"Élu au 2e tour le 6 avril 2024 (53%) face à Ivan Korčok. Ancien PM (2018-2020), président du HLAS-SD, allié de Fico."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution slovaque","url":"https://www.zbierka.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Robert Fico","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement slovaque","url":"https://www.vlada.gov.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predseda vlády","parti_id":"sk.smer","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-10-25","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://www.vlada.gov.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Coalition SMER-SD + HLAS-SD + SNS. 4e mandat de Fico. Victime d'une tentative d'assassinat le 15 mai 2024.","notes_en":"Coalition SMER-SD + HLAS-SD + SNS. 4e mandat de Fico. Victime d'une tentative d'assassinat le 15 mai 2024."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président. Doit obtenir la confiance du Conseil national.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.zbierka.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sk.smer","sieges":42,"source":{"nom":"Statistical Office of the SR","url":"https://volby.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2023-09-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sk.hlas","sieges":27,"source":{"nom":"Statistical Office","url":"https://volby.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2023-09-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"sk.sns","sieges":10,"source":{"nom":"Statistical Office","url":"https://volby.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2023-09-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-10-25","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of slovaquie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_slovaquie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-10-25","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of slovaquie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_slovaquie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel avec droit de veto (surmontable). Fico a fortement recentré le pouvoir depuis 2023 — inquiétudes UE sur l'État de droit.","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire monocamérale. Président élu au suffrage universel avec droit de veto (surmontable). Fico a fortement recentré le pouvoir depuis 2023 — inquiétudes UE sur l'État de droit."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Národná rada Slovenskej republiky","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":150,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique. Seuil 5%.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-09-30","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sk.smer","sieges":42,"voix_pct":22.9},{"parti_id":"sk.ps","sieges":32,"voix_pct":18},{"parti_id":"sk.hlas","sieges":27,"voix_pct":14.7},{"parti_id":"sk.olano","sieges":16,"voix_pct":8.9},{"parti_id":"sk.kdh","sieges":12,"voix_pct":6.8},{"parti_id":"sk.sas","sieges":11,"voix_pct":6.3},{"parti_id":"sk.sns","sieges":10,"voix_pct":5.6}],"source":{"nom":"Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic","url":"https://volby.statistics.sk/","date_donnee":"2023-09-30","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel dans une circonscription nationale unique. Seuil 5%."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ústavný súd Slovenskej republiky (Košice)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.ustavnysud.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 134","url":"https://www.zbierka.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur une liste double proposée par le Conseil national.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 134","url":"https://www.zbierka.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.zbierka.sk/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":154,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":28498,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":0.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":4.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":61.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"A","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"24 April 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 December 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"13 December 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.56,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/SVK.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":21.3},{"pays":"Tchéquie","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Hongrie","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.6},{"pays":"Tchéquie","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":7.3},{"pays":"Hongrie","part_pct":5.9}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (VW, Kia, Stellantis, JLR)","Machines et équipements","Produits électroniques","Métaux","Produits pétroliers raffinés"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Ordinateurs","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (production par habitant)","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~1,1 million de véhicules/an — Volkswagen Bratislava, Kia Žilina, Stellantis Trnava, Jaguar Land Rover Nitra."},{"produit":"Sidérurgie (US Steel Košice)","rang_europeen":8},{"produit":"Externalisation IT et centres partagés","rang_europeen":10}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Slovakia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/svk","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":40.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":47.1,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2020.","esperance_vie_femmes":81.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":75.2,"age_median":42.2,"indice_fecondite":1.46,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/svk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":46017,"deces_2025":53597,"solde_naturel_2025":-7580},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II obligatoire (assouplissement 2020)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":24.75,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":66,"description":"Âge légal indexé à l'espérance de vie mais gelé par Fico à 63 ans en 2019. Cotisation 24,75% (17% employeur + 7,75% salarié). 2e pilier obligatoire pour nouveaux entrants (~5,5% obligatoire).","source":{"nom":"Sociálna poisťovňa","url":"https://www.socpoist.sk/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + Pilier II obligatoire (assouplissement 2020)","description_en":"Âge légal indexé à l'espérance de vie mais gelé par Fico à 63 ans en 2019. Cotisation 24,75% (17% employeur + 7,75% salarié). 2e pilier obligatoire pour nouveaux entrants (~5,5% obligatoire)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.55,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Score en baisse rapide depuis le retour de Fico (2023) : réforme du code pénal, attaques contre les médias publics.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Score en baisse rapide depuis le retour de Fico (2023) : réforme du code pénal, attaques contre les médias publics."},"notes_speciales":["Fico victime d'une **tentative d'assassinat le 15 mai 2024** — première tentative contre un dirigeant européen depuis 2003.","Alignement pro-russe et pro-hongrois inédit dans un pays UE-OTAN. Blocage aide à l'Ukraine.","SMER-SD suspendu du groupe S&D au PE en 2023 pour glissement autoritaire."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Slovaquie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=sk&gl=SK&ceid=SK:sk","langue":"sk"},{"nom":"Denník N","url_rss":"https://dennikn.sk/feed/","langue":"sk"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":15700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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Dubnica (blindés), Konštrukta (Zuzana), MSM Group (munitions)."]},"notes_speciales_en":["Fico victime d'une **tentative d'assassinat le 15 mai 2024** — première tentative contre un dirigeant européen depuis 2003.","Alignement pro-russe et pro-hongrois inédit dans un pays UE-OTAN. Blocage aide à l'Ukraine.","SMER-SD suspendu du groupe S&D au PE en 2023 pour glissement autoritaire."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-09-30","type":"legislative_anticipee","participation_pct":68.5,"vainqueur":"SMER-SSD (Robert Fico, 22.9%, 42 sièges sur 150)","gouvernement_issu":"Robert Fico, 4ᵉ mandat de PM depuis oct. 2023 — coalition SMER + HLAS + SNS.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Slovak parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Slovak_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-02-29","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"OĽaNO (Igor Matovič, 25.0%, 53 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Igor Matovič puis Eduard Heger puis Ľudovít Ódor (2020-2023).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Slovak parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Slovak_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"SI","iso3":"SVN","slug":"slovenie","nom_courant_fr":"Slovénie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Slovénie","nom_officiel_local":"Republika Slovenija","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Ljubljana","source":{"nom":"SURS","url":"https://www.stat.si/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":2130986,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/svn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":20273,"source":{"nom":"SURS","url":"https://www.stat.si/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Zone euro","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2007,"source":{"nom":"Schengen","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2004,"source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1993,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nataša Pirc Musar","source":{"nom":"Présidence slovène","url":"https://www.up-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsednica Republike","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-12-23","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://www.up-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Première femme présidente de Slovénie. Ancienne avocate des droits humains, élue au 2e tour (54%).","notes_en":"Première femme présidente de Slovénie. Ancienne avocate des droits humains, élue au 2e tour (54%)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours.","source":{"nom":"Constitution slovène","url":"https://www.dz-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Janez Janša","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement slovène","url":"https://www.gov.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Predsednik vlade","parti_id":"si.sds","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-06-04","source":{"nom":"Vlada RS","url":"https://www.gov.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e cabinet Janša. Formé après échec de Robert Golob (GS) à conserver la majorité après législatives mars 2026.","notes_en":"3e cabinet Janša. Formé après échec de Robert Golob (GS) à conserver la majorité après législatives mars 2026."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.dz-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"si.sds","sieges":28,"source":{"nom":"DVK","url":"https://www.dvk-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-03-15","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-06-04","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of slovenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_slovenie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-06-04","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of slovenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_slovenie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République parlementaire bicamérale asymétrique. Président élu au suffrage universel avec rôle limité. Bicamérisme avec Conseil national (rôle consultatif).","explication_concrete_en":"République parlementaire bicamérale asymétrique. Président élu au suffrage universel avec rôle limité. Bicamérisme avec Conseil national (rôle consultatif)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Državni zbor (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":90,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel avec 88 sièges par liste + 2 sièges réservés aux minorités hongroise et italienne. Seuil 4%.","seuil_electoral_pct":4,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2026-03-15","distribution":[{"parti_id":"si.gs","sieges":29,"voix_pct":32.1},{"parti_id":"si.sds","sieges":28,"voix_pct":30.8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":33,"voix_pct":37.1}],"source":{"nom":"Državna volilna komisija","url":"https://www.dvk-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-03-15","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel avec 88 sièges par liste + 2 sièges réservés aux minorités hongroise et italienne. Seuil 4%."},{"nom":"Državni svet (Conseil national)","role":"Chambre haute consultative.","sieges_total":40,"mode_designation":"Élus indirects représentant les intérêts fonctionnels.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute consultative.","mode_designation_en":"Élus indirects représentant les intérêts fonctionnels."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Ustavno sodišče Republike Slovenije","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://www.us-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 163","url":"https://www.dz-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée nationale sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.dz-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.dz-rs.si/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":80,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":37357,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":65.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SVN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 June 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"A+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"3 October 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"A2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"27 February 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/SVN.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-04","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":17.2},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":12.7},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Croatie","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":6.6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":13.8},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":12.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Autriche","part_pct":7.6}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pharmaceutiques (Lek, Krka)","Automobile (Renault Novo Mesto)","Machines","Métaux","Meubles"],"top_categories_import":["Produits pharmaceutiques","Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pharmacie (Lek/Sandoz, Krka)","rang_europeen":8},{"produit":"Automobile (Renault Twingo/Clio)","rang_europeen":12},{"produit":"Skis (Elan)","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Port de Koper (transbordement pour l'Europe centrale)","rang_europeen":10}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Slovenia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/svn","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":45.8,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"EUR","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":7.9,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":10.1,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2017,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2017.","esperance_vie_femmes":85,"esperance_vie_hommes":79.7,"age_median":45,"indice_fecondite":1.52,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/svn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":16835,"deces_2025":21523,"solde_naturel_2025":-4688},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition + Pilier II volontaire","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":24.35,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":63,"description":"Âge légal flexible : 60 ans avec 40 années de cotisation, 65 ans avec 15 années. Cotisation 24,35% (8,85% employeur + 15,5% salarié — la Slovénie est un des pays où le salarié paye le plus).","source":{"nom":"ZPIZ","url":"https://www.zpiz.si/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition + Pilier II volontaire","description_en":"Âge légal flexible : 60 ans avec 40 années de cotisation, 65 ans avec 15 années. Cotisation 24,35% (8,85% employeur + 15,5% salarié — la Slovénie est un des pays où le salarié paye le plus)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.71,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Deuxième pays post-Yougoslave à rejoindre l'UE (2004).","Referendum 2024 pour euthanasie et cannabis.","Golob est un « outsider politique » — parti fondé 3 mois avant les élections 2022."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Slovénie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=sl&gl=SI&ceid=SI:sl","langue":"sl"},{"nom":"RTV Slovenija","url_rss":"https://www.rtvslo.si/feeds/00.xml","langue":"sl"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":7300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1600,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":92,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","UE"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M-84 (mod. T-72)","quantite":46,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1984,"origine":"Yougoslavie (URSS)","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"ex-Yougoslavie/URSS"},{"nom":"M-84 (Yougoslavie)","quantite":45,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"Croatie"},{"nom":"T-72M (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retirés."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Boxer 8x8 (commande 2022)","quantite":45,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"ARTEC (KMW + Rheinmetall)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Patria AMV","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"Boxer (annoncé 2024 — livraisons 2028+)","quantite":45,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Allemagne / Pays-Bas","fabricant":"ARTEC","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Patria AMV 8×8","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"Valuk (Pandur I)","quantite":85,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Autriche / Slovénie","fabricant":"Steyr","pays_fabricant":"Autriche"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"CAESAR (annoncé 2023 — livraisons 2026-2028)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2026,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter Systems","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"M-84 155mm (canon tracté SP)","quantite":18,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Yougoslavie","fabricant":"Đuro Đaković","pays_fabricant":"Croatie"}],"avions_combat":[],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AS532 Cougar","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Mistral 3","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"France","fabricant":"MBDA","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"Roland (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"Aerospatiale / MBB","pays_fabricant":"France"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR — commandement du secteur (contribution majeure)","effectifs":300,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR — commandement du secteur (contribution majeure)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea","effectifs":10,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL","effectifs":10,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq","effectifs":15,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Slovaquie","mission":"Enhanced Vigilance","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Enhanced Vigilance","cadre_en":"OTAN"}],"notes_speciales":["Petit budget défense (~1,4% PIB 2024) — engagement 2% pour 2030 seulement.","Achats stratégiques 2023-2024 : Boxer, CAESAR — modernisation post-2022."],"notes_speciales_en":["Petit budget défense (~1,4% PIB 2024) — engagement 2% pour 2030 seulement.","Achats stratégiques 2023-2024 : Boxer, CAESAR — modernisation post-2022."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":47,"zee_km2":199,"pib_maritime_pct":2.5,"notes":"Port de Koper — accès UE limité.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Deuxième pays post-Yougoslave à rejoindre l'UE (2004).","Referendum 2024 pour euthanasie et cannabis.","Golob est un « outsider politique » — parti fondé 3 mois avant les élections 2022."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-04-24","type":"legislative","participation_pct":70.9,"vainqueur":"Mouvement Liberté (GS, Robert Golob, 34.5%, 41 sièges sur 90)","gouvernement_issu":"Robert Golob PM depuis mai 2022 — coalition GS + SD + Levica.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Slovenian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Slovenian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-06-03","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"SDS (Janez Janša, 24.9%, 25 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Marjan Šarec puis Janez Janša (2020-2022).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Slovenian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SO","iso3":"SOM","slug":"somalie","nom_courant_fr":"Somalie","nom_officiel_fr":"République fédérale de Somalie","nom_officiel_local":"Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Mogadiscio","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":19654739,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/som","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":637657,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1974,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"organisation":"IGAD","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1986,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"source":{"nom":"EAC Secretariat","url":"https://www.eac.int/","date_donnee":"2024-11","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Adhésion officielle le 4 mars 2024, 8ᵉ membre CAE.","notes_en":"Adhésion officielle le 4 mars 2024, 8ᵉ membre CAE."},{"organisation":"OCI","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1969,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hassan Sheikh Mohamud","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"so.uspd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-05-23","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage indirect par le Parlement fédéral pour 4 ans (2ᵉ mandat après 2012-2017).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hamza Abdi Barre","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-06-25","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président et confirmé par le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"so.uspd","sieges":100,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Somali parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Somali_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-05-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of somalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_somalie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-05-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of somalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_somalie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_federale_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"République fédérale parlementaire théorique — État très fragile. 5 États fédérés (Puntland, Jubaland, South West, Hirshabelle, Galmudug) + Somaliland de facto indépendant depuis 1991 (non-reconnu). Président élu au suffrage indirect par les 275 députés du Parlement fédéral. Objectif d'un scrutin universel direct pour 2026 (loi de mars 2023) — reporté à 2027-2028.","explication_concrete_en":"République fédérale parlementaire théorique — État très fragile. 5 États fédérés (Puntland, Jubaland, South West, Hirshabelle, Galmudug) + Somaliland de facto indépendant depuis 1991 (non-reconnu). Président élu au suffrage indirect par les 275 députés du Parlement fédéral. Objectif d'un scrutin universel direct pour 2026 (loi de mars 2023) — reporté à 2027-2028."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"House of the People (Chambre basse)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":275,"mode_designation":"Suffrage indirect par les délégués claniques (système 4.5 — clans majeurs à parts égales, minorités demi-part). Réforme vers suffrage direct universel prévue 2027-2028.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-04-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"so.uspd","sieges":110,"voix_pct":40},{"parti_id":"_independants","sieges":165,"voix_pct":60}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Système clanique — non-partisan pour la plupart des sièges. Le décompte par parti est indicatif : 110 sièges liés à la coalition présidentielle USPD (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud), le reste étant des indépendants issus des clans (Hawiye, Darod, Dir, Digil-Mirifle, Rahanweyn).","notes_en":"Système clanique — non-partisan pour la plupart des sièges. Le décompte par parti est indicatif : 110 sièges liés à la coalition présidentielle USPD (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud), le reste étant des indépendants issus des clans (Hawiye, Darod, Dir, Digil-Mirifle, Rahanweyn)."},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Suffrage indirect par les délégués claniques (système 4.5 — clans majeurs à parts égales, minorités demi-part). Réforme vers suffrage direct universel prévue 2027-2028."},{"nom":"Upper House (Chambre haute)","role":"Chambre haute — représente les États fédérés.","sieges_total":54,"mode_designation":"Suffrage indirect par les parlements des États fédérés (9 sénateurs par État fédéral + Benadir/Mogadiscio).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute — représente les États fédérés.","mode_designation_en":"Suffrage indirect par les parlements des États fédérés (9 sénateurs par État fédéral + Benadir/Mogadiscio)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle (prévue par Constitution 2012, non-encore opérationnelle) — actuellement Cour suprême fait office","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis du Conseil judiciaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 70 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":13,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":764,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":35.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-0.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":40.5},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":21.5},{"pays":"Oman","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Yémen","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":4.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Éthiopie","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Bétail vivant (chameaux, moutons, chèvres)","Poissons","Bananes","Charbon de bois (interdit ONU)","Encens"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Riz","Sucre","Machines","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Bétail vivant","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Somalie est un des plus grands exportateurs de bétail vivant vers le Golfe (5-6 M têtes/an)."},{"produit":"Encens","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Boswellia carterii — 1er producteur mondial d'encens (Puntland + Somaliland)."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Somalia","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/som","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques (fédéral seulement, États fédérés séparés)","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":6.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"SOS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":39.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":11.4,"esperance_vie_femmes":58.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":54.5,"indice_fecondite":6.1,"naissances_2025":813306,"deces_2025":206374,"solde_naturel_2025":606932,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"Population très jeune, indice de fécondité très élevé (6+ enfants/femme, 4ᵉ mondial). Croissance démographique 3%/an — doublement de la population en 25 ans.","source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/somalie","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"age_median":16.3},"retraites":{"age_legal":55,"age_taux_plein":55,"systeme_type":"Système embryonnaire","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":null,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Pas de système national structuré de retraite. Seuls quelques fonctionnaires fédéraux bénéficient de pensions. Grande majorité de la population dépendant de l'entraide clanique et des remises de la diaspora (~2 Md USD/an, ~20% du PIB).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Somalie (mise à jour 2026)","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Système embryonnaire","description_en":"Pas de système national structuré de retraite. Seuls quelques fonctionnaires fédéraux bénéficient de pensions. Grande majorité de la population dépendant de l'entraide clanique et des remises de la diaspora (~2 Md USD/an, ~20% du PIB)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.18,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime hybride post-conflit — État fragile, autorité limitée hors Mogadiscio. Élections indirectes par les clans, pas de scrutin universel direct. Somaliland (non-reconnu) organise ses propres élections démocratiques.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime hybride post-conflit — État fragile, autorité limitée hors Mogadiscio. Élections indirectes par les clans, pas de scrutin universel direct. Somaliland (non-reconnu) organise ses propres élections démocratiques."},"notes_speciales":["État en reconstruction depuis la guerre civile 1991+ — pas d'autorité centrale forte pendant 20 ans (Somalie sans gouvernement 1991-2012).","Somaliland (nord-ouest) — de facto indépendant depuis 1991, non-reconnu par la communauté internationale. Élections démocratiques régulières, monnaie propre (shilling somalilandais), armée. Reconnaissance de facto partielle : accord Éthiopie 1er janvier 2024 (base Berbera contre reconnaissance — crise diplomatique majeure avec Mogadiscio).","8ᵉ membre de la Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est (CAE/EAC) le 4 mars 2024 — accès aux marchés régionaux et Corridor de Lamu.","Al-Shabaab (~7 000-12 000 combattants) contrôle des zones rurales du sud/centre — cible régulièrement Mogadiscio par attentats. Défaits en zones tenues (2022-2023) mais résilient.","AUSSOM (African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia) — succède à ATMIS/AMISOM le 1er janvier 2025, mission UA endossée par ONU (Résolution 2767).","Retrait éthiopien de facto d'ATMIS début 2025 — crise post-accord Berbera. Puissances régionales Djibouti, Ouganda, Kenya (retrait 2024), Burundi assurent AUSSOM."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Radio Dalsan","url_rss":"https://radiodalsan.com/feed/","langue":"so"},{"nom":"Hiiraan Online","url_rss":"https://www.hiiraan.com/rss.xml","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Google Actualités — Somalie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=SO&ceid=SO:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":19800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.15,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Milex 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Milex 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":129,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"moyenne"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CAE (EAC) — depuis 2024","AUSSOM (Mission UA 2025+)","Coopération militaire Turquie (base TURKSOM à Mogadiscio)","Coopération militaire USA (Force Danab, drones, AFRICOM)","Coopération militaire UE (EUTM Somalia, formation)"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"MRAP RG-33, Otokar Cobra (livrés Turquie)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-46 130mm (héritage)","quantite":30,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Rares, opérationnalité limitée."},{"nom":"D-30 122mm (donations USA/Turquie)","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17 (donations Éthiopie/Ouganda)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bell 205 UH-1H (donations USA)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs OPV (donations Émirats/USA)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Émirats arabes unis","fabricant":"Damen (Émirats via donation)","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas / Émirats"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (livraisons 2022 — Turquie)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie","notes":"Livraisons dans le cadre du partenariat TURKSOM. Utilisation confirmée vs Al-Shabaab."},{"nom":"ScanEagle (donations USA)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing Insitu","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven (donations USA)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"AeroVironment","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — Al-Shabaab","mission":"Guerre contre Al-Shabaab depuis 2006 — offensive majeure 2022-2023, reprise territoriale partielle (Hirshabelle, Galmudug)","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2006","cadre":"Autonome + AUSSOM + Force Danab (USA)","mission_en":"Guerre contre Al-Shabaab depuis 2006 — offensive majeure 2022-2023, reprise territoriale partielle (Hirshabelle, Galmudug)","cadre_en":"Autonome + AUSSOM + Force Danab (USA)"},{"pays":"Somaliland (contentieux territorial)","mission":"Revendication de souveraineté sur Somaliland — pas de contrôle militaire effectif depuis 1991","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1991","cadre":"Revendication territoriale","mission_en":"Revendication de souveraineté sur Somaliland — pas de contrôle militaire effectif depuis 1991","cadre_en":"Revendication territoriale"},{"pays":"Puntland (rébellion 2024-2025)","mission":"Tensions armées avec l'État fédéré du Puntland — retrait des relations fédérales en mars 2024, tensions armées épisodiques","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"Autonome — crise fédérale","mission_en":"Tensions armées avec l'État fédéré du Puntland — retrait des relations fédérales en mars 2024, tensions armées épisodiques","cadre_en":"Autonome — crise fédérale"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée nationale (Somali National Army — SNA) en reconstruction depuis 2004, avec appui USA (Force Danab spéciale), EUTM Somalia (formation), Turquie (base TURKSOM Mogadiscio, plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger, ouverte 2017).","Al-Shabaab reste actif — 7 000-12 000 combattants, contrôle rural sud/centre, attentats réguliers Mogadiscio. Défaits partiellement 2022-2023 par offensive SNA + AUSSOM + milices claniques Ma'awisley.","AUSSOM (African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia) — 1er janvier 2025, succède à ATMIS/AMISOM. Contributeurs : Ouganda, Djibouti, Kenya (retrait 2024), Burundi. Éthiopie retirée fin 2024 après crise Berbera.","Frappes USA régulières contre Al-Shabaab (drones AFRICOM depuis 2007) — 100+ frappes en 2023-2025.","Base militaire turque TURKSOM à Mogadiscio (2017) — 200-300 formateurs, plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger."],"notes_speciales_en":["Armée nationale (Somali National Army — SNA) en reconstruction depuis 2004, avec appui USA (Force Danab spéciale), EUTM Somalia (formation), Turquie (base TURKSOM Mogadiscio, plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger, ouverte 2017).","Al-Shabaab reste actif — 7 000-12 000 combattants, contrôle rural sud/centre, attentats réguliers Mogadiscio. Défaits partiellement 2022-2023 par offensive SNA + AUSSOM + milices claniques Ma'awisley.","AUSSOM (African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia) — 1er janvier 2025, succède à ATMIS/AMISOM. Contributeurs : Ouganda, Djibouti, Kenya (retrait 2024), Burundi. Éthiopie retirée fin 2024 après crise Berbera.","Frappes USA régulières contre Al-Shabaab (drones AFRICOM depuis 2007) — 100+ frappes en 2023-2025.","Base militaire turque TURKSOM à Mogadiscio (2017) — 200-300 formateurs, plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bab-el-mandeb","nom":"Détroit de Bab-el-Mandeb","type":"detroit","role":"Riverain sud (côte nord de la Somalie touche l'entrée sud de la mer Rouge)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Rouge, connectant l'océan Indien au canal de Suez. Route stratégique pour le pétrole du Golfe vers l'Europe et l'Est asiatique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":21000,"petrole_mb_j":6.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":12,"pct_gnl_mondial":8},"menace_principale":"Attaques houthies contre la marine marchande depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 attaques en 2024-2025. Trafic Suez chuté de 60% en 2024."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3025,"zee_km2":825052,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.03,"notes":"Mogadiscio, Berbera (accord Éthiopie 2024). Piraterie 2024 résurgence (18 attaques).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["État en reconstruction depuis la guerre civile 1991+ — pas d'autorité centrale forte pendant 20 ans (Somalie sans gouvernement 1991-2012).","Somaliland (nord-ouest) — de facto indépendant depuis 1991, non-reconnu par la communauté internationale. Élections démocratiques régulières, monnaie propre (shilling somalilandais), armée. Reconnaissance de facto partielle : accord Éthiopie 1er janvier 2024 (base Berbera contre reconnaissance — crise diplomatique majeure avec Mogadiscio).","8ᵉ membre de la Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est (CAE/EAC) le 4 mars 2024 — accès aux marchés régionaux et Corridor de Lamu.","Al-Shabaab (~7 000-12 000 combattants) contrôle des zones rurales du sud/centre — cible régulièrement Mogadiscio par attentats. Défaits en zones tenues (2022-2023) mais résilient.","AUSSOM (African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia) — succède à ATMIS/AMISOM le 1er janvier 2025, mission UA endossée par ONU (Résolution 2767).","Retrait éthiopien de facto d'ATMIS début 2025 — crise post-accord Berbera. Puissances régionales Djibouti, Ouganda, Kenya (retrait 2024), Burundi assurent AUSSOM."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-05-15","type":"presidentielle_indirecte","vainqueur":"Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (UPD, désigné par le Parlement)","gouvernement_issu":"Mohamud 2ᵉ mandat (précédemment 2012-2017). Hamza Abdi Barre PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Somali presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Somali_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2017-02-08","type":"presidentielle_indirecte","vainqueur":"Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed « Farmajo »","gouvernement_issu":"Farmajo 2017-2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2017 Somali presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Somali_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SS","iso3":"SSD","slug":"soudan-sud","nom_courant_fr":"Soudan du Sud","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Soudan du Sud","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of South Sudan","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Djouba","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":12188788,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ssd","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":644329,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2016,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"IGAD","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2011,"source":{"nom":"IGAD","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGAD","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Salva Kiir Mayardit","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ss.splm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2011-07-09","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Président de la transition depuis l'indépendance de 2011, élection prévue décembre 2026.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ss.splm","sieges":332,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_South_Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Riek Machar","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"1er Vice-président (accord de paix 2018)","parti_id":"ss.splm_io","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2020-02-22","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé selon les termes de l'accord de paix R-ARCSS.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2011-07-09","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of soudan-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_soudan_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2016-07-09","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of soudan-sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_soudan_sud","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle en transition. Guerre civile 2013-2018, accord de paix R-ARCSS de 2018 fragile.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle en transition. Guerre civile 2013-2018, accord de paix R-ARCSS de 2018 fragile."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale législative","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":332,"mode_designation":"Nommés selon les termes de l'accord de paix R-ARCSS.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Nommés selon les termes de l'accord de paix R-ARCSS.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2016-08-05","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ss.splm","sieges":332}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Transitional_National_Legislative_Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_National_Legislative_Assembly","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée législative nationale de transition (TNLA, 550 membres depuis 2020) désignée par les accords de paix R-ARCSS. Composition majoritairement SPLM. Élections initialement prévues 2023, reportées à décembre 2026."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":470,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":46.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":97.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":62.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SSD","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":78.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":2.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":1.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Ouganda","part_pct":19.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":16.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Kenya","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Bois","Or"],"top_categories_import":["Céréales","Machines","Véhicules","Médicaments","Pétrole raffiné"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"~150 000 b/j — 90% des recettes de l'État."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Soudan du 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WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/soudan-sud","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":356181,"deces_2025":119706,"solde_naturel_2025":236475,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":18.6},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Non structuré","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":0,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Système embryonnaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Soudan du Sud","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan du Sud","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Non structuré","description_en":"Système embryonnaire."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.08,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"État fragile, guerre civile récente, transition suspendue.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"État fragile, guerre civile récente, transition suspendue."},"notes_speciales":["Indépendance de juillet 2011 après référendum — pays le plus jeune du monde.","Guerre civile 2013-2018 (~400 000 morts) sur bases ethniques (Dinka/Nuer).","Accord de paix R-ARCSS 2018 fragile, transition sans cesse repoussée — élections prévues décembre 2026.","Économie totalement dépendante du pétrole (90% des recettes) — pipeline via le Soudan (guerre civile Soudan complique)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Sudan Tribune","url_rss":"https://sudantribune.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":187000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["EAC"],"notes_speciales":["MINUSS/UNMISS — ONU 20 000 casques bleus depuis 2011."],"notes_speciales_en":["MINUSS/UNMISS — ONU 20 000 casques bleus depuis 2011."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72, T-55","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-152, M113, MRAP","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8, Mi-24","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Indépendance de juillet 2011 après référendum — pays le plus jeune du monde.","Guerre civile 2013-2018 (~400 000 morts) sur bases ethniques (Dinka/Nuer).","Accord de paix R-ARCSS 2018 fragile, transition sans cesse repoussée — élections prévues décembre 2026.","Économie totalement dépendante du pétrole (90% des recettes) — pipeline via le Soudan (guerre civile Soudan complique)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2015-08-17","type":"signature_accord_paix","vainqueur":"Accord de paix de 2015 (ARCSS)","gouvernement_issu":"Guerre civile 2013-2018 puis accord R-ARCSS 2018. Gouvernement d'unité formé en février 2020.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2011-01-09","type":"referendum_independance","vainqueur":"OUI à l'indépendance (98.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Indépendance proclamée le 9 juillet 2011. Salva Kiir président depuis. Aucune élection nationale organisée depuis (repoussée à 2026).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"SD","iso3":"SDN","slug":"soudan","nom_courant_fr":"Soudan","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Soudan","nom_officiel_local":"Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Khartoum (occupée) / Port-Soudan (siège gouv.)","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":51662147,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sdn","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":1861484,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1956,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1956,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"Union africaine","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Abdel Fattah al-Burhan","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président du Conseil souverain (junte)","parti_id":"sd.tsc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-08-21","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ex-général. En guerre contre RSF (Hemedti) depuis avril 2023.","notes_en":"Ex-général. En guerre contre RSF (Hemedti) depuis avril 2023."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Autoproclamé après coup d'État 2019. Coup d'État 2021 renversant l'accord civil.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Kamil Idris","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"sd.tsc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-05-19","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par Burhan.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sd.saf","sieges":300,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Sudan war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sudan_war","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-08-21","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of soudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_soudan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-08-21","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of soudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_soudan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Guerre civile depuis avril 2023** entre armée (SAF/Burhan) et RSF (Hemedti). Pas de gouvernement légitime unifié. Constitution 2019 suspendue.","explication_concrete_en":"**Guerre civile depuis avril 2023** entre armée (SAF/Burhan) et RSF (Hemedti). Pas de gouvernement légitime unifié. Constitution 2019 suspendue."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée législative de transition (dissoute)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":300,"mode_designation":"Prévue mais jamais mise en place.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Prévue mais jamais mise en place.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2019-04-11","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sd.saf","sieges":300}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Politics_of_Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée nationale dissoute avec la chute d'Omar el-Béchir en avril 2019. Guerre civile depuis avril 2023. Aucun parlement fonctionnel."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle (dysfonctionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Conseil souverain.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":100.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":60.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":187.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SDN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":33.5},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":21.5},{"pays":"Égypte","part_pct":8.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Éthiopie","part_pct":4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.8},{"pays":"Émirats arabes 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dysfonctionnel","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Système public dysfonctionnel. Cotisation 25%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Système public dysfonctionnel","description_en":"Système Système public dysfonctionnel. Cotisation 25%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.06,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Guerre civile depuis 15 avril 2023** : SAF (Burhan) contre RSF (Hemedti). Plus de 150 000 morts, ~15 M de déplacés.","**Pire crise humanitaire au monde** selon l'ONU. Famine déclarée dans le Darfour août 2024.","Coup d'État militaire d'octobre 2021 met fin à la transition civile.","Sécession du Soudan du Sud en 2011.","Or et gomme arabique = principaux exports (contrôle disputé entre factions)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Soudan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=SD&ceid=SD:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":104300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":40500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":71,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Type 96, T-72, T-55, Al Bashir (production locale)","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, BTR-80, WZ-551, MRAP","quantite":1200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":200,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-74 122mm","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":150,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"URSS / Iran","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-25, MiG-29, J-7 Fantan (F-7 chinois)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/Chine"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24/35","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-8/17","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Wing Loong II (utilisés guerre civile 2023+)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"AVIC Chengdu","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Mohajer-6 (Iran, livraisons 2024)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"Qods Aviation","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (contrat annoncé 2020, situation actuelle floue)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}]},"alliances_militaires":["UA (suspension 2021 → 2023 en cours)","Ligue arabe","IGAD (suspension 2023)","Coopération Russie"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Yémen","mission":"Coalition arabe (retrait quasi-total après 2019)","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Coalition arabe","status":"retire","mission_en":"Coalition arabe (retrait quasi-total après 2019)","cadre_en":"Coalition arabe"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Guerre civile SAF vs RSF","mission":"Guerre civile 15 avril 2023 : SAF contre Rapid Support Forces — ~40 000 morts, 12 M déplacés (plus grande crise humanitaire mondiale 2024)","effectifs":200000,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Autonome — guerre civile","mission_en":"Guerre civile 15 avril 2023 : SAF contre Rapid Support Forces — ~40 000 morts, 12 M déplacés (plus grande crise humanitaire mondiale 2024)","cadre_en":"Autonome — guerre civile"},{"pays":"Darfour","mission":"Guerre Darfour depuis 2003 — génocide reconnu (Fur, Massalit)","effectifs":50000,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Guerre Darfour depuis 2003 — génocide reconnu (Fur, Massalit)","cadre_en":"Autonome"}],"notes_speciales":["Guerre civile depuis le 15 avril 2023 — Forces armées soudanaises (SAF, général al-Burhan) contre Rapid Support Forces (RSF, général Hemetti).","Plus grande crise humanitaire mondiale 2024 : 12 millions de déplacés (interne + réfugiés externes), 25 M au bord de la famine.","Coopération militaire russe : présence Wagner/Africa Corps depuis 2017 (mines d'or, formation), radar naval Port-Soudan (2020) suspendu.","Fournisseurs de la SAF : Iran (drones Mohajer 2024+), Ukraine (formation officieuse), Égypte, Émirats (côté RSF).","Fournisseurs de la RSF : Émirats arabes unis (drones, munitions via Wagner), Russie, Tchad (voie).","Suspension UA depuis 2021, IGAD depuis 2023 — pays isolé diplomatiquement."],"notes_speciales_en":["Guerre civile depuis le 15 avril 2023 — Forces armées soudanaises (SAF, général al-Burhan) contre Rapid Support Forces (RSF, général Hemetti).","Plus grande crise humanitaire mondiale 2024 : 12 millions de déplacés (interne + réfugiés externes), 25 M au bord de la famine.","Coopération militaire russe : présence Wagner/Africa Corps depuis 2017 (mines d'or, formation), radar naval Port-Soudan (2020) suspendu.","Fournisseurs de la SAF : Iran (drones Mohajer 2024+), Ukraine (formation officieuse), Égypte, Émirats (côté RSF).","Fournisseurs de la RSF : Émirats arabes unis (drones, munitions via Wagner), Russie, Tchad (voie).","Suspension UA depuis 2021, IGAD depuis 2023 — pays isolé diplomatiquement."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":853,"zee_km2":91600,"pib_maritime_pct":1,"notes":"Port-Soudan. Guerre civile 2023+ perturbe le trafic.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Guerre civile depuis 15 avril 2023** : SAF (Burhan) contre RSF (Hemedti). Plus de 150 000 morts, ~15 M de déplacés.","**Pire crise humanitaire au monde** selon l'ONU. Famine déclarée dans le Darfour août 2024.","Coup d'État militaire d'octobre 2021 met fin à la transition civile.","Sécession du Soudan du Sud en 2011.","Or et gomme arabique = principaux exports (contrôle disputé entre factions)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-08-17","type":"signature_accord_transition","vainqueur":"Accord de partage du pouvoir civil-militaire (Forces de la liberté et du changement + Conseil militaire)","gouvernement_issu":"Coup d'État militaire 25 octobre 2021 (al-Burhan). Guerre civile depuis avril 2023 entre l'armée régulière (SAF, al-Burhan) et les Forces de soutien rapide (RSF, Hemetti).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Sudanese revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_revolution","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2015-04-13","type":"presidentielle_regime_al_bashir","vainqueur":"Omar el-Béchir (94.5%, opposition boycott)","gouvernement_issu":"El-Béchir 5ᵉ mandat (renversé avril 2019).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2015 Sudanese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sudanese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"LK","iso3":"LKA","slug":"sri-lanka","nom_courant_fr":"Sri Lanka","nom_officiel_fr":"République socialiste démocratique du Sri Lanka","nom_officiel_local":"Śrī Laṃkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (législative) / Colombo (économique)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":21756000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/lka","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":65610,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1955,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SAARC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1985,"source":{"nom":"SAARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"BIMSTEC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1997,"source":{"nom":"BIMSTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Anura Kumara Dissanayake","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"lk.npp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-09-23","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct pour 5 ans, à un tour (avec système préférentiel).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Harini Amarasuriya","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"lk.npp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-09-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommée par le Président, membre de la majorité parlementaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"lk.npp","sieges":159,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-09-23","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of sri-lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_sri_lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-09-23","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of sri-lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_sri_lanka","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle avec un président fort qui cumule chef d'État et chef effectif de l'exécutif. Le Premier ministre coordonne le Cabinet mais le Président nomme et révoque les ministres. Victoire historique de la coalition marxiste NPP en septembre-novembre 2024 après la crise économique de 2022.","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle avec un président fort qui cumule chef d'État et chef effectif de l'exécutif. Le Premier ministre coordonne le Cabinet mais le Président nomme et révoque les ministres. Victoire historique de la coalition marxiste NPP en septembre-novembre 2024 après la crise économique de 2022."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement du Sri Lanka","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":225,"mode_designation":"196 sièges à la proportionnelle par district + 29 sièges nationaux d'appoint.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"mode_scrutin":{"valeur":"Proportionnelle avec vote préférentiel + sièges de compensation","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-11-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"lk.npp","sieges":159,"voix_pct":61.6},{"parti_id":"lk.sjb","sieges":40,"voix_pct":17.7},{"parti_id":"lk.slpp","sieges":3,"voix_pct":3.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":23,"voix_pct":17.6}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LKA","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":4.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LKA","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":100.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LKA","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/LKA","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"19 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B-","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"22 September 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"23 December 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":24.8},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":18.9},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":8.4},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":4.9},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Thé","Vêtements","Caoutchouc","Épices","Produits de la mer"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Textiles bruts","Machines","Véhicules","Riz"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Thé (Ceylan)","rang_mondial":4,"notes":"Deuxième exportateur mondial de thé."},{"produit":"Cannelle","rang_mondial":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Sri Lanka","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/lka","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":11.8,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.2,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"LKR","annee_exercice":2024},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":10.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.8,"esperance_vie_femmes":80.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.4,"indice_fecondite":2,"naissances_2025":219736,"deces_2025":169697,"solde_naturel_2025":50039,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/lka","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"},"age_median":34.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2038,"annee_bascule_note":"Projection ONU tendance actuelle."},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Employees' Provident Fund (capitalisation) + Employees' Trust Fund","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":23,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Système obligatoire pour le secteur formel : 12% employeur + 8% employé au EPF + 3% employeur au ETF. Grande partie du secteur informel sans couverture formelle.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Employees' Provident Fund (capitalisation) + Employees' Trust Fund","description_en":"Système obligatoire pour le secteur formel : 12% employeur + 8% employé au EPF + 3% employeur au ETF. Grande partie du secteur informel sans couverture formelle."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.42,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Alternance historique 2024, sortie de crise économique 2022 sous programme FMI.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Alternance historique 2024, sortie de crise économique 2022 sous programme FMI."},"notes_speciales":["Victoire historique de la coalition marxiste NPP (JVP) — Dissanayake président septembre 2024, NPP majorité écrasante (159/225) en novembre.","Sortie progressive de la crise économique de 2022 (défaut de paiement, hyperinflation) sous programme FMI de 3 Md$.","Diaspora Tamoule (200 000 morts, guerre civile 1983-2009) — dossier réconciliation toujours ouvert.","Position stratégique dans l'océan Indien — enjeu de rivalité Chine/Inde/USA (port Hambantota loué à la Chine)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Daily Mirror","url_rss":"https://www.dailymirror.lk/rss","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Google Actualités — Sri Lanka","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=LK&ceid=LK:en","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":255000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":5500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":11000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":79,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55AM/T-55MV","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80/152, BMP-2, Buffel, Unicorn","quantite":400,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Kfir C2/C7 (Israël), F-7BS (Chine), MiG-27 (retirés)","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Israël/Chine"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17/24, Bell 212/412","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie/USA"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1340,"zee_km2":517000,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":90,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.53,"notes":"Colombo 27ᵉ port mondial (hub transbordement). Hambantota loué à la Chine (2017). Contentieux Kachchatheevu (Inde).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Victoire historique de la coalition marxiste NPP (JVP) — Dissanayake président septembre 2024, NPP majorité écrasante (159/225) en novembre.","Sortie progressive de la crise économique de 2022 (défaut de paiement, hyperinflation) sous programme FMI de 3 Md$.","Diaspora Tamoule (200 000 morts, guerre civile 1983-2009) — dossier réconciliation toujours ouvert.","Position stratégique dans l'océan Indien — enjeu de rivalité Chine/Inde/USA (port Hambantota loué à la Chine)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-14","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"National People's Power (NPP, 159 sièges sur 225, majorité écrasante)","gouvernement_issu":"Anura Kumara Dissanayake, PM depuis nov. 2024 après avoir remporté la présidentielle en septembre 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2024-09-21","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":79.5,"vainqueur":"Anura Kumara Dissanayake (NPP-JVP, 42.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Dissanayake, président depuis sept. 2024 — victoire historique de la gauche marxiste-léniniste.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Sri Lankan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SE","iso3":"SWE","slug":"suede","nom_courant_fr":"Suède","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Suède","nom_officiel_local":"Konungariket Sverige","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Stockholm","source":{"nom":"SCB — Statistiska centralbyrån","url":"https://www.scb.se/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":10596620,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/swe","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":447435,"source":{"nom":"SCB","url":"https://www.scb.se/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"UE","url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Rejeté par référendum en 2003.","source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Rejeté par référendum en 2003."},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2024,"notes":"Adhésion le 7 mars 2024, fin de deux siècles de non-alignement.","source":{"nom":"Government Offices of Sweden","url":"https://www.government.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Adhésion le 7 mars 2024, fin de deux siècles de non-alignement."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Carl XVI Gustaf","source":{"nom":"Kungahuset","url":"https://www.kungahuset.se/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Suède (rôle exclusivement protocolaire depuis 1974)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1973-09-15","source":{"nom":"Kungahuset","url":"https://www.kungahuset.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire. Depuis l'Instrument de gouvernement de 1974, le monarque n'a plus aucun pouvoir politique.","source":{"nom":"Instrument of Government","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ulf Kristersson","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Ulf Kristersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Statsminister","parti_id":"se.moderaterna","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-10-18","notes":"Coalition centre-droit Moderaterna + Kristdemokraterna + Liberalerna soutenue extérieurement par les Sverigedemokraterna (accord Tidö).","source":{"nom":"Riksdag","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Coalition centre-droit Moderaterna + Kristdemokraterna + Liberalerna soutenue extérieurement par les Sverigedemokraterna (accord Tidö)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Proposé par le président du Riksdag, approuvé par le Riksdag (statsministeromröstning).","source":{"nom":"Instrument of Government, ch. 6","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"se.moderaterna","sieges":68,"notes":"Gouvernement minoritaire Moderaterna + Kristdemokraterna + Liberalerna avec soutien externe de SD.","source":{"nom":"Riksdag","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Gouvernement minoritaire Moderaterna + Kristdemokraterna + Liberalerna avec soutien externe de SD."},{"parti_id":"se.kd","sieges":19,"source":{"nom":"Riksdag","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"se.liberalerna","sieges":16,"source":{"nom":"Riksdag","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-10-18","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suede","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-10-18","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suede","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie parlementaire à parlement unicaméral (Riksdag). Depuis 1974, le roi n'a plus aucun pouvoir politique — un cas rare en Europe. Gouvernements minoritaires historiquement fréquents.","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie parlementaire à parlement unicaméral (Riksdag). Depuis 1974, le roi n'a plus aucun pouvoir politique — un cas rare en Europe. Gouvernements minoritaires historiquement fréquents."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Riksdag","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":349,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 4%.","seuil_electoral_pct":4,"duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel avec seuil de 4%.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2022-09-11","distribution":[{"parti_id":"se.sap","sieges":107},{"parti_id":"se.sd","sieges":73},{"parti_id":"se.moderaterna","sieges":68},{"parti_id":"se.v","sieges":24},{"parti_id":"se.c","sieges":24},{"parti_id":"se.kd","sieges":19},{"parti_id":"se.mp","sieges":18},{"parti_id":"se.l","sieges":16}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Swedish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Ulf Kristersson (Modérés) PM depuis oct. 2022 — coalition Modérés + Libéraux + Chrétiens-démocrates avec soutien parlementaire externe des Démocrates de Suède."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","Membre de l'OTAN depuis 2024 — rupture historique du non-alignement.","Accord Tidö (2022) : arrangement inédit permettant à Sverigedemokraterna (droite nationaliste) d'influencer la politique gouvernementale sans participer au cabinet."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.87,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Suède","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=sv&gl=SE&ceid=SE:sv","langue":"sv"},{"nom":"SVT Nyheter","url_rss":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/rss.xml","langue":"sv"},{"nom":"Dagens Nyheter","url_rss":"https://www.dn.se/rss/","langue":"sv"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"La Suède est une des rares démographies européennes encore fortement positives grâce à une fécondité relativement élevée et une immigration soutenue. Projection SCB : maintien du solde naturel positif jusqu'aux années 2050.","esperance_vie_femmes":85.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":82.6,"age_median":41.1,"indice_fecondite":1.43,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/swe","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":98549,"deces_2025":91131,"solde_naturel_2025":7418},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":66,"systeme_type":"Répartition notionnelle (NDC) + capitalisation obligatoire (Premiepension)","duree_cotisation_ans":40,"taux_cotisation_pct":18.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":55,"description":"Réforme 1998 pionnière du NDC (comptes notionnels individuels). Âge flexible 63-68 ans, ajusté à l'espérance de vie. Cotisation 18,5% dont 2,5% capitalisé (Premiepension). Système considéré comme modèle de soutenabilité.","source":{"nom":"Pensionsmyndigheten / OCDE","url":"https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition notionnelle (NDC) + capitalisation obligatoire (Premiepension)","description_en":"Réforme 1998 pionnière du NDC (comptes notionnels individuels). Âge flexible 63-68 ans, ajusté à l'espérance de vie. Cotisation 18,5% dont 2,5% capitalisé (Premiepension). Système considéré comme modèle de soutenabilité."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":669,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":62662,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":34.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"16 February 2004","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"8 March 2004","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"25 March 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":2.74,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/SWE.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":10.1},{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"Danemark","part_pct":7.2},{"pays":"Finlande","part_pct":7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":17.8},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Norvège","part_pct":7.7},{"pays":"Danemark","part_pct":7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.6}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (Volvo, Scania)","Machines","Papier et bois","Produits pharmaceutiques","Fer et acier"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Automobile","Hydrocarbures","Ordinateurs et électronique","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Musique (Spotify, industrie pop)","rang_mondial":3,"notes":"Streaming musical mondial dominé par une entreprise suédoise."},{"produit":"Meubles (IKEA)","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Automobile (Volvo Cars, Scania, Volvo Trucks)","rang_europeen":5},{"produit":"Fer et acier (SSAB)","rang_europeen":4,"notes":"Pionnier de l'acier vert (hydrogène)."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Sweden","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/swe","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":49.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":50.8,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"SEK","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Högsta domstolen (Cour suprême) — pas de cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Högsta domstolen","url":"https://www.domstol.se/hogsta-domstolen/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":16,"source":{"nom":"Högsta domstolen","url":"https://www.domstol.se/hogsta-domstolen/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le gouvernement sur proposition du Conseil des nominations judiciaires (Domarnämnden).","source":{"nom":"Regeringsformen","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie jusqu'à 67 ans (retraite obligatoire).","source":{"nom":"Regeringsformen","url":"https://www.riksdagen.se/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","notes":"Contrôle « judicial review » depuis la réforme 2010 mais très rarement exercé.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-09-11","type":"legislative","participation_pct":84.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"se.sap","gouvernement_issu":"Coalition minoritaire de droite (Moderaterna + KD + Liberalerna) soutenue extérieurement par Sverigedemokraterna (accord Tidö). Ulf Kristersson PM.","notes":"Alternance historique : SD (droite radicale) devient 2e force et influence la politique via l'accord de Tidö.","source":{"nom":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://www.val.se/","date_donnee":"2022-09-11","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2018-09-09","type":"legislative","participation_pct":87.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"se.sap","gouvernement_issu":"Cabinet Löfven II (S + MP, minoritaire, soutien C et L). Formation record de 129 jours.","source":{"nom":"Valmyndigheten","url":"https://www.val.se/","date_donnee":"2018-09-09","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":24800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":31800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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mod.)","quantite":120,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Allemagne/Suède","fabricant":"KMW + Bofors","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Suède"},{"nom":"Strv 122 (Leopard 2A5 Suède)","quantite":110,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Allemagne / Suède","fabricant":"KMW / BAE Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Suède","notes":"Modernisation Strv 122+ 2024+."},{"nom":"Strv 121 (Leopard 2A4)","quantite":0,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"JAS 39 Gripen C/D","quantite":96,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"JAS 39 Gripen E (Gripen NG)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"JAS 39C/D Gripen","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"JAS 39E Gripen E (livraisons 2019-2027)","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Commande 60 unités."},{"nom":"Sk 60 (jets d'entraînement)","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Retrait prévu 2027 remplacé par Grob G120TP."}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Gotland (AIP)","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Kockums (Saab)","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Blekinge A26","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Kockums","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Gotland 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9040)","quantite":509,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Version domestique."},{"nom":"Patgb 360 (Patria AMV XP)","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Finlande / Suède","fabricant":"Patria / BAE Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Finlande"},{"nom":"Bandvagn 206 / 309 / 410 (BvS10)","quantite":400,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Suède / UK","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"SISU KP-XA-360","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Finlande","fabricant":"Sisu / Patria","pays_fabricant":"Finlande","notes":"Retirés."}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"Archer FH77BW L52 (SPH auto)","quantite":48,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Bofors","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Archer 155mm (auto-portée)","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Bofors","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"8 cédés à l'Ukraine 2023 — production reprend pour 48 supplémentaires."},{"nom":"Haubits 77B (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Bofors","pays_fabricant":"Suède","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"BM-24 Robotartilleri (annoncé 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"HIMARS envisagé."}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Corvettes classe Visby (furtives)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab Kockums (ex-Kockums)","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Visby (5)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2002,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Kockums 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Argus)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"GlobalEye AEW&C (annoncé 2024 — 2 unités)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Suède / Émirats","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk (Hkp 16)","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"NH-90 NFH (Hkp 14)","quantite":18,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2009,"origine":"Consortium européen","fabricant":"NH Industries","pays_fabricant":"France / Italie / Allemagne"},{"nom":"AS332 Super Puma (Hkp 10)","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retrait progressif."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"MIM-104C Patriot PAC-3 (PT-91 suédois — livraisons 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Forward Presence — 1er engagement OTAN post-adhésion (2024)","effectifs":800,"depuis":"2024","cadre":"OTAN — brigade forward","mission_en":"Enhanced Forward Presence — 1er engagement OTAN post-adhésion (2024)","cadre_en":"OTAN — brigade forward"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR","effectifs":60,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN (post-adhésion)","mission_en":"KFOR","cadre_en":"OTAN (post-adhésion)"},{"pays":"Iraq","mission":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","effectifs":40,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"Mission NATO Iraq — instructeurs","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Liban","mission":"FINUL","effectifs":30,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"FINUL","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Mali","mission":"MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2013","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"MINUSMA (retrait 2023)","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Adhésion à l'OTAN en mars 2024 — 32ᵉ membre, fin de 200 ans de neutralité.","Industrie de défense majeure : Saab (Gripen, Kockums submarines, sensors), BAE Systems Hägglunds (CV90, BvS10), Bofors, Kockums.","Aide à l'Ukraine 2022-2026 : Archer, CV90, JAS 39C/D Gripen envisagé (bloqué par consensus OTAN).","Base sous-marine Muskö rouverte 2019 — abri anti-nucléaire."],"notes_speciales_en":["Adhésion à l'OTAN en mars 2024 — 32ᵉ membre, fin de 200 ans de neutralité.","Industrie de défense majeure : Saab (Gripen, Kockums submarines, sensors), BAE Systems Hägglunds (CV90, BvS10), Bofors, Kockums.","Aide à l'Ukraine 2022-2026 : Archer, CV90, JAS 39C/D Gripen envisagé (bloqué par consensus OTAN).","Base sous-marine Muskö rouverte 2019 — abri anti-nucléaire."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"oresund","nom":"Détroit de l'Öresund","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (DK, SE)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Baltique — connecte au Kattegat puis au Skagerrak vers la mer du Nord. Route d'exportation pétrole russe historique (avant sanctions 2022) et exports Norvège / Suède / Finlande.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":30000},"menace_principale":"Sabotages sous-marins baltiques 2022-2024 (Nord Stream, Balticconnector, câbles)."},{"id":"detroit-danemark","nom":"Détroits danois (Skagerrak, Kattegat, Sund, Grand Belt)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (DK, SE, NO)","importance_globale":"Seul accès mer Baltique → mer du Nord. Route exportation pétrole russe (avant 2022) + Norvège. Convention de Copenhague 1857 garantit libre passage.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":55000,"pct_petrole_mondial":3},"menace_principale":null}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3218,"zee_km2":155171,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.22,"notes":"Baltique + mer du Nord. Volvo Cars/Trucks exportés. Kockums (Saab) sous-marins.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif et régime vérifiés.","Membre de l'OTAN depuis 2024 — rupture historique du non-alignement.","Accord Tidö (2022) : arrangement inédit permettant à Sverigedemokraterna (droite nationaliste) d'influencer la politique gouvernementale sans participer au cabinet."]},{"iso2":"CH","iso3":"CHE","slug":"suisse","nom_courant_fr":"Suisse","nom_officiel_fr":"Confédération suisse","nom_officiel_local":"Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft / Confédération suisse / Confederazione Svizzera / Confederaziun svizra","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Berne (ville fédérale ; il n'y a pas de capitale au sens strict)","source":{"nom":"OFS — Office fédéral de la statistique","url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":9092436,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/che","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":41285,"source":{"nom":"OFS","url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Accords bilatéraux mais pas d'adhésion.","source":{"nom":"Département fédéral des affaires étrangères","url":"https://www.eda.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Accords bilatéraux mais pas d'adhésion."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2008,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Neutralité armée depuis 1815.","source":{"nom":"DDPS","url":"https://www.vbs.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Neutralité armée depuis 1815."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"AELE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein).","notes_en":"Association européenne de libre-échange — alternative UE (Suisse, Norvège, Islande, Liechtenstein)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Guy Parmelin (présidence tournante 2026)","source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de la Confédération 2026 (rôle protocolaire tournant annuellement)","parti_id":"ch.svp","sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Le président de la Confédération est un membre du Conseil fédéral qui préside les séances pour un an. Rôle protocolaire ; il n'y a pas de chef d'État distinct.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-01-01","source":{"nom":"Chancellerie fédérale","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu le 10 décembre 2025 par l'Assemblée fédérale. Vice-président : Ignazio Cassis. Présidence annuelle tournante — fonction largement protocolaire.","notes_en":"Élu le 10 décembre 2025 par l'Assemblée fédérale. Vice-président : Ignazio Cassis. Présidence annuelle tournante — fonction largement protocolaire."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée fédérale parmi les 7 membres du Conseil fédéral pour un mandat d'un an, non renouvelable consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse, art. 176","url":"https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Conseil fédéral (exécutif collégial de 7 membres)","source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral / Klexikon","url":"https://klexikon.zum.de/wiki/Bundesrat_(Schweiz)","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Conseil fédéral (collégial)","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"7 conseillers fédéraux 2026 : Guy Parmelin (SVP, président 2026), Ignazio Cassis (FDP, vice-président), Beat Jans (SP), Albert Rösti (SVP), Karin Keller-Sutter (FDP), Elisabeth Baume-Schneider (SP), Martin Pfister (Die Mitte). Chancelier de la Confédération : Viktor Rossi.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-01-01","notes":"Formule magique : répartition stable depuis 1959 entre les 4 grands partis (2 SVP, 2 SP, 2 FDP, 1 Die Mitte), avec ajustements marginaux.","source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Formule magique : répartition stable depuis 1959 entre les 4 grands partis (2 SVP, 2 SP, 2 FDP, 1 Die Mitte), avec ajustements marginaux."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"collegial","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ch.svp","sieges":2,"notes":"2 conseillers fédéraux sur 7. Formule magique inchangée.","source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"2 conseillers fédéraux sur 7. Formule magique inchangée."},{"parti_id":"ch.ps","sieges":2,"source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ch.plr","sieges":2,"source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"ch.mitte","sieges":1,"source":{"nom":"Conseil fédéral","url":"https://www.admin.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-12-13","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du Conseil fédéral (formule magique) — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suisse","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2027-12-13","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suisse","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"regime_directorial","explication_concrete":"Régime directorial unique : 7 conseillers fédéraux se partagent à égalité les fonctions de chef d'État et de gouvernement. Présidence tournante d'un an. Décision par collégialité, secret des délibérations, obligation de solidarité publique. Démocratie semi-directe : référendums fréquents. Fédéralisme fort (26 cantons).","explication_concrete_en":"Régime directorial unique : 7 conseillers fédéraux se partagent à égalité les fonctions de chef d'État et de gouvernement. Présidence tournante d'un an. Décision par collégialité, secret des délibérations, obligation de solidarité publique. Démocratie semi-directe : référendums fréquents. Fédéralisme fort (26 cantons)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Conseil national","role":"Chambre basse, représente la population.","sieges_total":200,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel dans les cantons.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre basse, représente la population.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel dans les cantons.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-10-22","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ch.udc","sieges":62},{"parti_id":"ch.ps_ch","sieges":41},{"parti_id":"ch.plr","sieges":28},{"parti_id":"ch.lecentre","sieges":29},{"parti_id":"ch.verts_ch","sieges":23},{"parti_id":"ch.pvl","sieges":10},{"parti_id":"ch.evp","sieges":2},{"parti_id":"ch.evp","sieges":2},{"parti_id":"ch.autres","sieges":3}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Swiss federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Conseil fédéral collégial reconduit selon la formule magique 2-2-2-1 : 2 UDC + 2 PLR + 2 PS + 1 Centre."}},{"nom":"Conseil des États","role":"Chambre haute, représente les cantons (2 par canton, 1 par demi-canton).","sieges_total":46,"mode_designation":"Élection selon les règles de chaque canton (majoritaire en général).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"role_en":"Chambre haute, représente les cantons (2 par canton, 1 par demi-canton).","mode_designation_en":"Élection selon les règles de chaque canton (majoritaire en général)."}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif collégial, régime, cadre législatif vérifiés.","Cas particulier : pas de « dirigeant » unique. La couleur de la carte est neutre (« exécutif collégial ») et signalée dans la légende.","Démocratie semi-directe : initiatives populaires et référendums fréquents.","Formule magique en vigueur depuis 1959 (avec ajustements) : 2 SVP + 2 PS + 2 PLR + 1 Le Centre.","Exécutif collégial « sans étiquette technique » par convention constitutionnelle : le Conseil fédéral (7 membres) est composé selon la formule magique (2 PLR libéraux + 2 UDC nationalistes + 2 PS sociaux-démocrates + 1 Centre démocrate-chrétien depuis 2015). Aucun membre n'exerce le pouvoir en son nom propre : les décisions sont collégiales et le président du Conseil tourne annuellement."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.88,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Parmi les scores les plus élevés au monde.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Parmi les scores les plus élevés au monde."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Suisse","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=fr&gl=CH&ceid=CH:fr","langue":"fr"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.7,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2030,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel encore positif mais en réduction. Projection OFS : croisement vers 2030-2035.","esperance_vie_femmes":86.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":82.7,"age_median":43.3,"indice_fecondite":1.29,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/che","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":79104,"deces_2025":72739,"solde_naturel_2025":6365},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"3 piliers (AVS répartition + LPP capitalisation obligatoire + 3e pilier facultatif)","duree_cotisation_ans":44,"taux_cotisation_pct":18.7,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":62,"description":"Modèle des « 3 piliers » célèbre : AVS (pension d'État, répartition, cotisation 8,7% partagée 50/50) + LPP (2e pilier capitalisation obligatoire par employeur, ~10%) + 3e pilier privé fiscalement avantagé. Âge légal 65 ans (H et F depuis référendum AVS 21 en 2022).","source":{"nom":"Confédération suisse — AVS","url":"https://www.ahv-iv.ch/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"3 piliers (AVS répartition + LPP capitalisation obligatoire + 3e pilier facultatif)","description_en":"Modèle des « 3 piliers » célèbre : AVS (pension d'État, répartition, cotisation 8,7% partagée 50/50) + LPP (2e pilier capitalisation obligatoire par employeur, ~10%) + 3e pilier privé fiscalement avantagé. Âge légal 65 ans (H et F depuis référendum AVS 21 en 2022)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1044,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":115620,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":39.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CHE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"1 October 1988","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AAA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"10 August 1994","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aaa","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"taux_emprunt_10ans_pct":{"valeur":0.44,"source":{"nom":"OECD Short-Term Economic Statistics (via DBnomics)","url":"https://db.nomics.world/OECD/DSD_STES@DF_FINMARK/CHE.M.IRLT._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z._Z","date_donnee":"2026-05","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Rendement mensuel moyen des obligations gouvernementales à long terme (≈ 10 ans)."}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":18.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.8},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":5.8},{"pays":"France","part_pct":4.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":20},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"France","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":6.3}],"top_categories_export":["Produits pharmaceutiques","Or et métaux précieux","Horlogerie","Machines de précision","Produits chimiques"],"top_categories_import":["Or","Produits pharmaceutiques","Automobile","Machines","Ordinateurs"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pharmacie (Novartis, Roche)","rang_mondial":2,"notes":"Bâle : cluster pharmaceutique majeur."},{"produit":"Horlogerie de luxe","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~50% de la production mondiale en valeur."},{"produit":"Chocolat","rang_mondial":4},{"produit":"Services financiers privés","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Plus grande place mondiale pour la gestion de fortune transfrontalière."},{"produit":"Fromage","rang_europeen":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Switzerland","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/che","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.5,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":32.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"CHF","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Tribunal fédéral (Bundesgericht, Lausanne) — pas de cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Tribunal fédéral","url":"https://www.bger.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":38,"source":{"nom":"Tribunal fédéral","url":"https://www.bger.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée fédérale (chambres réunies). Répartition politique proportionnelle aux forces représentées.","source":{"nom":"Constitution fédérale, art. 168","url":"https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"6 ans, renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"aucun","notes":"Le Tribunal fédéral ne peut pas invalider une loi fédérale (art. 190 Constitution) — les référendums populaires jouent ce rôle de contrôle.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"aucun"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-10-22","type":"federale","participation_pct":46.7,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ch.svp","gouvernement_issu":"Formule magique inchangée (2 SVP + 2 SP + 2 FDP + 1 Mitte). SVP renforcée à 27,9% (+2,3).","source":{"nom":"Confédération suisse","url":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2023-10-22","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2019-10-20","type":"federale","participation_pct":45.1,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ch.svp","gouvernement_issu":"Formule magique. Vague verte historique (Verts + Vert'libéraux : +5,9 points).","source":{"nom":"Confédération suisse","url":"https://www.bk.admin.ch/","date_donnee":"2019-10-20","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":21000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":149000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":6.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.75,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":47,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Partenariat pour la paix OTAN","Neutralité permanente (1815)","ONU (contributeur limité)","Partenariat pour la Paix OTAN"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Panzer 87 Leopard 2 WE (Leo 2A4 mod.)","quantite":134,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1987,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"RUAG (licence KMW)","pays_fabricant":"Suisse/Allemagne"},{"nom":"Panzer 87 Leopard 2 (Leopard 2A4)","quantite":134,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1987,"origine":"Allemagne / Suisse","fabricant":"KMW / Kontraves","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne / Suisse","notes":"35 rachetés Rheinmetall pour revente à Allemagne 2023 — dossier controversé."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (commande 2022)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F/A-18C/D Hornet","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"McDonnell Douglas (Boeing)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"F-5E/F Tiger II (retrait 2027)","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Northrop","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"F-35A Lightning II (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2028-2030)","quantite":36,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"6 Md CHF, référendum populaire 2020."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CV9030CH","quantite":186,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Piranha III/IV","quantite":500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS-MOWAG","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"CV9030CH Mk III","quantite":186,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"Piranha IIIC/IV","quantite":468,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2003,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"DURO / GMTF (utilitaire)","quantite":500,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag / Bucher","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Eagle IV/V","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"GDELS Mowag","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AS532UL Cougar","quantite":15,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"EC635 (H135M)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Europe","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Europe"},{"nom":"AS332M1 Super Puma / AS532 Cougar","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"EC635 P2","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France / Allemagne"},{"nom":"H145M (annoncé 2023 — livraisons 2027)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France / Allemagne"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109 KAWEST 155mm","quantite":133,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1968,"origine":"États-Unis / Suisse","fabricant":"BAE Systems / RUAG","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis / Suisse"},{"nom":"M110 203mm (retiré)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1968,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BMY","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"Pilatus PC-6 Porter","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1966,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Pilatus Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"},{"nom":"Cessna Beech 1900","quantite":3,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Beechcraft","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Rapier (retiré 2019)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"BAE / MBDA","pays_fabricant":"Royaume-Uni"},{"nom":"Stinger","quantite":260,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3 (contrat 2022 — livraisons 2027-2028)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"1,9 Md CHF."},{"nom":"Skyshield 35mm / Oerlikon GDF","quantite":25,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Rheinmetall Air Defence (Oerlikon)","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Hermes 900 (ADS-15)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Elbit Systems / RUAG","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Ranger (retiré 2019)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Israël / Suisse","fabricant":"IAI / RUAG","pays_fabricant":"Israël / Suisse"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR SWISSCOY (contingent suisse pilier)","effectifs":200,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN — Partenariat pour la paix","mission_en":"KFOR SWISSCOY (contingent suisse pilier)","cadre_en":"OTAN — Partenariat pour la paix"},{"pays":"Bosnie","mission":"EUFOR Althea (observateurs)","effectifs":20,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"UE","mission_en":"EUFOR Althea (observateurs)","cadre_en":"UE"},{"pays":"Sinaï","mission":"MFO (petit contingent)","effectifs":4,"depuis":"2019","cadre":"Multilatéral","mission_en":"MFO (petit contingent)","cadre_en":"Multilatéral"},{"pays":"Corée","mission":"NNSC (Commission neutre de surveillance depuis 1953)","effectifs":5,"depuis":"1953","cadre":"Neutralité armistice","mission_en":"NNSC (Commission neutre de surveillance depuis 1953)","cadre_en":"Neutralité armistice"}],"notes_speciales":["Neutralité permanente depuis le Congrès de Vienne (1815) — enshrinée constitutionnellement.","Non-membre OTAN et ONU jusqu'en 2002 — Partenariat pour la paix depuis 1996.","Contrat F-35A (2022) — 6 Md CHF, décision approuvée à 50,1% par référendum 2020 (dossier controversé).","Industrie de défense de niche : Pilatus Aircraft (PC-7, PC-9, PC-21, PC-12), Mowag/GDELS (Piranha, Eagle), RUAG (munitions, drones).","Sanction 2022 : gel avoirs russes ~7,5 Md CHF — rupture de la neutralité financière historique."],"notes_speciales_en":["Neutralité permanente depuis le Congrès de Vienne (1815) — enshrinée constitutionnellement.","Non-membre OTAN et ONU jusqu'en 2002 — Partenariat pour la paix depuis 1996.","Contrat F-35A (2022) — 6 Md CHF, décision approuvée à 50,1% par référendum 2020 (dossier controversé).","Industrie de défense de niche : Pilatus Aircraft (PC-7, PC-9, PC-21, PC-12), Mowag/GDELS (Piranha, Eagle), RUAG (munitions, drones).","Sanction 2022 : gel avoirs russes ~7,5 Md CHF — rupture de la neutralité financière historique."]},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif collégial, régime, cadre législatif vérifiés.","Cas particulier : pas de « dirigeant » unique. La couleur de la carte est neutre (« exécutif collégial ») et signalée dans la légende.","Démocratie semi-directe : initiatives populaires et référendums fréquents.","Formule magique en vigueur depuis 1959 (avec ajustements) : 2 SVP + 2 PS + 2 PLR + 1 Le Centre.","Collegial executive classified as 'non-partisan' by constitutional convention: the Federal Council (7 members) is composed according to the magic formula (2 FDP liberals + 2 SVP nationalists + 2 SP social-democrats + 1 Centre christian-democrat since 2015). No member exercises power individually: decisions are collegial and the presidency rotates annually."],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"SR","iso3":"SUR","slug":"suriname","nom_courant_fr":"Suriname","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Suriname","nom_officiel_local":"Republiek Suriname","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Paramaribo","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":639850,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sur","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":163820,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CARICOM","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"CARICOM","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jennifer Simons","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Présidente","parti_id":"sr.ndp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-07-16","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"**1re femme présidente du Suriname**. Ex-présidente de l'Assemblée. Élue le 6 juillet 2025 après victoire NDP aux législatives mai 2025.","notes_en":"**1re femme présidente du Suriname**. Ex-présidente de l'Assemblée. Élue le 6 juillet 2025 après victoire NDP aux législatives mai 2025."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élue par l'Assemblée nationale à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jennifer Simons (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"sr.ndp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-07-16","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sr.ndp","sieges":18,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-05-25","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"sr.vhp","sieges":17,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-05-25","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":16,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-05-25","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-07-16","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suriname","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-07-16","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_suriname","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle unitaire. Ex-colonie néerlandaise (indépendance 1975). Économie transformée par découvertes pétrolières offshore 2020+.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle unitaire. Ex-colonie néerlandaise (indépendance 1975). Économie transformée par découvertes pétrolières offshore 2020+."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"De Nationale Assemblée","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":51,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par district.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-05-25","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sr.ndp","sieges":18,"voix_pct":30.3},{"parti_id":"sr.vhp","sieges":17,"voix_pct":25.9},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":16,"voix_pct":43.8}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-05-25","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel par district."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Constitutioneel Hof (Cour constitutionnelle, créée 2020)","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":7099,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":9.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":9.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":105.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-9.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"6 December 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Caa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"17 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":27.4},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":20.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Guyana","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":5.3}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":24.1},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":12.1},{"pays":"Trinité-et-Tobago","part_pct":10.4},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":9.7},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Pétrole brut","Bois","Aluminium","Poisson"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Hydrocarbures raffinés","Automobile","Aliments","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or (Newmont — Merian mine)","rang_regional":5},{"produit":"Pétrole offshore (bloc 58 TotalEnergies + APA)","rang_mondial":40,"notes":"Décision finale d'investissement TotalEnergies 2024 — production ~200 000 b/j prévue 2028."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Suriname","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sur","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"SRD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":17.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.8,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":77,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.6,"age_median":30.4,"indice_fecondite":2.23,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/sur","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":10975,"deces_2025":4377,"solde_naturel_2025":6598},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"National Pension Fund + capitalisation","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système National Pension Fund + capitalisation. Cotisation 10%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"National Pension Fund + capitalisation","description_en":"Système National Pension Fund + capitalisation. Cotisation 10%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.55,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"notes_speciales":["Ex-colonie néerlandaise. Néerlandais langue officielle (seul pays hors Europe).","1re femme présidente : Jennifer Simons (NDP, 2025).","Bouterse (ex-président NDP 2010-2020) : condamné 2019 pour massacre 1982, décédé décembre 2024.","**Boom pétrolier attendu 2028+** : TotalEnergies + APA Corporation bloc 58 (5+ Md barils).","Ethniquement diverse : Indo-Surinamais (27%), Créoles (16%), Marrons (22%), Javanais (14%), autochtones + métis."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Suriname","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=nl&gl=SR&ceid=SR:nl","langue":"nl"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":1840,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":4700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.03,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.6,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":137,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["CARICOM","UNASUR (dormant)"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Cascavel EE-9, YPR-765","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Brésil/Pays-Bas"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Bell 205 / 412","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"chars":[{"nom":"Aucun char","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Aucun avion de combat","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[],"notes_speciales":["Petite armée (~1 800 hommes) — héritage colonial néerlandais.","Découverte pétrolière offshore Block 58 (TotalEnergies + APA) — potentiel commercial fin 2020s."],"notes_speciales_en":["Petite armée (~1 800 hommes) — héritage colonial néerlandais.","Découverte pétrolière offshore Block 58 (TotalEnergies + APA) — potentiel commercial fin 2020s."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":386,"zee_km2":128721,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"notes":"Découverte Block 58 (TotalEnergies + APA).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Ex-colonie néerlandaise. Néerlandais langue officielle (seul pays hors Europe).","1re femme présidente : Jennifer Simons (NDP, 2025).","Bouterse (ex-président NDP 2010-2020) : condamné 2019 pour massacre 1982, décédé décembre 2024.","**Boom pétrolier attendu 2028+** : TotalEnergies + APA Corporation bloc 58 (5+ Md barils).","Ethniquement diverse : Indo-Surinamais (27%), Créoles (16%), Marrons (22%), Javanais (14%), autochtones + métis."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-05-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti de la réforme progressiste (VHP, 18 sièges sur 51) + coalition","gouvernement_issu":"Jennifer Simons présidente élue par l'Assemblée nationale en juillet 2025 — première femme présidente du Suriname.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Surinamese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Surinamese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-05-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"VHP (20 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Chan Santokhi président 2020-2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Surinamese general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Surinamese_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"SY","iso3":"SYR","slug":"syrie","nom_courant_fr":"Syrie","nom_officiel_fr":"République arabe syrienne (en transition)","nom_officiel_local":"al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Damas","source":{"nom":"CBS Syrie","url":"http://cbssyr.sy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"population":{"valeur":25620427,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/syr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":185180,"source":{"nom":"CIA Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"notes":"Réintégrée mai 2023 après suspension 2011. Sous nouveau régime : statut à confirmer 2025.","source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Réintégrée mai 2023 après suspension 2011. Sous nouveau régime : statut à confirmer 2025."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Ahmad al-Charaa (Abou Mohammad al-Joulani)","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement syrien de transition","url":"https://sana.sy/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président par intérim de la période de transition","parti_id":"sy.tahrir","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-01-29","source":{"nom":"SANA","url":"https://sana.sy/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chef de Hayat Tahrir al-Cham (HTS). A dirigé l'offensive éclair de novembre-décembre 2024 qui a renversé Bachar al-Assad (fuite en Russie le 8 décembre 2024).","notes_en":"Chef de Hayat Tahrir al-Cham (HTS). A dirigé l'offensive éclair de novembre-décembre 2024 qui a renversé Bachar al-Assad (fuite en Russie le 8 décembre 2024)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Autoproclamation par HTS après consultation des factions. Constitution provisoire adoptée mars 2025. Élections « dans 4 à 5 ans » selon la déclaration.","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement de transition","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Mohammed al-Bachir","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement syrien","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre de transition","parti_id":"sy.tahrir","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-10","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Ex-PM de « Gouvernement de salut » de HTS à Idlib.","notes_en":"Ex-PM de « Gouvernement de salut » de HTS à Idlib."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Conseil de commandement HTS.","source":{"nom":"Constitution provisoire mars 2025","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"sy.tahrir","sieges":0,"notes":"Assemblée dissoute — période de transition sans parlement.","source":{"nom":"Déclaration transition","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Assemblée dissoute — période de transition sans parlement."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-01-29","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of syrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_syrie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2032-01-29","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of syrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_syrie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Régime en transition** après chute d'Assad (décembre 2024, 53 ans de dynastie Assad père + fils depuis 1971). Constitution provisoire mars 2025 : période de transition 5 ans avant élections. Craintes internationales sur la nature islamiste du nouveau pouvoir.","explication_concrete_en":"**Régime en transition** après chute d'Assad (décembre 2024, 53 ans de dynastie Assad père + fils depuis 1971). Constitution provisoire mars 2025 : période de transition 5 ans avant élections. Craintes internationales sur la nature islamiste du nouveau pouvoir."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Conseil du peuple (dissous)","role":"Chambre dissoute en attente d'élections (5 ans).","sieges_total":250,"mode_designation":"À définir.","duree_mandat_ans":null,"role_en":"Chambre dissoute en attente d'élections (5 ans).","mode_designation_en":"À définir.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-07-15","distribution":[{"parti_id":"sy.hts","sieges":250}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Assemblée du peuple élue en juillet 2024 sous le régime Assad, invalidée avec la chute du régime le 8 décembre 2024. Gouvernement transitoire (Ahmed al-Charaa) depuis, sans parlement élu — élections annoncées mais non planifiées."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle (en reconstruction)","source":{"nom":"Ministère de la Justice","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Constitution 2012 (en révision)","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"À définir dans la constitution transitoire.","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement de transition","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À définir.","source":{"nom":"Constitution transitoire","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation FMI — économie dévastée par 14 ans de guerre."},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":520,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Reprise attendue en 2025 avec fin des sanctions."},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":120,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Hyperinflation."},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":50,"source":{"nom":"OIT","url":"https://www.ilo.org/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":150,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Estimation."},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-12,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SYR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":25},{"pays":"Liban","part_pct":15},{"pays":"Irak","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Jordanie","part_pct":8},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":6}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":30},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15},{"pays":"EAU","part_pct":10},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":8},{"pays":"Iran","part_pct":7}],"top_categories_export":["Huile d'olive","Épices","Coton","Textiles","Fruits secs"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Aliments","Machines","Automobile","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Huile d'olive","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Captagon (drogue amphétaminique)","notes":"Ancien pilier économique sous Assad — production démantelée depuis décembre 2024."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Syria","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/syr","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"MinFin Syrie","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":27,"source":{"nom":"MinFin","url":"https://sana.sy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"}},"devise":"SYP","annee_exercice":2024},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":23.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2090,"annee_bascule_note":"Retour massif de réfugiés attendu (~5,5 M réfugiés à l'étranger). Population reste jeune.","esperance_vie_femmes":74.9,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.2,"age_median":21.6,"indice_fecondite":2.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/syr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":593420,"deces_2025":126360,"solde_naturel_2025":467060},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition étatique (largement dysfonctionnel)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":24,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Assad détérioré par la guerre. Reconstruction en 2025.","source":{"nom":"CBS","url":"http://cbssyr.sy/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"basse"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition étatique (largement dysfonctionnel)","description_en":"Système Assad détérioré par la guerre. Reconstruction en 2025."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.1,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Sous Assad : autocratie fermée. Transition : indéfinie.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Sous Assad : autocratie fermée. Transition : indéfinie."},"notes_speciales":["**Chute d'Assad le 8 décembre 2024** : fin de 53 ans de dynastie (Hafez 1971-2000, Bachar 2000-2024). Fuite en Russie.","Nouveau pouvoir : HTS d'Ahmad al-Charaa (ex-al-Qaïda, distancié depuis 2016). Craintes internationales sur nature islamiste.","Levée partielle des sanctions US et UE en 2025 pour permettre la reconstruction.","Retour progressif des ~5,5 millions de réfugiés (surtout Turquie, Liban, Jordanie).","Kurdes (SDF) contrôlent le Nord-Est — négociations avec Damas 2025.","Israël a occupé le Golan syrien étendu (« zone tampon ») après chute d'Assad."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Syrie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=SY&ceid=SY:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":86000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":50000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":63,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower 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SP","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Uraltransmash","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29, MiG-25, MiG-23, Su-24 (parc très endommagé)","quantite":130,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17, Mi-25/35, Ka-52 (parc récent)","quantite":90,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU-2 (donations Russie 2018)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"S-200 Vega","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Pantsir-S1","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBP","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Buk-M2E","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}]},"alliances_militaires":["Coopération militaire Russie (base Hmeimim + Tartus, 2015+)","Coopération militaire Iran / Hezbollah / Axe de la résistance","Ligue arabe (réadmission mai 2023 puis suspension 2024)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — guerre civile","mission":"Guerre civile depuis 2011 — reconquête progressive avec Russie+Iran+Hezbollah — bilan >500 000 morts","effectifs":200000,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"Autonome — guerre civile","mission_en":"Guerre civile depuis 2011 — reconquête progressive avec Russie+Iran+Hezbollah — bilan >500 000 morts","cadre_en":"Autonome — guerre civile"},{"pays":"Golan (occupée depuis 1967)","mission":"Zone démilitarisée face à Israël — mais frappes israéliennes régulières","effectifs":20000,"depuis":"1967","cadre":"Territoire contesté","mission_en":"Zone démilitarisée face à Israël — mais frappes israéliennes régulières","cadre_en":"Territoire contesté"},{"pays":"Idlib (nord)","mission":"Zone tenue par HTS (Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) — accord Turquie/Russie/Syrie 2018 fragile","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Zone tenue par HTS (Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) — accord Turquie/Russie/Syrie 2018 fragile","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Frontière turque","mission":"Sécurisation contre offensives turques (Bouclier de l'Euphrate, Rameau d'olivier)","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"2016","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation contre offensives turques (Bouclier de l'Euphrate, Rameau d'olivier)","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Chute du régime Assad — décembre 2024 : offensive éclair HTS (Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) depuis Idlib, prise de Damas le 8 décembre 2024. Fin de 54 ans de dynastie Assad.","Nouveau gouvernement Ahmad al-Sharaa (Abu Mohammad al-Julani, ex-Nusra) — reconnaissance internationale progressive 2025.","Effondrement de l'armée régulière — désertions massives fin 2024, matériel abandonné.","Bases russes Hmeimim (Latakia) et Tartus — statut incertain sous nouveau régime, négociations 2025.","Israël occupe une zone tampon supplémentaire au Golan depuis chute Assad (décembre 2024) — occupation étendue."],"notes_speciales_en":["Chute du régime Assad — décembre 2024 : offensive éclair HTS (Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) depuis Idlib, prise de Damas le 8 décembre 2024. Fin de 54 ans de dynastie Assad.","Nouveau gouvernement Ahmad al-Sharaa (Abu Mohammad al-Julani, ex-Nusra) — reconnaissance internationale progressive 2025.","Effondrement de l'armée régulière — désertions massives fin 2024, matériel abandonné.","Bases russes Hmeimim (Latakia) et Tartus — statut incertain sous nouveau régime, négociations 2025.","Israël occupe une zone tampon supplémentaire au Golan depuis chute Assad (décembre 2024) — occupation étendue."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":193,"zee_km2":10163,"pib_maritime_pct":0.5,"notes":"Lattaquié + Tartous (base russe). Effondrement post-guerre civile.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Chute d'Assad le 8 décembre 2024** : fin de 53 ans de dynastie (Hafez 1971-2000, Bachar 2000-2024). Fuite en Russie.","Nouveau pouvoir : HTS d'Ahmad al-Charaa (ex-al-Qaïda, distancié depuis 2016). Craintes internationales sur nature islamiste.","Levée partielle des sanctions US et UE en 2025 pour permettre la reconstruction.","Retour progressif des ~5,5 millions de réfugiés (surtout Turquie, Liban, Jordanie).","Kurdes (SDF) contrôlent le Nord-Est — négociations avec Damas 2025.","Israël a occupé le Golan syrien étendu (« zone tampon ») après chute d'Assad."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-07-15","type":"legislative_regime_al_assad","vainqueur":"Front national progressiste (Baas + alliés, régime Bachar el-Assad)","gouvernement_issu":"Régime Assad renversé le 8 décembre 2024 par offensive HTS. Ahmed al-Charaa (ex-Abou Mohammed al-Joulani, HTS) chef de l'État transitoire depuis janv. 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Syrian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-05-26","type":"presidentielle_regime_al_assad","vainqueur":"Bachar el-Assad (95.1%, régime discrédité)","gouvernement_issu":"Assad 4ᵉ mandat 2021-2028 (interrompu déc. 2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Syrian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TJ","iso3":"TJK","slug":"tadjikistan","nom_courant_fr":"Tadjikistan","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Tadjikistan","nom_officiel_local":"Jumhurii Tojikiston","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Douchanbé","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":10786734,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tjk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":143100,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"OCS","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2001,"source":{"nom":"OCS","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"CEEA","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Non-membre.","source":{"nom":"CEEA","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Non-membre."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Emomali Rahmon","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"tj.pdpt","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"1994-11-16","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"31 ans au pouvoir. Prépare successeur son fils Rustam Emomali.","notes_en":"31 ans au pouvoir. Prépare successeur son fils Rustam Emomali."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection non-compétitive. Réélu 2020 (90,9%). Constitution 2016 le désigne « Leader de la Nation », pas de plafond.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Qohir Rasoulzoda","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"tj.pdpt","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-11-23","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tj.pdpt","sieges":51,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-03-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":12,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-03-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"1994-11-16","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tadjikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tadjikistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2001-11-16","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tadjikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tadjikistan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle autoritaire. Fils du Président (Rustam Emomali) président du Sénat depuis 2020 — succession dynastique en préparation.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle autoritaire. Fils du Président (Rustam Emomali) président du Sénat depuis 2020 — succession dynastique en préparation."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlisi Namoyandagon (Chambre basse)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":63,"mode_designation":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-03-02","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tj.pdpt","sieges":51,"voix_pct":50.3},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":12,"voix_pct":49.7}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025-03-02","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte proportionnel + uninominal."},{"nom":"Majlisi Milli (Chambre haute)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":33,"mode_designation":"25 élus indirects + 8 nommés par le Président.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"25 élus indirects + 8 nommés par le Président."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":7,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président avec approbation du Majlisi Milli.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":18,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1693,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":8.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":6.5,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":21.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TJK","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"16 August 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"12 October 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":18},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":16.3},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":13.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.3},{"pays":"Ouzbékistan","part_pct":12.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":32},{"pays":"Kazakhstan","part_pct":17.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.6},{"pays":"Ouzbékistan","part_pct":6.6},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Coton","Aluminium (TALCO)","Ferro-alliages","Fruits secs"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Aliments","Automobile","Métaux"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Aluminium (TALCO)","rang_regional":5},{"produit":"Hydroélectricité","rang_mondial":8,"notes":"Barrage Nurek + Rogun en construction."},{"produit":"Transferts diaspora Russie (~30% PIB)","rang_mondial":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Tadjikistan","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tjk","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":27.6,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.9,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"TJS","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":25.3,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation.","esperance_vie_femmes":74.1,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.7,"age_median":24.2,"indice_fecondite":3.04,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tjk","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":273260,"deces_2025":49522,"solde_naturel_2025":223738},"retraites":{"age_legal":63,"age_taux_plein":63,"systeme_type":"Répartition étatique","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":25,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Répartition étatique. Cotisation 25%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition étatique","description_en":"Système Répartition étatique. Cotisation 25%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.07,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Rahmon au pouvoir depuis 1994 — 31 ans.","Succession dynastique en préparation : Rustam Emomali (fils) président du Sénat depuis 2020.","Migration massive vers la Russie — ~1 M de migrants (transferts ~30% du PIB).","Frontière tendue avec l'Afghanistan taliban.","Guerre civile 1992-1997 (~100 000 morts)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Tadjikistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=TJ&ceid=TJ:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":7500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.09,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":92,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B, T-62","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24, Mi-8","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-80, BMP-1/2, MT-LB","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Rahmon au pouvoir depuis 1994 — 31 ans.","Succession dynastique en préparation : Rustam Emomali (fils) président du Sénat depuis 2020.","Migration massive vers la Russie — ~1 M de migrants (transferts ~30% du PIB).","Frontière tendue avec l'Afghanistan taliban.","Guerre civile 1992-1997 (~100 000 morts)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2020-10-11","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Rahmon (90.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Rahmon 5ᵉ mandat 2020-2027 (fils Rustam Emomali positionné comme successeur).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Tajik presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tajik_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-03-01","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti démocratique populaire (Rahmon, 84.8%, 47 sièges sur 63)","gouvernement_issu":"Emomali Rahmon président (au pouvoir depuis 1994, réélu 2020 à 90.9%). Qohir Rasulzoda PM depuis 2013.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Tajik parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tajik_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"TW","iso3":"TWN","slug":"taiwan","nom_courant_fr":"Taïwan","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Chine","nom_officiel_local":"Zhōnghuá Mínguó","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Taipei","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":23400000,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national + UN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":36197,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Exclu depuis 1971 (résolution 2758 remplacée par RPC).","source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Exclu depuis 1971 (résolution 2758 remplacée par RPC)."},{"organisation":"OMC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2002,"notes":"Comme « Territoire douanier séparé de Taïwan »","source":{"nom":"OMC","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Comme « Territoire douanier séparé de Taïwan »"}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Lai Ching-te (William Lai)","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"tw.dpp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"3e mandat consécutif du DPP. A obtenu 40% face à KMT et TPP divisés.","notes_en":"3e mandat consécutif du DPP. A obtenu 40% face à KMT et TPP divisés."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à un tour. Mandat 4 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Cho Jung-tai","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre (président du Yuan exécutif)","parti_id":"tw.dpp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tw.kmt","sieges":52,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-01-13","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"tw.dpp","sieges":51,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-01-13","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"tw.tpp","sieges":8,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-01-13","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":2,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-01-13","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-05-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_taiwan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-05-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 4 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_taiwan","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Démocratie robuste depuis les années 1990 (auparavant régime KMT autoritaire jusqu'en 1987). Reconnaissance internationale limitée (13 pays + Vatican). **Contexte : menaces chinoises croissantes**.","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle. Démocratie robuste depuis les années 1990 (auparavant régime KMT autoritaire jusqu'en 1987). Reconnaissance internationale limitée (13 pays + Vatican). **Contexte : menaces chinoises croissantes**."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Lifayuan (Yuan législatif)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":113,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 73 uninominaux + 34 proportionnels + 6 sièges aborigènes.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-01-13","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tw.kmt","sieges":52,"voix_pct":34.3},{"parti_id":"tw.dpp","sieges":51,"voix_pct":36.2},{"parti_id":"tw.tpp","sieges":8,"voix_pct":22.1},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":2,"voix_pct":7.4}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-01-13","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 73 uninominaux + 34 proportionnels + 6 sièges aborigènes."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TWN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TWN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TWN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"AA+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"29 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"AA","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"10 September 2021","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Aa3","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"22 September 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":21.6},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":6.9},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":20.6},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.7}],"top_categories_export":["Semi-conducteurs (TSMC)","Composants électroniques","Machines industrielles","Instruments 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Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":16.1,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"TWD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"naissances_2025":132000,"deces_2025":205000,"taux_natalite_pour_mille":5.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.8,"solde_naturel_2025":-73000,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2020. Fécondité 0,87 — parmi les plus basses au monde.","esperance_vie_femmes":84.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":78.4,"age_median":45.3,"indice_fecondite":0.87,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique / UN Data","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (NPI/LPI) + capitalisation obligatoire","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":12,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":44,"description":"Système Répartition (NPI/LPI) + capitalisation obligatoire. Cotisation 12%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (NPI/LPI) + capitalisation obligatoire","description_en":"Système Répartition (NPI/LPI) + capitalisation obligatoire. Cotisation 12%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.78,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Meilleure démocratie d'Asie selon EIU.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Meilleure démocratie d'Asie selon EIU."},"notes_speciales":["William Lai (DPP) président depuis mai 2024 — 3e mandat DPP consécutif. Ligne « souverainiste » face à Pékin.","DPP a perdu majorité au Yuan législatif (KMT + TPP majoritaires) — cohabitation politique intense.","**Tensions extrêmes avec la Chine** : exercices militaires massifs, incursions aériennes quotidiennes.","TSMC = pilier stratégique mondial — 90% des semi-conducteurs de pointe.","Reconnaissance diplomatique : 12 pays + Vatican (perte progressive au profit de la RPC).","Dépenses militaires en forte hausse — accord ARIA avec USA."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Taïwan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=zh-TW&gl=TW&ceid=TW:zh-TW","langue":"zh-TW"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":169000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":1655000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 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2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":24,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"M1A2T Abrams (livraisons 2024-2026)","quantite":108,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS","quantite":460,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"CM-11 Brave Tiger (M60/M48 mod.)","quantite":450,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Taiwan/USA","fabricant":"Armaments Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Taiwan"},{"nom":"M60A3 TTS 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US)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Litton-Ingalls (Northrop Grumman)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Cheng Kung (licence Perry US)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Taiwan/USA","fabricant":"CSBC Corp Taiwan","pays_fabricant":"Taiwan"},{"nom":"Destroyers classe Kee Lung (Kidd)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"États-Unis (occasion)","fabricant":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Cheng Kung (Perry)","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1993,"origine":"États-Unis / Taïwan","fabricant":"CSBC Corp. Taiwan","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Tuo Chiang (catamaran furtif)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"Lung Teh Shipbuilding","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Kang Ding (La Fayette)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1996,"origine":"France","fabricant":"DCN / Naval Group","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marin Hai Kun (national)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Taiwan","fabricant":"CSBC Corporation Taiwan","pays_fabricant":"Taiwan","notes":"**1er sous-marin conçu à Taïwan** — 8 prévus"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Hai Lung (Zwaardvis mod. Pays-Bas)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1987,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Wilton-Fijenoord","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Hai Lung (Zwaardvis)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Pays-Bas","fabricant":"Wilton-Fijenoord","pays_fabricant":"Pays-Bas"},{"nom":"Sous-marins IDS Narwhal (Hai Kun, indigène)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"CSBC Corp.","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan","notes":"1er sous-marin taïwanais indigène — mise en service 2025."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot PAC-3 MSE","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Sky Bow III (Tien Kung III)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Taiwan","fabricant":"NCSIST — National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology","pays_fabricant":"Taiwan"},{"nom":"MIM-104F Patriot PAC-3","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Sky Sword II (SAM court/moyen)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"NCSIST","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan"},{"nom":"Stinger MANPADS","quantite":900,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"CM-32 Yunpao","quantite":700,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"NCSIST / 202nd Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan"},{"nom":"AAV-7A1 (Marines)","quantite":106,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M113 (modernisé Taïwan)","quantite":675,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis / Taïwan","fabricant":"FMC / 202nd Arsenal","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M109A6 Paladin","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Livraisons 2024-2025 après annulation du contrat 2022."},{"nom":"M110A2 203mm","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BMY / United Defense","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"HIMARS (M142)","quantite":29,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Commande 2020 : 29 lanceurs + ATACMS."},{"nom":"Thunderbolt 2000 (RT-2000) MLRS","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"NCSIST","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan"}],"avions_transport":[{"nom":"C-130H Hercules","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1986,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-64E Apache Guardian","quantite":29,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AH-1W SuperCobra","quantite":62,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Helicopter","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"UH-60M Black Hawk","quantite":60,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Sikorsky","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CH-47SD Chinook","quantite":9,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"drones":[{"nom":"MQ-9B SkyGuardian (livraisons 2025-2028)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Atomics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Teng Yun 2 (Cloud Rider, indigène MALE)","quantite":5,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Taïwan","fabricant":"NCSIST","pays_fabricant":"Taïwan"},{"nom":"Switchblade 300 (loitering)","quantite":720,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"AeroVironment","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Commande 2024 dans ATACMS package."}]},"alliances_militaires":["Alliance stratégique de facto USA (Taiwan Relations Act 1979)","Coopération renseignement Japon-USA-Corée du Sud"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Îles Kinmen/Matsu","mission":"Garnisons frontalières face à la Chine continentale","effectifs":4000,"depuis":"1949","cadre":"Territoire national — 2 km des côtes chinoises","mission_en":"Garnisons frontalières face à la Chine continentale","cadre_en":"Territoire national — 2 km des côtes chinoises"},{"pays":"Îles Pratas/Dongsha","mission":"Garnison isolée en mer de Chine méridionale","effectifs":500,"depuis":"1949","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Garnison isolée en mer de Chine méridionale","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Îles Taiping (Itu Aba)","mission":"Plus grande île naturelle des Spratleys sous contrôle taïwanais","effectifs":200,"depuis":"1956","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Plus grande île naturelle des Spratleys sous contrôle taïwanais","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Détroit de Taïwan","mission":"Alerte permanente face aux exercices PLA (encerclement, quasi-blocus 2022+)","effectifs":60000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Alerte permanente face aux exercices PLA (encerclement, quasi-blocus 2022+)","cadre_en":"Territoire national"}],"notes_speciales":["Conscription : allongée de 4 mois à 12 mois en janvier 2024 (première réforme majeure depuis 2013).","Doctrine de « défense asymétrique » (Porcupine Strategy) — priorité à la dissuasion par déni de zone (drones, missiles, mines).","Achats stratégiques USA 2020-2026 : F-16V, Abrams M1A2T, HIMARS + ATACMS, MQ-9B, Harpoon, Switchblade — pipeline armes ~30 Md USD.","Industrie indigène : NCSIST (missiles, drones), AIDC (avions), CSBC (navires). Nouveau sous-marin Hai Kun mis en service 2025.","Non-reconnaissance internationale : 12 États diplomatiques seulement, mais alliance de facto USA-Japon-Corée du Sud."],"notes_speciales_en":["Conscription : allongée de 4 mois à 12 mois en janvier 2024 (première réforme majeure depuis 2013).","Doctrine de « défense asymétrique » (Porcupine Strategy) — priorité à la dissuasion par déni de zone (drones, missiles, mines).","Achats stratégiques USA 2020-2026 : F-16V, Abrams M1A2T, HIMARS + ATACMS, MQ-9B, Harpoon, Switchblade — pipeline armes ~30 Md USD.","Industrie indigène : NCSIST (missiles, drones), AIDC (avions), CSBC (navires). Nouveau sous-marin Hai Kun mis en service 2025.","Non-reconnaissance internationale : 12 États diplomatiques seulement, mais alliance de facto USA-Japon-Corée du Sud."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"formose","nom":"Détroit de Formose (partie sud Taïwan)","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TW, CN)","importance_globale":"Prolongement méridional du détroit de Taïwan. Route commerciale Est-Ouest majeure (Corée, Japon → Malacca).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":88000},"menace_principale":"Idem détroit de Taïwan — voir entrée dédiée."},{"id":"taiwan-strait","nom":"Détroit de Taïwan","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TW, CN)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale majeure Est-Ouest (Corée du Sud, Japon → Asie SE, Europe via Malacca). 60% des semi-conducteurs mondiaux fabriqués à Taïwan (TSMC) passent par ce détroit. Chine considère détroit comme « eaux intérieures », désaccord USA/Japon.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":88000,"pct_commerce_mondial":22,"pct_semiconducteurs_mondial":60},"menace_principale":"Blocus / invasion chinoise possible — exercices d'encerclement de la PLA depuis 2022 (Nancy Pelosi visit) intensifiés 2024-2025. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOP) USA/UK/France/Japon/Canada — provoquent réactions PLA."},{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1566,"zee_km2":174549,"pib_maritime_pct":5.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":400,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.7,"notes":"Kaohsiung 17ᵉ port mondial. Détroit de Taïwan enjeu géopolitique majeur. Pêche lointaine DWF.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["William Lai (DPP) président depuis mai 2024 — 3e mandat DPP consécutif. Ligne « souverainiste » face à Pékin.","DPP a perdu majorité au Yuan législatif (KMT + TPP majoritaires) — cohabitation politique intense.","**Tensions extrêmes avec la Chine** : exercices militaires massifs, incursions aériennes quotidiennes.","TSMC = pilier stratégique mondial — 90% des semi-conducteurs de pointe.","Reconnaissance diplomatique : 12 pays + Vatican (perte progressive au profit de la RPC).","Dépenses militaires en forte hausse — accord ARIA avec USA."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-01-13","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","participation_pct":71.9,"vainqueur":"Lai Ching-te (PDP, 40.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Lai Ching-te, président depuis mai 2024 — 3ᵉ mandat consécutif du PDP à la présidence, mais parlement (Yuan) minoritaire.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Taiwanese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-01-11","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Tsai Ing-wen (PDP, 57.1%)","gouvernement_issu":"Tsai Ing-wen, 2ᵉ mandat 2020-2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Taiwanese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Taiwanese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TZ","iso3":"TZA","slug":"tanzanie","nom_courant_fr":"Tanzanie","nom_officiel_fr":"République-Unie de Tanzanie","nom_officiel_local":"Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Dodoma (législative) / Dar es Salaam (économique)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":70545865,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tza","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":945087,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"EAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"EAC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1992,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Samia Suluhu Hassan","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Présidente","parti_id":"tz.ccm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-03-19","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Devenue présidente après décès de Magufuli (mars 2021), élection prévue octobre 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tz.ccm","sieges":350,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Tanzanian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tanzanian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Samia Suluhu Hassan","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"tz.ccm","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-03-19","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-03-19","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tanzanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tanzanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-03-19","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tanzanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tanzanie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. CCM au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance (1961) — plus longue continuité politique d'Afrique.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. CCM au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance (1961) — plus longue continuité politique d'Afrique."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Bunge (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":393,"mode_designation":"Mixte : uninominal + sièges réservés femmes.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-10-28","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tz.ccm","sieges":350,"voix_pct":89},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":43,"voix_pct":11}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Mixte : uninominal + sièges réservés femmes."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par la Présidente.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Jusqu'à 65 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tanzanie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"a_posteriori"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":87,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1292,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":49.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Notation non disponible / non couverte","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Suisse","part_pct":6.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Anacardes","Tabac","Café","Coton"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Véhicules","Céréales","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Or","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"~50 tonnes/an."},{"produit":"Tanzanite","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"Unique gisement mondial (Merelani, N-E)."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — 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Mahamat Déby a pris le pouvoir en avril 2021 après la mort de son père Idriss Déby, puis a fait entériner sa présidence par référendum (2023) et élection (mai 2024).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. Mahamat Déby a pris le pouvoir en avril 2021 après la mort de son père Idriss Déby, puis a fait entériner sa présidence par référendum (2023) et élection (mai 2024)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre unique.","sieges_total":188,"mode_designation":"Mixte : uninominal + proportionnel régional.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-12-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"td.mps","sieges":124,"voix_pct":66},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":64,"voix_pct":34}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tchad","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre unique.","mode_designation_en":"Mixte : uninominal + proportionnel régional."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 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couverture (~5% de la population active).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tchad","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CNPS)","description_en":"Faible couverture (~5% de la population active)."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.18,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime autoritaire hybride, dynastique.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime autoritaire hybride, dynastique."},"notes_speciales":["Régime dynastique : Idriss Déby (1990-2021, tué par rébellion), Mahamat Déby (2021-).","Le Tchad demeure allié militaire de la France — dernière base française du Sahel après retraits Mali/Burkina/Niger.","Rôle stratégique dans la lutte anti-Boko Haram (bassin du lac Tchad) et anti-Wagner en Centrafrique.","Retrait annoncé de l'accord de défense avec la France novembre 2024 — flou sur mise en œuvre effective."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Tchadinfos","url_rss":"https://tchadinfos.com/feed","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":33500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 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2024 — mise en œuvre 2025."],"notes_speciales_en":["Ex-pilier de la Force conjointe G5 Sahel (dissoute 2023).","Aviation : Su-25, Mi-17, drones Bayraktar TB-2.","Retrait français annoncé novembre 2024 — mise en œuvre 2025."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-55, T-72","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Panhard AML, ERC-90 Sagaie, VAB, MRAP","quantite":200,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"France/Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29, Su-25 (parc irrégulier)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Régime dynastique : Idriss Déby (1990-2021, tué par rébellion), Mahamat Déby (2021-).","Le Tchad demeure allié militaire de la France — dernière base française du Sahel après retraits Mali/Burkina/Niger.","Rôle stratégique dans la lutte anti-Boko Haram (bassin du lac Tchad) et anti-Wagner en Centrafrique.","Retrait annoncé de l'accord de défense avec la France novembre 2024 — flou sur mise en œuvre effective."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-05-06","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Mahamat Idriss Déby (MPS, 61.3%)","gouvernement_issu":"Mahamat Déby président élu, succédant à sa présidence de transition depuis 2021 (après la mort de son père Idriss Déby). Allamaye Halina PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Chadian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Chadian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2021-04-11","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Idriss Déby (MPS, 79.3%, mort le lendemain sur le front nord)","gouvernement_issu":"Mahamat Déby chef du Conseil militaire de transition (2021-2024).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Chadian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chadian_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"TH","iso3":"THA","slug":"thailande","nom_courant_fr":"Thaïlande","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume de Thaïlande","nom_officiel_local":"Ratcha-anachak Thai","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Bangkok","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":71619863,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tha","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":513120,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1946,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1967,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rama X (Vajiralongkorn)","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2016-12-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Succession héréditaire. Dynastie Chakri depuis 1782.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Anutin Charnvirakul","source":{"nom":"Government House Thailand","url":"https://www.thaigov.go.th/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"th.bhumjai","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-09-07","source":{"nom":"Thaigov","url":"https://www.thaigov.go.th/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Bhumjaithai. **Succède à Paetongtarn Shinawatra destituée le 29 août 2025** par la Cour constitutionnelle (fuite audio conversation Hun Sen). Gouvernement minoritaire.","notes_en":"Bhumjaithai. **Succède à Paetongtarn Shinawatra destituée le 29 août 2025** par la Cour constitutionnelle (fuite audio conversation Hun Sen). Gouvernement minoritaire."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élue par la Chambre des représentants.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"th.mfp","sieges":151,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"th.pt","sieges":141,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"th.bhumjai","sieges":71,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"th.pptp","sieges":40,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"th.uta","sieges":36,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-09-07","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of thailande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_thailande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-09-07","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of thailande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_thailande","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Monarchie constitutionnelle mais rôle politique majeur du Roi. Alternance entre gouvernements élus et juntes militaires (12 coups d'État depuis 1932 dont 2006 et 2014). **Loi de lèse-majesté** très sévère (art. 112).","explication_concrete_en":"Monarchie constitutionnelle mais rôle politique majeur du Roi. Alternance entre gouvernements élus et juntes militaires (12 coups d'État depuis 1932 dont 2006 et 2014). **Loi de lèse-majesté** très sévère (art. 112)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Sapha Phutan Ratsadon (Chambre des représentants)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":500,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 400 uninominaux + 100 proportionnels.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-05-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"th.mfp","sieges":151,"voix_pct":37.9},{"parti_id":"th.pt","sieges":141,"voix_pct":28.9},{"parti_id":"th.bhumjai","sieges":71,"voix_pct":3},{"parti_id":"th.pptp","sieges":40,"voix_pct":2.6},{"parti_id":"th.uta","sieges":36,"voix_pct":12.5},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":61,"voix_pct":15.1}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 400 uninominaux + 100 proportionnels."},{"nom":"Wutthisapha (Sénat)","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":200,"mode_designation":"Élus indirects par corporations professionnelles depuis 2024 (auparavant nommés par junte).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Élus indirects par corporations professionnelles depuis 2024 (auparavant nommés par junte)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Sénat sur proposition d'un comité de sélection.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"7 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":577,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":8057,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":-0.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":64.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-1.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/THA","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 August 2004","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Negative","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"24 September 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"7 April 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":17.2},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":8.6},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":4.4},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":4.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":25.1},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":11.9},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"UAE","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":4.7}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile (Toyota, Honda usines locales)","Ordinateurs et disques durs","Riz","Caoutchouc","Bijoux et pierres"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole brut","Machines","Semi-conducteurs","Fer et acier","Or"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Riz (exportateur)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Caoutchouc naturel","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Automobile","rang_mondial":10,"notes":"« Detroit de l'Asie du Sud-Est »."},{"produit":"Disques durs (Western Digital, Seagate)","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Tourisme (~20% PIB)","rang_regional":1,"notes":"~35 M visiteurs/an avant COVID."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Thaïlande","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tha","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":21.4,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"THB","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":8.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2020,"annee_bascule_note":"Solde naturel négatif depuis 2020. Pays le plus âgé d'Asie du Sud-Est.","esperance_vie_femmes":81,"esperance_vie_hommes":72.3,"age_median":42,"indice_fecondite":1.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tha","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":581267,"deces_2025":646942,"solde_naturel_2025":-65675},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SSO) + capitalisation (Provident Fund)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":20,"description":"Système Répartition (SSO) + capitalisation (Provident Fund). Cotisation 5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SSO) + capitalisation (Provident Fund)","description_en":"Système Répartition (SSO) + capitalisation (Provident Fund). Cotisation 5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.24,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Reculs répétés après coups d'État 2006 et 2014.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Reculs répétés après coups d'État 2006 et 2014."},"notes_speciales":["Paetongtarn Shinawatra PM depuis août 2024 — fille de Thaksin (2001-2006, renversé). 37 ans.","Move Forward (MFP) — 1er aux législatives 2023 mais dissous par la Cour constitutionnelle août 2024. Refondé en Parti du Peuple.","12 coups d'État militaires depuis 1932 (dernier 2014, jusqu'en 2023).","Loi lèse-majesté art. 112 — 15 ans de prison max. Utilisée contre opposants.","Tourisme = ~20% du PIB — reprise post-COVID.","Insurrection islamiste dans le Sud (Pattani) — 20 000+ morts depuis 2004."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Thaïlande","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=th&gl=TH&ceid=TH:th","langue":"th"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":360850,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":200000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":113700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":5.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":25,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower 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C/D","quantite":11,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"F-16A/B Block 15 (upgradés)","quantite":53,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Sukhoi Su-30/32 (négociation 2024)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":null,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"F-16A/B Block 15 OCU (modernisés MLU)","quantite":51,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1988,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"JAS 39C/D Gripen","quantite":11,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"Saab","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"F-5E/T Tigris (modernisé)","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis / Israël","fabricant":"Northrop / IAI","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"T-50TH Golden Eagle (attaque légère)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Corée du Sud","fabricant":"KAI","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"L-39ZA Albatros","quantite":22,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Tchécoslovaquie","fabricant":"Aero Vodochody","pays_fabricant":"République tchèque"},{"nom":"Alpha Jet A","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"France / Allemagne","fabricant":"Dassault / Dornier","pays_fabricant":"France / Allemagne"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Porte-hélicoptères HTMS Chakri Naruebet","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Bazán (Navantia)","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Bhumibol Adulyadej (DW3000H)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Thaïlande","fabricant":"Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Frégates DW3000H Bhumibol Adulyadej (classe HTMS Bhumibol)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Corée du Sud / Thaïlande","fabricant":"DSME (Hanwha Ocean)","pays_fabricant":"Corée du Sud"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Naresuan (Type 25T, Chine)","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Chine / Thaïlande","fabricant":"CSSC Hudong-Zhonghua","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Frégates classe Chao Phraya (Type 053H)","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1991,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Porte-aéronefs HTMS Chakri Naruebet (Príncipe de Asturias dérivé)","quantite":1,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Bazán / Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne","notes":"Rarement utilisé."},{"nom":"OPV classe Krabi (River-class dérivé)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Thaïlande / Royaume-Uni","fabricant":"Bangkok Dock Company","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"},{"nom":"OPV classe Pattani","quantite":2,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC Hudong","pays_fabricant":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"VN-1 (8×8, contrat 2019)","quantite":34,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"BTR-3E1 (Ukraine)","quantite":231,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Kharkiv Morozov","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"Type 85 (YW-534)","quantite":450,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"M113A1/A2/A3","quantite":340,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE / FMC","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"Panus R600 Guardian (indigène)","quantite":90,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Thaïlande","fabricant":"Panus Assembly","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M198 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Watervliet","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"M109A5 155mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"CS/SH-1 155mm SP","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"HTM-8","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Thaïlande","fabricant":"Chulalongkorn University","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"},{"nom":"DTI-1G MLRS 122mm (indigène — Chine WS-1B licence)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Thaïlande / Chine","fabricant":"Defence Technology Institute","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"AH-1F Cobra","quantite":4,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"AH-6 Little Bird","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"MD Helicopters / Boeing","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"},{"nom":"UH-72 Lakota","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"États-Unis / Allemagne","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France / Allemagne"},{"nom":"S-70i Black Hawk","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"États-Unis / Pologne","fabricant":"PZL Mielec (Sikorsky)","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis / Pologne"},{"nom":"Bell 205/212/412","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins S-26T Yuan (contrat 2017, livraison bloquée moteur allemand 2022)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2027,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CSSC","pays_fabricant":"Chine","notes":"Livraison bloquée par embargo moteur MTU allemand."},{"nom":"Sous-marins Type 209 (annoncé 2023, non-confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2029,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"TKMS","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne","notes":"Discussions."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"KS-1A (HQ-12 chinois)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"CPMIEC","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"DTI-CMD 5 (indigène)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Thaïlande","fabricant":"DTI","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"},{"nom":"Skyshield 35mm","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Suisse","fabricant":"Oerlikon Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Suisse"}],"drones":[{"nom":"IAI Searcher II","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Aeronautics Aerostar","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Aeronautics","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"U1 (indigène)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Thaïlande","fabricant":"DTI","pays_fabricant":"Thaïlande"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Frontière birmane","mission":"Sécurisation frontière + réfugiés (~1 M) + trafics","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière + réfugiés (~1 M) + trafics","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Sud musulman (Patani insurgence)","mission":"Insurrection sécessionniste (BRN) — >7 000 morts depuis 2004","effectifs":40000,"depuis":"2004","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Insurrection sécessionniste (BRN) — >7 000 morts depuis 2004","cadre_en":"Autonome"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Timor-Leste (retrait 2012)","mission":"UNTAET / UNMIT","effectifs":0,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"ONU","status":"retire","mission_en":"UNTAET / UNMIT","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"notes_speciales":["Puissance militaire régionale — 361 000 actifs, industrie de défense la plus développée d'ASEAN (DTI).","Achats stratégiques diversifiés : Chine (VT-4, VN-1, sous-marin Yuan), Ukraine (Oplot-M, BTR), USA (F-16, M60), Corée du Sud (frégate DW3000, T-50), Suède (Gripen).","Contrat sous-marin S-26T Yuan (2017) — livraison bloquée depuis 2022 par embargo moteur MTU allemand (crise diplomatique Chine-Allemagne-Thaïlande).","Coups d'État militaires réguliers (12 depuis 1932, dernier 2014) — armée acteur politique majeur.","Insurrection sud musulman (Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat) depuis 2004 — >7 500 morts, BRN principal groupe."],"notes_speciales_en":["Puissance militaire régionale — 361 000 actifs, industrie de défense la plus développée d'ASEAN (DTI).","Achats stratégiques diversifiés : Chine (VT-4, VN-1, sous-marin Yuan), Ukraine (Oplot-M, BTR), USA (F-16, M60), Corée du Sud (frégate DW3000, T-50), Suède (Gripen).","Contrat sous-marin S-26T Yuan (2017) — livraison bloquée depuis 2022 par embargo moteur MTU allemand (crise diplomatique Chine-Allemagne-Thaïlande).","Coups d'État militaires réguliers (12 depuis 1932, dernier 2014) — armée acteur politique majeur.","Insurrection sud musulman (Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat) depuis 2004 — >7 500 morts, BRN principal groupe."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"kra","nom":"Isthme de Kra (projet canal)","type":"canal","role":"Pays riverain (TH)","importance_globale":"Projet historique récurrent (jamais construit) d'un canal reliant golfe de Thaïlande à mer d'Andaman. Alternative à Malacca (-1 200 km, gain 2-3 jours). Bloqué par Malaisie/Singapour (perte de trafic) et USA (contrôle maritime).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":0},"menace_principale":"Projet chinois (BRI) réactivé sous Xi Jinping 2015 — abandonné 2020. Ressuscité par Prayut 2023, gouvernement Srettha 2024 — décision incertaine."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3219,"zee_km2":306550,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":500,"peche_annuelle_mt":1.7,"notes":"Laem Chabang 26ᵉ port mondial. Bangkok. Isthme de Kra (projet abandonné 2024).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Paetongtarn Shinawatra PM depuis août 2024 — fille de Thaksin (2001-2006, renversé). 37 ans.","Move Forward (MFP) — 1er aux législatives 2023 mais dissous par la Cour constitutionnelle août 2024. Refondé en Parti du Peuple.","12 coups d'État militaires depuis 1932 (dernier 2014, jusqu'en 2023).","Loi lèse-majesté art. 112 — 15 ans de prison max. Utilisée contre opposants.","Tourisme = ~20% du PIB — reprise post-COVID.","Insurrection islamiste dans le Sud (Pattani) — 20 000+ morts depuis 2004."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-05-14","type":"legislative","participation_pct":75.7,"vainqueur":"Move Forward Party (MFP, 151 sièges sur 500) puis Pheu Thai (141 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Srettha Thavisin (Pheu Thai) PM août 2023-août 2024, puis Paetongtarn Shinawatra (fille de Thaksin) depuis août 2024 (renversée constit. 2025), puis Anutin Charnvirakul depuis 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Thai general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-03-24","type":"legislative_post_coup","vainqueur":"Palang Pracharath (parti pro-armée, 116 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Prayuth Chan-ocha, PM 2019-2023 (précédemment général auteur du coup d'État de 2014).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Thai general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TL","iso3":"TLS","slug":"timor-oriental","nom_courant_fr":"Timor oriental","nom_officiel_fr":"République démocratique du Timor oriental","nom_officiel_local":"República Democrática de Timor-Leste","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Dili","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":1418517,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tls","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":14874,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2002,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Adhésion pleine attendue 2025.","source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"},"notes_en":"Adhésion pleine attendue 2025."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"José Ramos-Horta","source":{"nom":"Présidence officielle","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-05-20","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Prix Nobel de la paix 1996. 2e mandat (a été président 2007-2012).","notes_en":"Prix Nobel de la paix 1996. 2e mandat (a été président 2007-2012)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Xanana Gusmão","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"tl.cnrt","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2023-07-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Héros de l'indépendance, guérillero, ancien président et PM. 3e mandat de PM.","notes_en":"Héros de l'indépendance, guérillero, ancien président et PM. 3e mandat de PM."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tl.cnrt","sieges":31,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"tl.fretilin","sieges":19,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":15,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2023-07-01","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of timor-oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_timor_oriental","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2028-07-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of timor-oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_timor_oriental","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République semi-présidentielle. Indépendant depuis 2002 (après invasion indonésienne 1975-1999). Pays le plus jeune d'Asie.","explication_concrete_en":"République semi-présidentielle. Indépendant depuis 2002 (après invasion indonésienne 1975-1999). Pays le plus jeune d'Asie."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlamento Nacional","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":65,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-05-21","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tl.cnrt","sieges":31,"voix_pct":41.6},{"parti_id":"tl.fretilin","sieges":19,"voix_pct":25.8},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":15,"voix_pct":32.6}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2023-05-21","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel de liste."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Tribunal de recurso (Cour d'appel — fait office de Cour suprême)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":3,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"4 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1464,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":4.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.6,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":14.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-48,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TLS","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":18.7},{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":13.7},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":8.1},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":6.9}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Indonésie","part_pct":33.8},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":8.7},{"pays":"Vietnam","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":5.8}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole et gaz (déclin)","Café","Bois de santal","Marbre","Poisson"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Aliments (riz)","Automobile","Machines","Fer"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Arabica (Ermera)","rang_mondial":30},{"produit":"Pétrole (Timor Gap — épuisement 2024)","notes":"Financements Fonds pétrolier ~19 Md$ (10 fois le PIB)."}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Timor oriental","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tls","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":42,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":72,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"USD","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":21.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.2,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":69.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":66.3,"age_median":20.5,"indice_fecondite":2.63,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tls","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":30878,"deces_2025":10240,"solde_naturel_2025":20638},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Pension universelle (INSS)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":10,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système Pension universelle (INSS). Cotisation 10%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Pension universelle (INSS)","description_en":"Système Pension universelle (INSS). Cotisation 10%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.62,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["Pays le plus jeune d'Asie — indépendance 20 mai 2002.","Occupation indonésienne 1975-1999 → ~200 000 morts (25% de la population).","Fonds pétrolier ~19 Md$ mais champs Bayu-Undan épuisés 2024 — crise budgétaire majeure à venir.","Adhésion ASEAN attendue 2025.","Portugais et Tétum sont langues officielles."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Timor oriental","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=pt&gl=TL&ceid=TL:pt","langue":"pt"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":2300,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.05,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN (observateur)"],"equipement":{"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Petit parc léger","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs (Type 062 chinois, Guardian-class)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine/Australie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun avion militaire","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]},"alliances_militaires_en":["ASEAN (observateur)"],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":706,"zee_km2":74671,"pib_maritime_pct":3,"notes":"Dili. Champs gaziers Bayu-Undan (fin 2023) + Greater Sunrise (accord 2018).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Pays le plus jeune d'Asie — indépendance 20 mai 2002.","Occupation indonésienne 1975-1999 → ~200 000 morts (25% de la population).","Fonds pétrolier ~19 Md$ mais champs Bayu-Undan épuisés 2024 — crise budgétaire majeure à venir.","Adhésion ASEAN attendue 2025.","Portugais et Tétum sont langues officielles."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-05-21","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"CNRT (Xanana Gusmão, 41.6%, 31 sièges sur 65)","gouvernement_issu":"Xanana Gusmão PM depuis juillet 2023 (précédemment PM 2007-2015). José Ramos-Horta président depuis mai 2022.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 East Timorese parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_East_Timorese_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-05-12","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Coalition Alliance for Change (AMP, 34 sièges)","gouvernement_issu":"Taur Matan Ruak PM 2018-2023.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 East Timorese parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_East_Timorese_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TG","iso3":"TGO","slug":"togo","nom_courant_fr":"Togo","nom_officiel_fr":"République togolaise","nom_officiel_local":"République togolaise","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Lomé","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":8591626,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tgo","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":56785,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1963,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"CEDEAO","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1975,"source":{"nom":"CEDEAO","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEDEAO","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UEMOA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"UEMOA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEMOA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Faure Gnassingbé","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président du Conseil (nouveau régime parlementaire 2024)","parti_id":"tg.unir","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2005-05-04","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Ancien président (2005-2024), devenu Président du Conseil après réforme constitutionnelle du 25 mars 2024.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tg.unir","sieges":108,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Togolese parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Togolese_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Faure Gnassingbé","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"tg.unir","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2005-05-04","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2005-05-04","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_togo","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2010-05-04","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_togo","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Réforme constitutionnelle du 25 mars 2024 transforme le régime en parlementaire : élimine l'élection présidentielle directe, Président élu par le Parlement. Manœuvre pour maintenir Gnassingbé au pouvoir au-delà des limites de mandats.","explication_concrete_en":"Réforme constitutionnelle du 25 mars 2024 transforme le régime en parlementaire : élimine l'élection présidentielle directe, Président élu par le Parlement. Manœuvre pour maintenir Gnassingbé au pouvoir au-delà des limites de mandats."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":113,"mode_designation":"Uninominal + proportionnel régional.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-04-29","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tg.unir","sieges":108,"voix_pct":95.6},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"voix_pct":4.4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Uninominal + proportionnel régional."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président et le Parlement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"7 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":12,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":1217,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":5.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":0.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":63,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TGO","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"B+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"18 April 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Bénin","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Burkina Faso","part_pct":13.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Mali","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":5.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"France","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Ciment","Phosphates","Coton","Fer transit","Café"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Céréales","Véhicules"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Phosphates","rang_mondial":14,"notes":"Ressource historique en déclin."},{"produit":"Port de Lomé","rang_mondial":null,"notes":"Hub logistique régional (Sahel)"}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Togo","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tgo","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":16.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"XOF","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":33.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.6,"esperance_vie_femmes":63.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":60,"indice_fecondite":4.3,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/togo","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":275456,"deces_2025":72909,"solde_naturel_2025":202547,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":19.4},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (CNSS + CRT)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":14,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"CNSS (privé), CRT (fonctionnaires). Cotisation 14%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Togo","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (CNSS + CRT)","description_en":"CNSS (privé), CRT (fonctionnaires). Cotisation 14%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.19,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Régime dynastique Gnassingbé (père et fils, 1967-).","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Régime dynastique Gnassingbé (père et fils, 1967-)."},"notes_speciales":["Dynastie Gnassingbé au pouvoir depuis 1967 (père Eyadéma, fils Faure depuis 2005) — la plus longue dynastie familiale d'Afrique.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2024 : passage à un régime parlementaire pour permettre le maintien indéfini de Faure Gnassingbé.","Nord du pays affecté par débordement djihadiste depuis Burkina Faso.","Port de Lomé, hub logistique régional pour le Sahel enclavé."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Togo Officiel","url_rss":"https://www.gouv.tg/feed","langue":"fr"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":8500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":5500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":[],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":118,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Nord Togo (Savanes)","mission":"Opération Koundjoaré anti-djihadiste","effectifs":2500,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Autonome","mission_en":"Opération Koundjoaré anti-djihadiste","cadre_en":"Autonome"}],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-54/55","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"EE-9, Panhard AML","quantite":60,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Brésil/France"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Alpha Jet, Embraer EMB-326","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","origine":"France/Brésil"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":56,"zee_km2":14989,"pib_maritime_pct":4.5,"notes":"Lomé hub logistique régional (Sahel enclavé).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Dynastie Gnassingbé au pouvoir depuis 1967 (père Eyadéma, fils Faure depuis 2005) — la plus longue dynastie familiale d'Afrique.","Réforme constitutionnelle 2024 : passage à un régime parlementaire pour permettre le maintien indéfini de Faure Gnassingbé.","Nord du pays affecté par débordement djihadiste depuis Burkina Faso.","Port de Lomé, hub logistique régional pour le Sahel enclavé."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-04-29","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"UNIR (108 sièges sur 113) — nouvelle Constitution parlementaire adoptée","gouvernement_issu":"Faure Gnassingbé (au pouvoir depuis 2005) devient Président du Conseil (nouveau régime parlementaire depuis mai 2024). Victoire Tomegah Dogbé PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Togolese parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Togolese_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2020-02-22","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Faure Gnassingbé (UNIR, 70.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Gnassingbé 4ᵉ mandat présidentiel 2020-2024 (avant nouvelle Constitution).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2020 Togolese presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Togolese_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TO","iso3":"TON","slug":"tonga","nom_courant_fr":"Tonga","nom_officiel_fr":"Royaume des Tonga","nom_officiel_local":"Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Nukuʻalofa","source":{"nom":"Tonga Statistics Department","url":"https://tongastats.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":106000,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/TO","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"170 îles dont 36 habitées.","notes_en":"170 îles dont 36 habitées."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":747,"source":{"nom":"Tonga Statistics Department","url":"https://tongastats.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1999","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1970,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/tonga","date_donnee":"1970","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1971,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1971","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Tupou VI","source":{"nom":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi des Tonga","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2012-03-18","source":{"nom":"Government of Tonga","url":"https://www.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"ʻAisake Valu Eke","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister's Office of Tonga","url":"https://www.pmo.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-12-24","source":{"nom":"Prime Minister's Office of Tonga","url":"https://www.pmo.gov.to/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu PM par le Parlement le 24 décembre 2024 après la démission de Siaosi Sovaleni (dec. 2024). Ancien ministre des Finances. Dernières élections générales : nov. 2025.","notes_en":"Élu PM par le Parlement le 24 décembre 2024 après la démission de Siaosi Sovaleni (dec. 2024). Ancien ministre des Finances. 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Roi Tupou VI conserve des pouvoirs importants (nomination Gouverneur, dissolution Parlement, veto). Pouvoir législatif partagé entre 17 députés élus au suffrage universel, 9 nobles élus par les 33 nobles héréditaires, et le Cabinet.","explication_concrete_en":"Tonga : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire depuis la réforme de 2010 (fin de la monarchie absolue). Roi Tupou VI conserve des pouvoirs importants (nomination Gouverneur, dissolution Parlement, veto). 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Le PM Aisake Eke a été élu par le Parlement en décembre 2024 après démission de Siaosi Sovaleni.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Tongan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tongan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême du Tonga + Cour d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tonga","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":3,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Juges nommés par le Roi sur avis du Judicial Appointments and Discipline Panel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Tonga, section 84","url":"https://www.paclii.org/to/legis/consol_act/cot277/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 68 ans (Chief Justice) ou terme fixe.","controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Roi sur avis du Judicial Appointments Panel.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à 68 ans (Chief Justice) ou terme fixe.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1875 (révisée 2010)."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.503,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":4820,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":2.6,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":9.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Inflation post-tsunami de janvier 2022 (Hunga-Tonga) et hausse des importations."},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":20,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.7,"esperance_vie_femmes":74.6,"esperance_vie_hommes":68.7,"age_median":22.9,"indice_fecondite":3.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Tonga","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tonga","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.43,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale hybride : monarchie constitutionnelle avec sièges réservés à la noblesse héréditaire. 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Pouvoirs présidentiels considérablement renforcés, Parlement affaibli, régime « ultra-présidentiel ».","explication_concrete_en":"Nouvelle Constitution (juillet 2022) instaurée par le président Saïed après son coup de force du 25 juillet 2021. 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Cotisation 20%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.03,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Un des pires scores V-Dem au monde.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Un des pires scores V-Dem au monde."},"notes_speciales":["Dictature familiale Berdymoukhammedov — succession père → fils en mars 2022.","Culte de la personnalité extrême (statues d'or, poèmes officiels).","Isolement diplomatique volontaire (neutralité permanente).","Fournisseur gaz clé de la Chine (gazoduc Central Asia-Chine).","Cratère de Darwaza (« Porte de l'enfer ») en cours d'extinction ordonnée par le Président."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Turkménistan","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=en&gl=TM&ceid=TM:en","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":36500,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":82,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B, T-90S (livrés)","quantite":700,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":70,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1963,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha Plants","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"9K720 Iskander-E (livrés Russie 2011)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM (Kolomna)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29, Su-25","quantite":30,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-24, Mi-17","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Russie"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"notes":"Mer Caspienne. Türkmenbaşy port GNL.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Dictature familiale Berdymoukhammedov — succession père → fils en mars 2022.","Culte de la personnalité extrême (statues d'or, poèmes officiels).","Isolement diplomatique volontaire (neutralité permanente).","Fournisseur gaz clé de la Chine (gazoduc Central Asia-Chine).","Cratère de Darwaza (« Porte de l'enfer ») en cours d'extinction ordonnée par le Président."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2022-03-12","type":"presidentielle_anticipee","vainqueur":"Serdar Berdimuhamedov (72.9%, fils du président sortant)","gouvernement_issu":"Serdar Berdimuhamedov président depuis mars 2022 — succession dynastique. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov (père) reste chef du Halk Maslahaty (chambre haute).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Turkmen presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Turkmen_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-03-25","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti démocratique du Turkménistan (parti unique de fait)","gouvernement_issu":"Régime autoritaire cohérent — Ashgabat considéré comme l'un des plus fermés au monde.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Turkmen parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Turkmen_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"TR","iso3":"TUR","slug":"turquie","nom_courant_fr":"Turquie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Türkiye","nom_officiel_local":"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Ankara","source":{"nom":"TUIK — Turkish Statistical Institute","url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":85878556,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tur","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":783562,"source":{"nom":"TUIK","url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Pays candidat depuis 1999. Négociations d'adhésion ouvertes en 2005, gelées depuis 2018.","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne — élargissement","url":"https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/turkiye_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Pays candidat depuis 1999. Négociations d'adhésion ouvertes en 2005, gelées depuis 2018."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1952,"notes":"Deuxième plus grande armée de l'OTAN en effectifs.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Deuxième plus grande armée de l'OTAN en effectifs."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1949,"notes":"Membre fondateur. Fait l'objet de nombreuses procédures pour non-respect des droits humains.","source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur. Fait l'objet de nombreuses procédures pour non-respect des droits humains."},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1961,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"G20","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1999,"source":{"nom":"G20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","source":{"nom":"Présidence turque / Britannica","url":"https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Cumhurbaşkanı (Président de la République — chef de l'État ET du gouvernement)","parti_id":"tr.akp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2014-08-28","notes":"Ex-Premier ministre 2003-2014, Président depuis 2014. Réélu au second tour de la présidentielle le 28 mai 2023 face à Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.","source":{"nom":"Présidence turque","url":"https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Ex-Premier ministre 2003-2014, Président depuis 2014. Réélu au second tour de la présidentielle le 28 mai 2023 face à Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois.","source":{"nom":"Constitution turque","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (fonction de PM abolie en 2018)","source":{"nom":"Constitution turque","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/en/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"N/A — depuis 2018, système présidentiel abolissant la fonction de PM","parti_id":"tr.akp","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2018-07-09","notes":"Le référendum constitutionnel de 2017 (voté à 51,4%) a instauré le système présidentiel : le Président cumule chef d'État et chef du gouvernement. La fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie le 9 juillet 2018.","source":{"nom":"Constitution turque, modifications 2017","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Le référendum constitutionnel de 2017 (voté à 51,4%) a instauré le système présidentiel : le Président cumule chef d'État et chef du gouvernement. La fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie le 9 juillet 2018."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le Président est chef de l'exécutif direct.","source":{"nom":"Constitution turque","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/en/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tr.akp","sieges":268,"notes":"AKP + MHP (Alliance populaire).","source":{"nom":"Grande Assemblée nationale","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"AKP + MHP (Alliance populaire)."},{"parti_id":"tr.mhp","sieges":50,"source":{"nom":"TBMM","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2014-08-28","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of turquie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_turquie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2019-08-28","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of turquie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_turquie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Depuis le référendum constitutionnel de 2017 et son entrée en vigueur en juillet 2018 : régime hyper-présidentiel. Le Président concentre le pouvoir exécutif, nomme les ministres, préside le gouvernement, dispose du pouvoir de décret. La fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie. Système parlementaire résiduel.","explication_concrete_en":"Depuis le référendum constitutionnel de 2017 et son entrée en vigueur en juillet 2018 : régime hyper-présidentiel. Le Président concentre le pouvoir exécutif, nomme les ministres, préside le gouvernement, dispose du pouvoir de décret. La fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie. Système parlementaire résiduel."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (Grande Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre unique. Vote la loi, mais son pouvoir a été fortement réduit par la réforme présidentielle de 2017.","sieges_total":600,"mode_designation":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt avec seuil de 7%.","seuil_electoral_pct":7,"duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre unique. Vote la loi, mais son pouvoir a été fortement réduit par la réforme présidentielle de 2017.","mode_designation_en":"Élection directe au scrutin proportionnel D'Hondt avec seuil de 7%.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-05-14","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tr.akp","sieges":268},{"parti_id":"tr.chp","sieges":164},{"parti_id":"tr.mhp","sieges":50},{"parti_id":"tr.iyi","sieges":43},{"parti_id":"tr.hdp_yesil_sol","sieges":61},{"parti_id":"tr.saadet","sieges":10},{"parti_id":"tr.tip","sieges":4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Turkish parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkish_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Alliance présidentielle AKP-MHP obtient 323 sièges. Erdoğan reste président avec 52.2%."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**Système présidentiel depuis 2018** : la fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie. Le Président cumule chef d'État et chef du gouvernement.","V-Dem classe la Turquie comme « autocratie électorale » depuis 2018-2019.","Négociations d'adhésion à l'UE gelées depuis 2018 (dérive autoritaire, État de droit).","Élections présidentielles et législatives de mai 2023 : réélection Erdoğan malgré la crise économique. Prochaine échéance générale : 2028.","**Détenteur du pouvoir effectif = Président** (règle mécanique pour ce régime présidentiel)."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Turquie","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=tr&gl=TR&ceid=TR:tr","langue":"tr"},{"nom":"Daily Sabah","url_rss":"https://www.dailysabah.com/rss/homepage","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Bianet (English)","url_rss":"https://m.bianet.org/rss/eng","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":11,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2065,"annee_bascule_note":"La Turquie a encore une démographie jeune avec solde naturel largement positif. Projection TÜİK : croisement possible vers 2065-2070 selon les scénarios de fécondité.","esperance_vie_femmes":80.3,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.6,"age_median":34.2,"indice_fecondite":1.48,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tur","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":944664,"deces_2025":489508,"solde_naturel_2025":455156},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (SGK unifiée depuis 2006)","duree_cotisation_ans":25,"taux_cotisation_pct":20,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":76,"description":"Retraite anticipée massive : loi 2022 (« EYT ») permet de partir sans condition d'âge pour ceux ayant commencé à cotiser avant 1999. Âge légal formellement 60 (H) / 58 (F), portés à 65 pour les nouveaux entrants.","source":{"nom":"SGK / OCDE","url":"https://www.sgk.gov.tr/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (SGK unifiée depuis 2006)","description_en":"Retraite anticipée massive : loi 2022 (« EYT ») permet de partir sans condition d'âge pour ceux ayant commencé à cotiser avant 1999. Âge légal formellement 60 (H) / 58 (F), portés à 65 pour les nouveaux entrants."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1597,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":18611,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":34.9,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":8.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":23.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TUR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"1 November 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BB−","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"6 September 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"B1","perspective":"Positive","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"19 July 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":8.8},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":6.4},{"pays":"Royaume-Uni","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Iraq","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":12.4},{"pays":"Russie","part_pct":11.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":7.6},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":4.6},{"pays":"Italie","part_pct":4.5}],"top_categories_export":["Automobile et pièces","Textiles et habillement","Machines","Fer et acier","Produits agricoles"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Métaux","Automobile","Produits chimiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Automobile (TOGG, Ford, Fiat, Renault, Hyundai)","rang_europeen":3},{"produit":"Textile et habillement","rang_européen":2,"notes":"2e fournisseur de l'UE après la Chine."},{"produit":"Ciment","rang_européen":1},{"produit":"Armement (drones Bayraktar TB2)","rang_européen":5,"notes":"Exports vers Ukraine, Azerbaïdjan, Afrique."},{"produit":"Tourisme","rang_mondial":4}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Turkey","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tur","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33.7,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"TRY","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Anayasa Mahkemesi (Cour constitutionnelle)","source":{"nom":"AYM","url":"https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":15,"source":{"nom":"Constitution turque, art. 146","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"12 nommés par le Président, 3 par la Grande Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 146","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable. Retraite obligatoire à 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Politiquement dominée depuis les purges post-tentative de coup d'État de 2016.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-05-28","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":84.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"tr.akp","gouvernement_issu":"Erdoğan réélu (52,2%) face à Kılıçdaroğlu (CHP, 47,8%). Second tour — 1re fois qu'un président sortant y est contraint.","source":{"nom":"YSK","url":"https://www.ysk.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2023-05-28","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2023-05-14","type":"legislative","participation_pct":87,"vainqueur_parti_id":"tr.akp","gouvernement_issu":"Alliance populaire (AKP + MHP) : majorité de 322/600. Cabinet Erdoğan.","source":{"nom":"YSK","url":"https://www.ysk.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2023-05-14","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2018-06-24","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":86.2,"vainqueur_parti_id":"tr.akp","gouvernement_issu":"Erdoğan élu au 1er tour (52,6%). Entrée en vigueur du système hyperprésidentiel.","source":{"nom":"YSK","url":"https://www.ysk.gov.tr/","date_donnee":"2018-06-24","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":355200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":378700,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":156800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":40.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":3.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":11,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OTAN","Alliance turco-azerbaïdjanaise (Choucha 2021)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Altay (T3)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"BMC (moteur BATU)","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Leopard 2A4 Turk (upgradé)","quantite":316,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"KMW (base) / Aselsan (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Turquie"},{"nom":"M60T Sabra","quantite":170,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":2007,"origine":"USA/Israël","fabricant":"IMI Systems (upgrade)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Israël"},{"nom":"M60A3","quantite":750,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Chrysler Defense (General Dynamics)","pays_fabricant":"USA"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16C/D Block 50/70 Fighting Falcon","quantite":240,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1987,"origine":"USA/Turquie","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (int. TAI)","pays_fabricant":"USA/Turquie"},{"nom":"Kaan (TF-X, 5e gén.)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2028,"origine":"Turquie","notes":"Prototype en tests","fabricant":"Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI/TUSAŞ)","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 / TB3","quantite":250,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar Defence","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Bayraktar Akıncı (HALE)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar Defence","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"ANKA-S","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"ACV-15 (VBCI)","quantite":650,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"USA/Turquie","fabricant":"FNSS Savunma Sistemleri","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Kaplan / Tulpar (nouvelle génération)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"FNSS + BMC","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"BMC Vuran / Kirpi (MRAP)","quantite":900,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"BMC / Nurol Makina","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"T-155 Firtina (K9 licence)","quantite":350,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Corée du Sud/Turquie","fabricant":"MKEK (licence Hanwha)","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"TR-300 Kasırga (MLRS)","quantite":60,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Roketsan","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"T-122 Sakarya (MLRS 122mm)","quantite":100,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1997,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Roketsan","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"T129 ATAK (AW129 licence)","quantite":68,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2014,"origine":"Italie/Turquie","fabricant":"Turkish Aerospace Industries + Leonardo","pays_fabricant":"Turquie/Italie"},{"nom":"T625 Gökbey","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Turkish Aerospace Industries","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"AS532 Cougar (licence)","quantite":50,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"France/Turquie","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters + TAI","pays_fabricant":"France/Turquie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe İstanbul (MİLGEM)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"STM + Istanbul Naval Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Ada (MİLGEM)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"STM + Istanbul Naval Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"LHD TCG Anadolu (base Juan Carlos I espagnol)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Espagne/Turquie","fabricant":"Navantia + Sedef Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Espagne/Turquie","notes":"Configuré drones + F-35B initialement puis Bayraktar Kizilelma"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Reis (Type 214TN)","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2024,"origine":"Allemagne/Turquie","fabricant":"ThyssenKrupp + Gölcük Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Turquie","notes":"6 unités programmées"},{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Preveze (Type 209/1400)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1994,"origine":"Allemagne/Turquie","fabricant":"HDW + Gölcük","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne/Turquie"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-400 Triumf (livrés Russie 2019)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"**Cause exclusion Turquie du programme F-35**"},{"nom":"HISAR-A / U (national)","quantite":25,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Aselsan + Roketsan","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"SIPER (LR-SAM national)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2025,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Aselsan + Roketsan + TÜBİTAK SAGE","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Syrie (Nord)","mission":"Opérations Bouclier de l'Euphrate/Rameau d'olivier/Source de paix — contrôle bandes frontalières","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2016","cadre":"Autonome — zones de sécurité","mission_en":"Opérations Bouclier de l'Euphrate/Rameau d'olivier/Source de paix — contrôle bandes frontalières","cadre_en":"Autonome — zones de sécurité"},{"pays":"Iraq (Nord)","mission":"Opérations anti-PKK, bases Bashiqa, Amadiya, Zakho","effectifs":3500,"depuis":"1997","cadre":"Autonome — accord de non-refoulement contesté","mission_en":"Opérations anti-PKK, bases Bashiqa, Amadiya, Zakho","cadre_en":"Autonome — accord de non-refoulement contesté"},{"pays":"République turque de Chypre du Nord","mission":"Contingent turc permanent (Kıbrıs Türk Barış Kuvvetleri)","effectifs":30000,"depuis":"1974","cadre":"Bilatéral (RTCN)","mission_en":"Contingent turc permanent (Kıbrıs Türk Barış Kuvvetleri)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral (RTCN)"},{"pays":"Azerbaïdjan","mission":"Base commune, formation, drones Bayraktar","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Base commune, formation, drones Bayraktar","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Qatar","mission":"Base militaire turco-qatarienne (Doha)","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Base militaire turco-qatarienne (Doha)","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Somalie","mission":"Camp TURKSOM à Mogadiscio — plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger, formation forces somaliennes","effectifs":200,"depuis":"2017","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Camp TURKSOM à Mogadiscio — plus grande base militaire turque à l'étranger, formation forces somaliennes","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Libye (Tripolitaine)","mission":"Soutien au GNU/GNA — formation, drones","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Soutien au GNU/GNA — formation, drones","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"},{"pays":"Kosovo","mission":"KFOR (contingent turc)","effectifs":350,"depuis":"1999","cadre":"OTAN","mission_en":"KFOR (contingent turc)","cadre_en":"OTAN"},{"pays":"Afghanistan","mission":"Retrait après chute de Kaboul août 2021 (aéroport Kaboul, mission stabilisation)","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2003","cadre":"OTAN","status":"retire","mission_en":"Retrait après chute de Kaboul août 2021 (aéroport Kaboul, mission stabilisation)","cadre_en":"OTAN"}],"notes_speciales":["2ᵉ armée de l'OTAN en effectifs (après USA), très industrialisée depuis 2000.","Industrie de défense en explosion : drones Bayraktar TB2/TB3/Akıncı, char Altay, avion Kaan (5ᵉ génération, premier vol 2024).","Partage nucléaire OTAN suspendu de facto : B61 à Incirlik mais retrait/rapatriement discuté depuis 2019.","Achat système S-400 russe (2019) — exclusion du programme F-35 américain, sanctions CAATSA.","Doctrine du « Mavi Vatan » (Patrie bleue) — projection maritime en Méditerranée orientale, tensions avec Grèce, Chypre."],"notes_speciales_en":["2ᵉ armée de l'OTAN en effectifs (après USA), très industrialisée depuis 2000.","Industrie de défense en explosion : drones Bayraktar TB2/TB3/Akıncı, char Altay, avion Kaan (5ᵉ génération, premier vol 2024).","Partage nucléaire OTAN suspendu de facto : B61 à Incirlik mais retrait/rapatriement discuté depuis 2019.","Achat système S-400 russe (2019) — exclusion du programme F-35 américain, sanctions CAATSA.","Doctrine du « Mavi Vatan » (Patrie bleue) — projection maritime en Méditerranée orientale, tensions avec Grèce, Chypre."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"dardanelles","nom":"Détroit des Dardanelles","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TR)","importance_globale":"Sortie sud de la mer de Marmara vers la mer Égée / Méditerranée. Complémentaire du Bosphore — même régime Convention de Montreux 1936.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":40000,"petrole_mb_j":3},"menace_principale":"Idem Bosphore — Convention de Montreux, contrôle turc."},{"id":"bosphore","nom":"Détroit du Bosphore","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (TR)","importance_globale":"Seul accès maritime de la mer Noire à la Méditerranée (avec les Dardanelles). Route d'exportation vitale pour Russie (pétrole/blé), Ukraine (blé/oléagineux), Roumanie, Bulgarie, Géorgie. Régi par la Convention de Montreux (1936) qui limite le passage des navires militaires (21 jours pour non-riverains, 21 000 tonnes maxi).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":38000,"petrole_mb_j":3,"pct_petrole_mondial":3},"menace_principale":"Fermeture partielle par la Turquie depuis février 2022 pour les navires militaires russes et ukrainiens (application Montreux). Attaques ukrainiennes contre la flotte russe de la mer Noire depuis 2022 (drones marins Magura V5)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":7200,"zee_km2":261654,"pib_maritime_pct":3.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":1200,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.32,"notes":"Bosphore + Dardanelles = 40k navires/an. Doctrine « Mavi Vatan » — 4ᵉ marine OTAN. Contentieux Grèce-Chypre.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**Système présidentiel depuis 2018** : la fonction de Premier ministre a été abolie. Le Président cumule chef d'État et chef du gouvernement.","V-Dem classe la Turquie comme « autocratie électorale » depuis 2018-2019.","Négociations d'adhésion à l'UE gelées depuis 2018 (dérive autoritaire, État de droit).","Élections présidentielles et législatives de mai 2023 : réélection Erdoğan malgré la crise économique. Prochaine échéance générale : 2028.","**Détenteur du pouvoir effectif = Président** (règle mécanique pour ce régime présidentiel)."]},{"iso2":"TV","iso3":"TUV","slug":"tuvalu","nom_courant_fr":"Tuvalu","nom_officiel_fr":"Tuvalu","nom_officiel_local":"Fakavae Aliki-Malo o Tuvalu","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Funafuti","source":{"nom":"Central Statistics Division Tuvalu","url":"https://csd.gov.tv/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":11400,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/TV","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"4e plus petit pays du monde. 9 atolls (dont 3 îles vraies).","notes_en":"4e plus petit pays du monde. 9 atolls (dont 3 îles vraies)."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":26,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Altitude max 4,6 m. Menacé de submersion.","notes_en":"Altitude max 4,6 m. Menacé de submersion."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2000,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"2000","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1978,"notes":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État.","source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/tuvalu","date_donnee":"1978","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Royaume du Commonwealth : Charles III chef de l'État."},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1978,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1978","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Falepili Union","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2023,"notes":"Accord bilatéral avec l'Australie (novembre 2023) : visa climatique pour 280 Tuvaluans/an vers l'Australie + assistance sécurité.","source":{"nom":"Australian DFAT","url":"https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tuvalu/falepili-union","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Accord bilatéral avec l'Australie (novembre 2023) : visa climatique pour 280 Tuvaluans/an vers l'Australie + assistance sécurité."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Charles III (représenté par Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani, Gouverneur général)","source":{"nom":"Government of Tuvalu","url":"https://www.gov.tv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Roi de Tuvalu (chef de l'État constitutionnel)","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-09-08","source":{"nom":"Government of Tuvalu","url":"https://www.gov.tv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Feleti Teo","source":{"nom":"Government of Tuvalu — PM's Office","url":"https://www.gov.tv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-02-26","source":{"nom":"Government of Tuvalu — PM's Office","url":"https://www.gov.tv/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Élu PM par le Parlement le 26 février 2024 après les élections générales de janvier. Ancien secrétaire général de la Fisheries Forum Agency. Maintient les relations avec Taïwan (l'un des 12 États à le reconnaître).","notes_en":"Élu PM par le Parlement le 26 février 2024 après les élections générales de janvier. Ancien secrétaire général de la Fisheries Forum Agency. Maintient les relations avec Taïwan (l'un des 12 États à le reconnaître)."}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"tv.indep","sieges":16,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Tuvaluan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tuvaluan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2024-02-26","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tuvalu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-02-26","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_tuvalu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"monarchie_constitutionnelle_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Tuvalu : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Charles III chef d'État via le Gouverneur général. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre élu par le Parlement (unicaméral, 16 membres). Pas de partis politiques formels — coalitions d'indépendants.","explication_concrete_en":"Tuvalu : monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire (royaume du Commonwealth). Charles III chef d'État via le Gouverneur général. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre élu par le Parlement (unicaméral, 16 membres). Pas de partis politiques formels — coalitions d'indépendants."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement (Palamene o Tuvalu)","sieges_total":16,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Premier ministre parmi ses membres.","mode_designation":"Élection au suffrage universel direct dans 8 circonscriptions à 2 sièges chacune.","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-01-26","distribution":[{"parti_id":"tv.indep","sieges":16}],"notes":"Pas de partis politiques ; tous les députés siègent comme indépendants. Le PM Feleti Teo a été élu par le Parlement le 26 février 2024 après négociations post-électorales.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Tuvaluan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tuvaluan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour d'appel + Haute Cour de Tuvalu","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judicial system of Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Tuvalu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":1,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Juges de la Haute Cour nommés par le Gouverneur général sur avis du Cabinet. Les appels vont devant la Court of Appeal, dont les juges sont souvent des juges expatriés.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judicial system of Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Tuvalu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"Mandat à vie jusqu'à retraite obligatoire à 65 ans.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Tuvalu, section 122","url":"https://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/TCons.html","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommé par le Gouverneur général sur avis du Cabinet.","duree_mandat_en":"Contrat de 3 ans renouvelable.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la High Court sous la Constitution de 1978."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":0.062,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":5420,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":3.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":7.3,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Inflation dopée par la dépendance aux importations et aux chocs des prix mondiaux."},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":22.6,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.7,"esperance_vie_femmes":68.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":62.5,"age_median":25.9,"indice_fecondite":3.1,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Tuvalu","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/tuvalu","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.63,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Wikipédia V-Dem Democracy Indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Panama","part_pct":18.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":12.2},{"pays":"Fidji","part_pct":10.6},{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":8.4}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":28.5},{"pays":"Fidji","part_pct":18.4},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":10.8},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":9.1},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":7.5}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Licences de pêche","part_pct":60},{"categorie":"Domaine .tv","part_pct":15},{"categorie":"Timbres","part_pct":5}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":22},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":8},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":5}],"productions_notables":["Domaine Internet .tv (~5 M USD/an vers Verisign)","Licences de pêche","Aide budgétaire (Falepili avec Australie)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Domaine Internet .tv (~5 M USD/an vers Verisign)","Licences de pêche","Aide budgétaire (Falepili avec Australie)"]},"notes_speciales":["Système sans partis politiques : Tuvalu n'a pas de partis. Le Premier ministre est élu par les 16 députés du Parlement à chaque législature, sur des alliances circonstancielles et non partisanes."],"notes_speciales_en":["No political party system: Tuvalu has no parties. The Prime Minister is elected by the 16-member Parliament each legislature, based on circumstantial non-partisan alliances."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-01-26","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti (16 indépendants)","gouvernement_issu":"Feleti Teo, Premier ministre (formation gouv. 26 février 2024)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Tuvaluan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tuvaluan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-09-09","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti","gouvernement_issu":"Kausea Natano (PM 2019-2024)","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Tuvaluan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tuvaluan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":115,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Tuvalu","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUV","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"},"notes":"Recettes dopées par la vente de licences de pêche thonière (~40% du PIB), les dividendes du Tuvalu Trust Fund (fonds souverain) et les revenus du domaine .tv."},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":108,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Tuvalu","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUV","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Dollar tuvaluan (TVD, pegged 1:1 au AUD dollar australien)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":0,"notes":"Pas d'armée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tuvalu Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Tuvalu Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Accord de défense avec l'Australie (Falepili Union Treaty signé en 2023 : engagement de défense mutuelle et voie migratoire climatique pour les Tuvaluans)","Pacific Islands Forum"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée. Sécurité assurée par la Tuvalu Police Force (~70 personnels). Traité Falepili avec l'Australie (2023) pour la défense.","Traité Falepili avec l'Australie (nov. 2023) : les États insulaires du Pacifique bénéficient d'un accord unique combinant sécurité et migration climatique — jusqu'à 280 Tuvaluans/an peuvent obtenir la résidence permanente en Australie.","Sécurité territoriale assurée principalement par les patrouilles de la marine australienne."],"equipement":{}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":24,"zee_km2":749790,"peche_annuelle_mt":34000,"notes":"ZEE de près de 750 000 km² pour 26 km² de terres émergées : ratio parmi les plus élevés au monde. Vente de licences thonières à des flottes étrangères = ~40% des recettes publiques.","source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Tuvalu EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/798","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Fonds provident (accumulation individuelle)","age_legal":55,"description":"Tuvalu National Provident Fund (NPF) : cotisations obligatoires 10% (5% employeur + 5% employé), capital individuel retiré à 55 ans en somme forfaitaire ou en rente. Pas de pension universelle contributive au sens européen. Personnes âgées vulnérables souvent soutenues par la famille (fa'aTuvalu) ou aides sociales limitées.","source":{"nom":"Tuvalu National Provident Fund","url":"https://tvnpf.tv","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}}},{"iso2":"UA","iso3":"UKR","slug":"ukraine","nom_courant_fr":"Ukraine","nom_officiel_fr":"Ukraine","nom_officiel_local":"Україна","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Kyiv","source":{"nom":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine","url":"https://ukrstat.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":38980376,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ukr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":603548,"notes":"Frontières internationalement reconnues, incluant Crimée et territoires occupés par la Russie (~20% du territoire).","source":{"nom":"ISO 3166 / ONU","url":"https://ukrstat.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Frontières internationalement reconnues, incluant Crimée et territoires occupés par la Russie (~20% du territoire)."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"UE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Pays candidat depuis juin 2022. Négociations d'adhésion ouvertes en 2024.","source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/ukraine_en","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Pays candidat depuis juin 2022. Négociations d'adhésion ouvertes en 2024."},{"organisation":"Zone euro","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"BCE","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"Schengen","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"Commission européenne","url":"https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OTAN","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"notes":"Aspirations OTAN inscrites dans la Constitution en 2019, adhésion suspendue par la guerre.","source":{"nom":"OTAN","url":"https://www.nato.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Aspirations OTAN inscrites dans la Constitution en 2019, adhésion suspendue par la guerre."},{"organisation":"Conseil de l'Europe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"Conseil de l'Europe","url":"https://www.coe.int/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}},{"organisation":"OCDE","membre":false,"annee_adhesion":null,"source":{"nom":"OCDE","url":"https://www.oecd.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Volodymyr Zelensky","source":{"nom":"President.gov.ua / Freedom House 2026","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président de l'Ukraine","parti_id":"ua.sluha","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2019-05-20","notes":"Mandat de 5 ans expiré en mai 2024 mais prolongé de facto par la loi martiale (art. 108 de la Constitution : élections suspendues en temps de guerre).","source":{"nom":"Freedom House 2026","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"notes_en":"Mandat de 5 ans expiré en mai 2024 mais prolongé de facto par la loi martiale (art. 108 de la Constitution : élections suspendues en temps de guerre)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans renouvelable une fois. **Élections suspendues sous loi martiale depuis février 2022.**","source":{"nom":"Constitution ukrainienne","url":"https://www.president.gov.ua/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Serhii Koretskyi","source":{"nom":"Cabinet ukrainien","url":"https://www.kmu.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Prem'yer-ministr Ukrainy","parti_id":null,"sans_etiquette":true,"notes":"Ex-directeur de Naftogaz (compagnie énergétique publique), sans affiliation partisane officielle.","date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-07-16","source":{"nom":"KMU","url":"https://www.kmu.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e PM en un an après Denys Shmyhal (2020-juil 2025) et Yulia Svyrydenko (juil 2025-juil 2026). Contexte de guerre continue.","notes_en":"3e PM en un an après Denys Shmyhal (2020-juil 2025) et Yulia Svyrydenko (juil 2025-juil 2026). Contexte de guerre continue."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Proposé par le Président, approuvé par la Verkhovna Rada.","source":{"nom":"Constitution ukrainienne, art. 114","url":"https://www.president.gov.ua/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ua.sluha","sieges":232,"notes":"Serviteur du peuple (Sluha narodu) majoritaire depuis 2019. En temps de guerre, la logique politique classique est en partie suspendue.","source":{"nom":"Verkhovna Rada","url":"https://www.rada.gov.ua/","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Serviteur du peuple (Sluha narodu) majoritaire depuis 2019. En temps de guerre, la logique politique classique est en partie suspendue."}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2019-05-20","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ukraine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2024-05-20","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ukraine","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_semi_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"Semi-présidentiel. **Loi martiale depuis le 24 février 2022** : élections présidentielles et législatives suspendues, certaines libertés restreintes, concentration du pouvoir autour du Président. La règle « détenteur effectif = Président » s'applique explicitement ici en raison du contexte de guerre.","explication_concrete_en":"Semi-présidentiel. **Loi martiale depuis le 24 février 2022** : élections présidentielles et législatives suspendues, certaines libertés restreintes, concentration du pouvoir autour du Président. La règle « détenteur effectif = Président » s'applique explicitement ici en raison du contexte de guerre."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Verkhovna Rada","role":"Chambre unique. Législature 9 (élue en juillet 2019) — mandat prolongé de facto par la loi martiale.","sieges_total":450,"mode_designation":"Système mixte : 225 sièges au scrutin proportionnel de liste, 225 uninominaux majoritaires à un tour. Seuil de 5%.","seuil_electoral_pct":5,"duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre unique. Législature 9 (élue en juillet 2019) — mandat prolongé de facto par la loi martiale.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte : 225 sièges au scrutin proportionnel de liste, 225 uninominaux majoritaires à un tour. Seuil de 5%.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2019-07-21","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ua.sluga","sieges":254},{"parti_id":"ua.oppop","sieges":43},{"parti_id":"ua.evrosolid","sieges":25},{"parti_id":"ua.batkivshchyna","sieges":26},{"parti_id":"ua.holos","sieges":20},{"parti_id":"ua.indep","sieges":82}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Élections de 2019 — dernière tenue avant l'invasion russe de février 2022. Verkhovna Rada gelée en configuration 2019. Denys Chmyhal PM."}}]},"notes_speciales":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**Loi martiale en vigueur depuis février 2022.** Élections nationales suspendues. Le mandat des institutions est prolongé de facto tant que dure la guerre.","3 Premiers ministres en 2025-2026 : Shmyhal → Svyrydenko → Koretskyi.","V-Dem classe l'Ukraine comme démocratie électorale, mais les libertés civiles sont restreintes par la loi martiale.","**Crimée** (annexée par la Russie en 2014) et **territoires occupés depuis 2022** (Donetsk, Louhansk, Zaporijjia, Kherson) : reconnus internationalement comme territoire ukrainien."],"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.36,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Baisse continue depuis 2022 en raison de la guerre et de la loi martiale. Freedom House 2026 : « Partly Free ».","source":{"nom":"V-Dem Institute / Freedom House 2026","url":"https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Baisse continue depuis 2022 en raison de la guerre et de la loi martiale. Freedom House 2026 : « Partly Free »."},"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Ukraine","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=uk&gl=UA&ceid=UA:uk","langue":"uk"},{"nom":"Kyiv Independent","url_rss":"https://kyivindependent.com/rss/","langue":"en"},{"nom":"Ukrainska Pravda (English)","url_rss":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/rss/","langue":"en"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":5.5,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":13.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":1991,"annee_bascule_note":"Effondrement démographique catastrophique : solde naturel négatif depuis 1991, aggravé par la guerre depuis 2022 (millions de déplacés externes, surmortalité militaire et civile). Chiffres 2024 sont estimatifs — le recensement est impossible en temps de guerre.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":69.8,"age_median":41.4,"indice_fecondite":0.99,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ukr","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":213067,"deces_2025":530250,"solde_naturel_2025":-317183},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (2e pilier capitalisation planifié mais non lancé)","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":22,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Âge légal 60 ans (30 années de cotisation minimum). Retraite à 65 ans avec moins de 30 années. Cotisation 22%. Système fortement fragilisé par la guerre et le déficit budgétaire.","source":{"nom":"PFU / analyses OCDE","url":"https://www.pfu.gov.ua/","date_verif":"2026-09-07"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (2e pilier capitalisation planifié mais non lancé)","description_en":"Âge légal 60 ans (30 années de cotisation minimum). Retraite à 65 ans avec moins de 30 années. Cotisation 22%. Système fortement fragilisé par la guerre et le déficit budgétaire."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":213,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":6499,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":12.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":11.6,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":108.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-23.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/UKR","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"CCC+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"22 January 2026","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"CCC","perspective":null,"source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"22 December 2025","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ca","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"10 February 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":15.1},{"pays":"Roumanie","part_pct":9.5},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":7.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":5.2}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.5},{"pays":"Pologne","part_pct":12.6},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":6.1},{"pays":"États-Unis","part_pct":5.2}],"top_categories_export":["Céréales (blé, maïs)","Huile de tournesol","Fer et acier","Minerais","Produits agricoles"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Produits chimiques","Armement"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Huile de tournesol","rang_mondial":1,"notes":"~30-40% des exportations mondiales avant-guerre."},{"produit":"Blé et céréales","rang_mondial":5,"notes":"Rôle-clé dans la sécurité alimentaire mondiale."},{"produit":"Fer et acier (Mariupol détruit)","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Titane et uranium","rang_européen":1}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Ukraine","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ukr","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":38.4,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":57.9,"source":{"nom":"Eurostat — finances publiques 2025","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/gov_10dd_edpt1/","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"UAH","annee_exercice":2025},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Конституційний Суд України (Cour constitutionnelle)","source":{"nom":"CCU","url":"https://ccu.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":18,"source":{"nom":"Constitution ukrainienne, art. 148","url":"https://www.president.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"6 nommés par le Président, 6 par la Verkhovna Rada, 6 par le Congrès des juges. Après réforme 2016 : commission consultative indépendante obligatoire.","source":{"nom":"Constitution art. 148","url":"https://www.president.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"9 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://www.president.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2026-09-07","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","notes":"Crise de gouvernance en 2020 — décisions polémiques annulant des lois anti-corruption. En cours de réforme sous pression UE.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2019-07-21","type":"legislative","participation_pct":49.8,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ua.sluha","gouvernement_issu":"Serviteur du peuple (Zelensky) obtient une majorité absolue historique (254/450). Cabinet Honcharuk puis Shmyhal (2020) puis Svyrydenko (2025) puis Koretskyi (2026).","notes":"Législature 9 prorogée par la loi martiale depuis février 2022 — pas d'élections tant que la guerre dure.","source":{"nom":"CEC Ukraine","url":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2019-07-21","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"haute"}},{"date":"2019-04-21","type":"presidentielle","participation_pct":62.1,"vainqueur_parti_id":"ua.sluha","gouvernement_issu":"Élection présidentielle 2e tour : Zelensky (73%) vs Porochenko. Mandat expiré en mai 2024, prolongé par loi martiale.","source":{"nom":"CEC Ukraine","url":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/","date_donnee":"2019-04-21","date_verif":"2026-09-07","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":900000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":400000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":60000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":53.7,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":26,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":20,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["candidate OTAN","candidate UE","Partenariat OTAN (candidat)","Soutien direct États-Unis, UE, UK, Canada, Australie, Japon, Corée du Sud"],"notes_speciales":["En guerre depuis 24 février 2022. Effectifs augmentés à ~900 000 actifs (mobilisation).","Aide militaire occidentale >250 Md$ (USA, UE, UK) depuis 2022.","Armements clés : HIMARS, ATACMS, F-16 (livrés 2024-2025), Storm Shadow/SCALP.","Guerre totale depuis le 24 février 2022 — invasion russe de grande envergure, front actif de 1 300 km.","Mobilisation générale : loi martiale, hommes 18-60 ans mobilisables (âge abaissé à 25 ans début 2024).","Aide militaire cumulée occidentale >200 Md USD (2022-2026) — chars Leopard 2, Abrams, chasseurs F-16, missiles ATACMS, Storm Shadow, Taurus (Allemagne 2025).","Industrie ukrainienne de drones (production >4 M/an en 2025) — leader mondial de la guerre de drones.","Force navale ukrainienne détruit la flotte russe de la mer Noire (2022-2024) par drones marins et missiles Neptune/Storm Shadow — malgré n'avoir plus de flotte propre."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Leopard 2A6 (don Allemagne/Portugal)","quantite":40,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2001,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"T-84 Oplot / BM Oplot","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Malyshev Factory","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"T-72 (divers modèles + dons OTAN)","quantite":800,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS/Pologne/Tchéquie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod (origine)","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"T-64BV / BM Bulat","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1969,"origine":"URSS/Ukraine","fabricant":"Malyshev Factory","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"M1A1 Abrams (don USA)","quantite":31,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Challenger 2 (don UK)","quantite":14,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"UK","fabricant":"BAE Systems","pays_fabricant":"UK"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"F-16AM/BM (dons OTAN)","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1978,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Mirage 2000-5F (don France)","quantite":6,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1999,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Dassault Aviation","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"MiG-29 (upgradés)","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"RSK MiG","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Su-27","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Su-25 (attaque)","quantite":25,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"HIMARS M142 (dons USA)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Caesar 155mm (dons France)","quantite":78,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Nexter (KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"PzH 2000 (dons Allemagne/Pays-Bas)","quantite":28,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Krauss-Maffei Wegmann","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"Krab (don Pologne)","quantite":54,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Pologne","fabricant":"Huta Stalowa Wola","pays_fabricant":"Pologne"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2 (dons)","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar Defence","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Shahed-136 (usine locale Iran)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Iran (attaquant)","fabricant":"HESA","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"Bayraktar TB2","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Turquie","fabricant":"Baykar Defence","pays_fabricant":"Turquie"},{"nom":"Punisher (loitering)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"UA-Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"Neptune (missile antinavire)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Luch Design Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"},{"nom":"AN-196 Liutyi (long range)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Ukraine","fabricant":"Ukroboronprom","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"Patriot (dons USA/Allemagne/Pays-Bas)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1991,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Raytheon (RTX)","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"IRIS-T SLM (dons Allemagne)","quantite":8,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2022,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Diehl Defence","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"NASAMS (dons Norvège/USA)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2000,"origine":"Norvège/USA","fabricant":"Kongsberg + Raytheon","pays_fabricant":"Norvège/USA"},{"nom":"S-300PS / PT","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1978,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"},{"nom":"Buk-M1","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"URSS"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Bradley M2A2 ODS-SA (dons USA)","quantite":300,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1981,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"BAE Systems Land & Armaments","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Stryker (dons USA)","quantite":189,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2002,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"General Dynamics Land Systems","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"Marder 1A3 (dons Allemagne)","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1971,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"Rheinmetall","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"},{"nom":"CV9040 (dons Suède)","quantite":50,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1993,"origine":"Suède","fabricant":"BAE Systems Hägglunds","pays_fabricant":"Suède"},{"nom":"AMX-10 RC (dons France)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT (Nexter/KNDS)","pays_fabricant":"France"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — front est/sud","mission":"Guerre défensive contre la Russie depuis février 2022 (Donbass, Zaporijjia, Kherson) — mobilisation générale","effectifs":800000,"depuis":"2022","cadre":"Autonome — état de guerre","mission_en":"Guerre défensive contre la Russie depuis février 2022 (Donbass, Zaporijjia, Kherson) — mobilisation générale","cadre_en":"Autonome — état de guerre"},{"pays":"Territoire national — Crimée","mission":"Occupation russe depuis mars 2014, opérations spéciales et frappes profondes ukrainiennes","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"Territoire occupé — annexion russe non reconnue","mission_en":"Occupation russe depuis mars 2014, opérations spéciales et frappes profondes ukrainiennes","cadre_en":"Territoire occupé — annexion russe non reconnue"},{"pays":"Kursk (Russie)","mission":"Incursion offensive août 2024 — première prise de territoire russe depuis 1941","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"2024-08","cadre":"Autonome — opération offensive","mission_en":"Incursion offensive août 2024 — première prise de territoire russe depuis 1941","cadre_en":"Autonome — opération offensive"}],"notes_speciales_en":["En guerre depuis 24 février 2022. Effectifs augmentés à ~900 000 actifs (mobilisation).","Aide militaire occidentale >250 Md$ (USA, UE, UK) depuis 2022.","Armements clés : HIMARS, ATACMS, F-16 (livrés 2024-2025), Storm Shadow/SCALP.","Guerre totale depuis le 24 février 2022 — invasion russe de grande envergure, front actif de 1 300 km.","Mobilisation générale : loi martiale, hommes 18-60 ans mobilisables (âge abaissé à 25 ans début 2024).","Aide militaire cumulée occidentale >200 Md USD (2022-2026) — chars Leopard 2, Abrams, chasseurs F-16, missiles ATACMS, Storm Shadow, Taurus (Allemagne 2025).","Industrie ukrainienne de drones (production >4 M/an en 2025) — leader mondial de la guerre de drones.","Force navale ukrainienne détruit la flotte russe de la mer Noire (2022-2024) par drones marins et missiles Neptune/Storm Shadow — malgré n'avoir plus de flotte propre."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"kertch","nom":"Détroit de Kertch","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (UA, RU)","importance_globale":"Passage de la mer Noire à la mer d'Azov. Contrôle du trafic vers les ports ukrainiens de Marioupol (occupée) et Berdiansk (occupée). Pont de Crimée (2018) — infrastructure russe stratégique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":3000,"pct_petrole_mondial":1},"menace_principale":"Contrôle militaire russe depuis annexion Crimée 2014. Ukraine cible régulièrement le pont de Crimée (attaques 2022, 2023, 2024)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2782,"zee_km2":130870,"pib_maritime_pct":0.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":60,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.05,"notes":"Odessa, Tchornomorsk, Ioujne (occupé Marioupol, Berdiansk). Initiative céréalière suspendue juillet 2023.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Fiche partielle : identité, exécutif, régime et cadre législatif vérifiés.","**Loi martiale en vigueur depuis février 2022.** Élections nationales suspendues. Le mandat des institutions est prolongé de facto tant que dure la guerre.","3 Premiers ministres en 2025-2026 : Shmyhal → Svyrydenko → Koretskyi.","V-Dem classe l'Ukraine comme démocratie électorale, mais les libertés civiles sont restreintes par la loi martiale.","**Crimée** (annexée par la Russie en 2014) et **territoires occupés depuis 2022** (Donetsk, Louhansk, Zaporijjia, Kherson) : reconnus internationalement comme territoire ukrainien."]},{"iso2":"UY","iso3":"URY","slug":"uruguay","nom_courant_fr":"Uruguay","nom_officiel_fr":"République orientale de l'Uruguay","nom_officiel_local":"República Oriental del Uruguay","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Montevideo","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":3384688,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ury","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":176215,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"Mercosur","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1991,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"Mercosur","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Yamandú Orsi","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"uy.fa","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Historien, ex-maire de Canelones. Frente Amplio (retour au pouvoir après 5 ans). Élu 2e tour 24 novembre 2024 (49,8%) face à Álvaro Delgado (PN).","notes_en":"Historien, ex-maire de Canelones. Frente Amplio (retour au pouvoir après 5 ans). Élu 2e tour 24 novembre 2024 (49,8%) face à Álvaro Delgado (PN)."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel direct à deux tours. Mandat 5 ans NON renouvelable consécutivement.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Yamandú Orsi (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"uy.fa","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-03-01","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"uy.fa","sieges":48,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"uy.pn","sieges":29,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"uy.pc","sieges":17,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-03-01","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_uruguay","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-03-01","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_uruguay","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle unitaire. Démocratie la plus stable d'Amérique latine (V-Dem #1 région). Alternance régulière FA / coalition centre-droit. Système de retraites très généreux.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle unitaire. Démocratie la plus stable d'Amérique latine (V-Dem #1 région). Alternance régulière FA / coalition centre-droit. Système de retraites très généreux."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":2,"chambres":[{"nom":"Cámara de Representantes","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":99,"mode_designation":"Scrutin proportionnel par département (D'Hondt).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2024-10-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"uy.fa","sieges":48,"voix_pct":43.9},{"parti_id":"uy.pn","sieges":29,"voix_pct":26.9},{"parti_id":"uy.pc","sieges":17,"voix_pct":16},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":5,"voix_pct":13.2}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024-10-27","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin proportionnel par département (D'Hondt)."},{"nom":"Cámara de Senadores","role":"Chambre haute.","sieges_total":31,"mode_designation":"Circonscription nationale unique. Le Vice-président siège d'office.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"role_en":"Chambre haute.","mode_designation_en":"Circonscription nationale unique. Le Vice-président siège d'office."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Suprema Corte de Justicia","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":5,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée générale à la majorité 2/3.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"10 ans, non immédiatement renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":86,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/URY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":24549,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/URY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 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2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/URY","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BBB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 April 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"BBB","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"7 June 2023","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Baa1","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"15 March 2024","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":26.9},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":15.4},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":6.8},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Pays-Bas","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":24.7},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.8},{"pays":"Argentine","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":9.4},{"pays":"Allemagne","part_pct":3.6}],"top_categories_export":["Bœuf","Cellulose (pâte à papier)","Soja","Lait en poudre","Bois"],"top_categories_import":["Hydrocarbures raffinés","Automobile","Machines","Fer","Textile"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Bœuf (par habitant : record mondial)","rang_mondial":8},{"produit":"Cellulose (usines UPM + Montes del Plata)","rang_mondial":7},{"produit":"Soja","rang_mondial":9},{"produit":"Lait en poudre","rang_mondial":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Uruguay","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ury","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":29.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":33,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"UYU","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":9.8,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":9.9,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2030,"esperance_vie_femmes":82,"esperance_vie_hommes":74.4,"age_median":36,"indice_fecondite":1.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ury","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":33177,"deces_2025":33620,"solde_naturel_2025":-443},"retraites":{"age_legal":65,"age_taux_plein":65,"systeme_type":"Répartition (BPS) + capitalisation (AFAP)","duree_cotisation_ans":30,"taux_cotisation_pct":22.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":65,"description":"Système Répartition (BPS) + capitalisation (AFAP). Cotisation 22.5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (BPS) + capitalisation (AFAP)","description_en":"Système Répartition (BPS) + capitalisation (AFAP). Cotisation 22.5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.85,"categorie":"liberal_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"**Meilleur score démocratique d'Amérique latine** (avec Costa Rica). EIU 2024 = #14 mondial.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"**Meilleur score démocratique d'Amérique latine** (avec Costa Rica). EIU 2024 = #14 mondial."},"notes_speciales":["Orsi président depuis mars 2025 — retour Frente Amplio après 5 ans centre-droit (Lacalle Pou).","**Meilleure démocratie d'Amérique latine** selon V-Dem, Freedom House, EIU.","Cannabis légal depuis 2013 (1er pays au monde à l'avoir légalisé).","Mariage homosexuel + avortement + IVG légaux.","Économie diversifiée agroalimentaire — pas de dépendance minière.","Population vieillissante — solde naturel proche de zéro depuis 2020."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Uruguay","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=UY&ceid=UY:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":22200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":84,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Mercosur","OEA","Non-aligné","MERCOSUR"],"equipement":{"avions_combat":[{"nom":"A-37B Dragonfly","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Cessna Aircraft","pays_fabricant":"USA"},{"nom":"IA-58 Pucará (retrait 2017)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"Argentine","fabricant":"FAdeA","pays_fabricant":"Argentine","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"A-37B Dragonfly","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cessna","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Uruguay (Type 42 ex-Portugal)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1979,"origine":"Portugal","fabricant":"Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo","pays_fabricant":"Portugal"},{"nom":"OPV classe Vanguardia","quantite":2,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Uruguay","fabricant":"SANU","pays_fabricant":"Uruguay"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs 25 de Agosto (Cornelius-Vanderbilt)","quantite":3,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1980,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Peterson Builders","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"chars":[{"nom":"Tiran-5 (T-55 modernisé Israël)","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Israël / Israël","fabricant":"IMI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"M-24 Chaffee 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avancée."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":660,"zee_km2":132414,"pib_maritime_pct":2,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.1,"notes":"Montevideo hub Mercosur.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Orsi président depuis mars 2025 — retour Frente Amplio après 5 ans centre-droit (Lacalle Pou).","**Meilleure démocratie d'Amérique latine** selon V-Dem, Freedom House, EIU.","Cannabis légal depuis 2013 (1er pays au monde à l'avoir légalisé).","Mariage homosexuel + avortement + IVG légaux.","Économie diversifiée agroalimentaire — pas de dépendance minière.","Population vieillissante — solde naturel proche de zéro depuis 2020."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-11-24","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","participation_pct":89.7,"vainqueur":"Yamandú Orsi (Frente Amplio, 49.8% au 2ᵉ tour vs Álvaro Delgado 45.9%)","gouvernement_issu":"Yamandú Orsi, président 2025-2030 (retour de la gauche au pouvoir).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Uruguayan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Uruguayan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2019-11-24","type":"presidentielle_ballotage","vainqueur":"Luis Lacalle Pou (Partido Nacional, 50.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Lacalle Pou, président 2020-2025 (coalition Multicolor).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2019 Uruguayan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Uruguayan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"VU","iso3":"VUT","slug":"vanuatu","nom_courant_fr":"Vanuatu","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Vanuatu","nom_officiel_local":"Ripablik blong Vanuatu","status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Port-Vila","source":{"nom":"Vanuatu National Statistics 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Trilingue officiel : bichelamar, français, anglais.","notes_en":"Ancien condominium franco-britannique (Nouvelles-Hébrides). Trilingue officiel : bichelamar, français, anglais."},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":12189,"source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"83 îles dont 65 habitées.","notes_en":"83 îles dont 65 habitées."},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states","date_donnee":"1981","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"Commonwealth","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"Commonwealth","url":"https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/vanuatu","date_donnee":"1980","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},{"organisation":"OIF","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1979,"notes":"Français langue officielle.","source":{"nom":"OIF","url":"https://www.francophonie.org/","date_donnee":"1979","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Français langue officielle."},{"organisation":"Forum des îles du Pacifique","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1981,"source":{"nom":"PIF","url":"https://forumsec.org/","date_donnee":"1981","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nikenike Vurobaravu","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Vanuatu","url":"https://presidence.gov.vu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","sans_etiquette":true,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-07-23","source":{"nom":"Office of the President of Vanuatu","url":"https://presidence.gov.vu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Jotham Napat","source":{"nom":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2025-02-06","source":{"nom":"Government of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.gov.vu/","date_donnee":"2026-09-24","date_verif":"2026-09-24","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Chef du Leaders Party of Vanuatu. Élu PM après les élections de janvier 2025, qui ont suivi la démission de Charlot Salwai en fin d'année 2024. Politique nationaliste sur les ressources.","notes_en":"Chef du Leaders Party of Vanuatu. Élu PM après les élections de janvier 2025, qui ont suivi la démission de Charlot Salwai en fin d'année 2024. Politique nationaliste sur les ressources."},"parti_id":"vu.leaders"},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_gouvernement","coalition":[{"parti_id":"vu.lc","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"vu.rmc","sieges":8,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"vu.gj","sieges":5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"vu.up_vu","sieges":4,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2025-02-06","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef de gouvernement — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_vanuatu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2030-02-06","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_vanuatu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_parlementaire","explication_concrete":"Vanuatu : république parlementaire unicamérale. Président élu par un collège électoral (Parlement + présidents des Conseils régionaux) pour 5 ans, rôle largement protocolaire. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre chef de la coalition majoritaire — historiquement très instable (motions de censure fréquentes).","explication_concrete_en":"Vanuatu : république parlementaire unicamérale. Président élu par un collège électoral (Parlement + présidents des Conseils régionaux) pour 5 ans, rôle largement protocolaire. Pouvoir effectif au Premier ministre chef de la coalition majoritaire — historiquement très instable (motions de censure fréquentes)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Parlement de Vanuatu","sieges_total":52,"role":"Parlement unicaméral. Élit le Premier ministre.","mode_designation":"Élection dans 18 circonscriptions à sièges multiples avec vote unique non transférable (SNTV).","duree_mandat_ans":4,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2025-01-16","distribution":[{"parti_id":"vu.rmc","sieges":8},{"parti_id":"vu.vp","sieges":6},{"parti_id":"vu.lc","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"vu.gj","sieges":5},{"parti_id":"vu.up_vu","sieges":4},{"parti_id":"vu.iga","sieges":4},{"parti_id":"vu.indep","sieges":20}],"notes":"Élections anticipées après motion de censure contre Charlot Salwai. Fragmentation extrême du paysage politique. Jotham Napat élu PM en février 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême de Vanuatu + Cour d'appel","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Judiciary of Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vanuatu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":5,"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Chief Justice nommé par le Président sur avis du PM et chef de l'opposition. Autres juges par le Judicial Service Commission.","source":{"nom":"Constitution of Vanuatu","url":"https://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/consol_act/cotrov406/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":"Jusqu'à 65 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite":"a_posteriori","mode_nomination_en":"Nommés par le Président sur avis de la Judicial Service Commission.","duree_mandat_en":"Jusqu'à 65 ans.","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"Contrôle de constitutionnalité par la Supreme Court sous la Constitution de 1980."},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":1.06,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3260,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":11.2,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — World Development Indicators","url":"https://data.worldbank.org","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée","date_donnee":"2023"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":27.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":5.2,"esperance_vie_femmes":72.2,"esperance_vie_hommes":68.7,"age_median":22.3,"indice_fecondite":3.7,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI Vanuatu","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/vanuatu","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.47,"categorie":"electoral_democracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Démocratie électorale. 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Corruption et achat de vote signalés."},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":18.4},{"pays":"Thaïlande","part_pct":12.5},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":10.1},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":8.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":22.5},{"pays":"Australie","part_pct":16.5},{"pays":"Nouvelle-Zélande","part_pct":12.8},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":10.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":7.4}],"top_categories_export":[{"categorie":"Poisson (thon)","part_pct":35},{"categorie":"Copra + huile de coco","part_pct":15},{"categorie":"Bois","part_pct":12},{"categorie":"Kava","part_pct":10},{"categorie":"Bovins","part_pct":6}],"top_categories_import":[{"categorie":"Pétrole raffiné","part_pct":18},{"categorie":"Voitures","part_pct":7},{"categorie":"Machines","part_pct":6},{"categorie":"Riz","part_pct":5}],"productions_notables":["Poisson (thon)","Coprah / huile de coco","Kava (racine cérémonielle)","Bois","Bovins","Tourisme (croisière)"],"source_globale":{"nom":"Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) — données 2023","url":"https://oec.world/","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-28","confiance":"haute"},"productions_notables_en":["Poisson (thon)","Coprah / huile de coco","Kava (racine cérémonielle)","Bois","Bovins","Tourisme (croisière)"]},"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2025-01-16","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Aucun parti majoritaire — 8 partis + 20 indépendants","gouvernement_issu":"Jotham Napat (Leaders Party of Vanuatu) élu PM le 6 février 2025.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2025 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2022-10-13","type":"legislative","gouvernement_issu":"Ishmael Kalsakau (PM oct. 2022-sept. 2023), Sato Kilman (sept. 2023-oct. 2023), Charlot Salwai (oct. 2023-fév. 2025).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2022 Vanuatuan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Vanuatuan_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"budget":{"perimetre":"Administrations publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":29,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Vanuatu","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VUT","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":32,"source":{"nom":"FMI — Article IV Consultation Vanuatu","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/VUT","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2023"}},"devise":"Vatu (VUV)","annee_exercice":2023},"militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":300,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Vanuatu Mobile Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_Mobile_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) : unité paramilitaire de ~300 personnels combinée à la Vanuatu Police Force."},"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Vanuatu Mobile Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_Mobile_Force","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["Pacific Islands Forum","Coopération de sécurité avec l'Australie"],"notes_speciales":["Pas d'armée nationale. Sécurité intérieure : police + éventuellement garde-côtes. Défense externe généralement assurée par un allié (États-Unis, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande) ou traité.","Vanuatu poursuit une politique étrangère « non-alignée » distinctive dans le Pacifique — relations amicales à la fois avec Pékin et Canberra.","En décembre 2022, Vanuatu a signé un accord de coopération policière avec l'Australie tout en maintenant des programmes d'aide chinois majeurs (Bâtiment Compact Building, wharves)."],"equipement":{"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Patrouilleur Guardian-class RVS Takuare (Australie)","quantite":1,"generation":"moderne","origine":"Australie"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"Vanuatu Mobile Force — parc léger","quantite":15,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Divers"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Aucun","quantite":0,"generation":"N/A","origine":"N/A"}]}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2528,"zee_km2":663251,"peche_annuelle_mt":26000,"source":{"nom":"Sea Around Us — Vanuatu EEZ","url":"https://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/548","date_donnee":"2020-2022","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}},"retraites":{"systeme_type":"Fonds provident (VNPF)","age_legal":55,"description":"Vanuatu National Provident Fund : cotisations 4% employé + 6% employeur. Capital retiré à 55 ans en somme forfaitaire.","source":{"nom":"Vanuatu National Provident Fund","url":"https://www.vnpf.com.vu","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne","date_donnee":"2024"}}},{"iso2":"VE","iso3":"VEN","slug":"venezuela","nom_courant_fr":"Venezuela","nom_officiel_fr":"République bolivarienne du Venezuela","nom_officiel_local":"República Bolivariana de Venezuela","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Caracas","source":{"nom":"Institut national de statistique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":28516896,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ven","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":916445,"source":{"nom":"Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"}},{"organisation":"OEA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1948,"notes":"Suspendue par CIDH.","source":{"nom":"OEA","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Suspendue par CIDH."},{"organisation":"Mercosur","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2012,"notes":"Suspendu 2016.","source":{"nom":"Mercosur","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Suspendu 2016."},{"organisation":"OPEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1960,"notes":"Membre fondateur.","source":{"nom":"OPEP","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-15"},"notes_en":"Membre fondateur."},{"organisation":"CELAC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2010,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada).","notes_en":"Communauté des États latino-américains et caribéens — 33 pays. Alternative à l'OEA (sans USA/Canada)."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nicolás Maduro (contesté)","source":{"nom":"Présidence","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"ve.psuv","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-04-19","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"3e mandat contesté depuis janvier 2025. Machado (interdite) désignait González comme candidat unifié de l'opposition.","notes_en":"3e mandat contesté depuis janvier 2025. Machado (interdite) désignait González comme candidat unifié de l'opposition."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élection au suffrage universel — **scrutin du 28 juillet 2024 fortement contesté**. Maduro proclamé vainqueur par CNE sans publication des procès-verbaux ; Edmundo González Urrutia (opposition) revendique 67% selon les actes recueillis. Non-reconnu par la plupart des démocraties occidentales.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Nicolás Maduro (régime présidentiel)","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Régime présidentiel","parti_id":"ve.psuv","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2013-04-19","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Régime présidentiel.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ve.psuv","sieges":253,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-12-06","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":24,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-12-06","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2013-04-19","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_venezuela","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2019-04-19","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 6 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_venezuela","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle fédérale — en pratique **autocratie post-2015**. 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Assemblée nationale légitimement élue 2015 (opposition majoritaire) délégitimée en 2017 par la « Constituante »."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Asamblea Nacional","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":277,"mode_designation":"Système mixte contesté depuis réforme 2020.","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2020-12-06","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ve.psuv","sieges":253,"voix_pct":68.4},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":24,"voix_pct":31.6}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2020-12-06","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Système mixte contesté depuis réforme 2020."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (TSJ)","source":{"nom":"Cour suprême","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":32,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Élus par l'Assemblée nationale (contrôlée PSUV) sur listes du Conseil moral.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"12 ans, non renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-15","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":100,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3736,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":1.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":252,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":5.5,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":308.7,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-5.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VEN","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"SD","perspective":"N/A","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"C","perspective":"Négatif","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"En défaut sélectif depuis 2017. « SD » (Selective Default) chez S&P, « RD » (Restricted Default) chez Fitch."},"fitch":{"valeur":"RD","perspective":"N/A","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Fitch","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":40.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":23},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":13},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Cuba","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":24.5},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":20.2},{"pays":"Brésil","part_pct":8.5},{"pays":"Espagne","part_pct":6.2},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":5.5}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Produits pétroliers raffinés","Or","Fer","Aluminium"],"top_categories_import":["Aliments (blé, maïs)","Hydrocarbures raffinés (importateur net paradoxal)","Machines","Automobile","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Pétrole brut (PDVSA — 1res réserves prouvées mondiales)","rang_mondial":15,"notes":"Production tombée de 3,2 M b/j (2013) à ~900 000 b/j (2025). Réserves 300+ Md barils (1er mondial)."},{"produit":"Or (Arco Minero Orinoco — exploitation informelle massive)","rang_mondial":20}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Venezuela","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ven","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":22.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":28.5,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"devise":"VES (Bolívar) — dollarisation informelle","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":15.2,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":7.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2075,"esperance_vie_femmes":76.7,"esperance_vie_hommes":68.9,"age_median":30.5,"indice_fecondite":2.08,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/ven","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":434341,"deces_2025":218953,"solde_naturel_2025":215388},"retraites":{"age_legal":55,"age_taux_plein":55,"systeme_type":"IVSS répartition (dysfonctionnel)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":30,"description":"Système IVSS répartition (dysfonctionnel). Cotisation 15%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"IVSS répartition (dysfonctionnel)","description_en":"Système IVSS répartition (dysfonctionnel). Cotisation 15%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Passage autocratie fermée en 2017. **Élection 2024 = fraude massive documentée** par observateurs indépendants + OEA + UE.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"notes_en":"Passage autocratie fermée en 2017. **Élection 2024 = fraude massive documentée** par observateurs indépendants + OEA + UE."},"notes_speciales":["**Élection présidentielle 28 juillet 2024 frauduleuse** selon actes recueillis par Comando Con Venezuela : González Urrutia 67%, Maduro 30%. Résultats non-reconnus par USA, UE, plupart Amériques.","Maduro autoproclamé pour 3e mandat 10 janvier 2025.","**Diaspora historique** : ~8 M de Vénézuéliens ont fui depuis 2015 (25% population) — surtout vers Colombie, Pérou, USA, Chili.","María Corina Machado : Prix Nobel de la paix 2024 (co-lauréate — figure d'opposition).","Différend Essequibo avec Guyana : référendum décembre 2023 — annexion revendiquée.","Sanctions US Chevron : licence renouvelée 2025 par Trump II en échange d'accueil migrants.","Sortie de l'OEA effective 2019, mais siège maintenu par « pouvoir légitime » (opposition)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Venezuela","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=es&gl=VE&ceid=VE:es","langue":"es"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":123000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":8000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":220000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.8,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":50,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["OPEP","ALBA","CELAC","Coopération militaire Russie (Su-30MK2)","Coopération militaire Chine (K-8, VN-16 amphibies)","Coopération militaire Iran (drones)"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B1V (livrés Russie 2011-2012)","quantite":92,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AMX-30V","quantite":82,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1972,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"T-72B1V (Venezuela)","quantite":92,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AMX-30 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."},{"nom":"AMX-13C.90 (retrait)","quantite":0,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France","notes":"Retirés."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30MK2V","quantite":21,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2008,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAAPO)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"F-16A/B (2 restants sur 24 livrés 1983)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"USA","fabricant":"Lockheed Martin (ex-General Dynamics)","pays_fabricant":"USA","notes":"Fin de vie — sanctions US bloquent maintenance depuis 2006"},{"nom":"Su-30MK2V Flanker","quantite":21,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KnAAPO / Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Achat 2006, dernier 2015 — 3 crashés."},{"nom":"F-16A/B (sanctions US — non-fonctionnels)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1983,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"General Dynamics","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis","notes":"Bloqués depuis 2006 (sanctions)."},{"nom":"K-8W Karakorum","quantite":24,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Chine","fabricant":"Hongdu Aviation Industry Group","pays_fabricant":"Chine"},{"nom":"EMB-312 Tucano (formation)","quantite":12,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Brésil","fabricant":"Embraer","pays_fabricant":"Brésil"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300VM Antey (livrés Russie 2013)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Buk-M2E (livrés Russie 2013)","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"S-300VM Antey-2500","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"~40 lanceurs."},{"nom":"Buk-M2E","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Pantsir-S1","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBP Instrument Design","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Igla-S MANPADS","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2010,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Distribués aux milices bolivariennes."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-3M","quantite":123,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BTR-80A","quantite":114,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Arzamas Machine Plant","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"AMX-VCI","quantite":20,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"France","fabricant":"GIAT","pays_fabricant":"France"},{"nom":"V-100 / V-150 Commando","quantite":100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Cadillac Gage","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-21 Grad 122mm","quantite":24,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-30 Smerch 300mm MLRS","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"9K720 Iskander (annoncé 2019, non confirmé)","quantite":0,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"MP-70 Nora B-52 155mm","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2016,"origine":"Serbie","fabricant":"Yugoimport SDPR","pays_fabricant":"Serbie"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-17V-5 (Hip)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kazan Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-35M (Hind attaque)","quantite":10,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol / Mil","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Mi-26T (transport lourd)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2006,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Rostvertol","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Bell 412","quantite":20,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"États-Unis","fabricant":"Bell Textron","pays_fabricant":"États-Unis"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Mariscal Sucre (Lupo)","quantite":6,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1981,"origine":"Italie","fabricant":"CNR","pays_fabricant":"Italie"},{"nom":"OPV classe Guaicamacuto (POVZEE)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Espagne / Venezuela","fabricant":"Navantia / DIANCA","pays_fabricant":"Espagne / Venezuela"},{"nom":"Patrouilleurs classe Guaiquerí","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Espagne","fabricant":"Navantia","pays_fabricant":"Espagne"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Sábalo (Type 209)","quantite":2,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1976,"origine":"Allemagne","fabricant":"HDW","pays_fabricant":"Allemagne"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Mohajer-2 (indigène / Iran)","quantite":40,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Iran / Venezuela","fabricant":"CAVIM / Qods Aviation","pays_fabricant":"Iran / Venezuela"},{"nom":"Shahed-141 (kamikaze — livraisons rapportées)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"HESA","pays_fabricant":"Iran","notes":"Non-confirmé officiellement."}]},"notes_speciales":["Rupture historique 2005+ : Chávez → armement russe (T-72, Su-30, S-300VM, Igla, Sukhoi).","Force paramilitaire massive : ~1,4 M miliciens bolivariens (« Milicia Nacional Bolivariana »).","Escalade tension avec Guyana (Essequibo) et Colombie (frontière) — mobilisation 2024.","Sanctions US bloquent maintenance des F-16 depuis 2006 — flotte quasi au sol.","Régime de Nicolás Maduro — armée pilier du régime, milices bolivariennes (~2 M miliciens revendiqués).","Sanctions massives depuis 2017 (USA/UE) — dégradation matériel occidental (F-16, sous-marins).","Contentieux territorial Essequibo avec le Guyana — référendum décembre 2023, montée en tension 2024-2025.","Fournisseurs principaux : Russie (Su-30, S-300, T-72), Chine (K-8, VN-16), Iran (drones).","Alliance ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance) — Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivie principaux partenaires militaires."],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Frontière colombienne (2 219 km)","mission":"Sécurisation frontière — trafics + tensions ELN","effectifs":15000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national","mission_en":"Sécurisation frontière — trafics + tensions ELN","cadre_en":"Territoire national"},{"pays":"Guyana — Essequibo","mission":"Revendication territoriale (~2/3 du Guyana) — référendum de décembre 2023, tensions actives","effectifs":5000,"depuis":"1841","cadre":"Territoire contesté","mission_en":"Revendication territoriale (~2/3 du Guyana) — référendum de décembre 2023, tensions actives","cadre_en":"Territoire contesté"}],"notes_speciales_en":["Rupture historique 2005+ : Chávez → armement russe (T-72, Su-30, S-300VM, Igla, Sukhoi).","Force paramilitaire massive : ~1,4 M miliciens bolivariens (« Milicia Nacional Bolivariana »).","Escalade tension avec Guyana (Essequibo) et Colombie (frontière) — mobilisation 2024.","Sanctions US bloquent maintenance des F-16 depuis 2006 — flotte quasi au sol.","Régime de Nicolás Maduro — armée pilier du régime, milices bolivariennes (~2 M miliciens revendiqués).","Sanctions massives depuis 2017 (USA/UE) — dégradation matériel occidental (F-16, sous-marins).","Contentieux territorial Essequibo avec le Guyana — référendum décembre 2023, montée en tension 2024-2025.","Fournisseurs principaux : Russie (Su-30, S-300, T-72), Chine (K-8, VN-16), Iran (drones).","Alliance ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance) — Cuba, Nicaragua, Bolivie principaux partenaires militaires."]},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":2800,"zee_km2":471507,"pib_maritime_pct":1.5,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.2,"notes":"Contentieux Essequibo avec Guyana (référendum déc. 2023).","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Élection présidentielle 28 juillet 2024 frauduleuse** selon actes recueillis par Comando Con Venezuela : González Urrutia 67%, Maduro 30%. Résultats non-reconnus par USA, UE, plupart Amériques.","Maduro autoproclamé pour 3e mandat 10 janvier 2025.","**Diaspora historique** : ~8 M de Vénézuéliens ont fui depuis 2015 (25% population) — surtout vers Colombie, Pérou, USA, Chili.","María Corina Machado : Prix Nobel de la paix 2024 (co-lauréate — figure d'opposition).","Différend Essequibo avec Guyana : référendum décembre 2023 — annexion revendiquée.","Sanctions US Chevron : licence renouvelée 2025 par Trump II en échange d'accueil migrants.","Sortie de l'OEA effective 2019, mais siège maintenu par « pouvoir légitime » (opposition)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2024-07-28","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Nicolás Maduro (PSUV, 51.2% selon résultats officiels contestés) — Edmundo González (opposition) revendique la victoire avec 67% selon les procès-verbaux publiés.","gouvernement_issu":"Maduro entame un 3ᵉ mandat contesté (2025-2031). L'opposition et une grande partie de la communauté internationale (US, UE, plusieurs pays latino-américains) contestent la validité de l'élection.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2024 Venezuelan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-05-20","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Nicolás Maduro (PSUV, 67.8%) — scrutin également boycotté et contesté.","gouvernement_issu":"Maduro, 2ᵉ mandat (2019-2025).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Venezuelan presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"VN","iso3":"VNM","slug":"vietnam","nom_courant_fr":"Vietnam","nom_officiel_fr":"République socialiste du Vietnam","nom_officiel_local":"Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Hanoï","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":101598527,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/vnm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":331212,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1977,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"ASEAN","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1995,"source":{"nom":"ASEAN","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"RCEP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2022,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop).","notes_en":"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership — 15 pays, entré en vigueur janvier 2022. Plus grande zone de libre-échange mondiale (30% PIB, 30% pop)."},{"organisation":"CPTPP","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":2018,"source":{"nom":"Traités originaux + secrétariats officiels","url":"https://data.un.org/","date_verif":"2026-09-20"},"notes":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023.","notes_en":"Comprehensive Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership — accord succédant au TPP après retrait USA (2017). Royaume-Uni adhère juillet 2023."}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Tô Lâm","source":{"nom":"Présidence vietnamienne","url":"https://en.baochinhphu.vn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"vn.cpv","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2026-04-07","source":{"nom":"BCP","url":"https://en.baochinhphu.vn/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Cumule Secrétaire général du PCV (depuis août 2024) et Président depuis avril 2026. Concentration inédite depuis Hô Chi Minh. Luong Cuong écarté de la présidence.","notes_en":"Cumule Secrétaire général du PCV (depuis août 2024) et Président depuis avril 2026. Concentration inédite depuis Hô Chi Minh. Luong Cuong écarté de la présidence."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Pham Minh Chinh","source":{"nom":"Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"vn.cpv","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-04-05","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu par l'Assemblée nationale.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"vn.cpv","sieges":486,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-05-23","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-05-23","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2026-04-07","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_vietnam","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2031-04-07","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_vietnam","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République socialiste à parti unique (PCV depuis 1976). Système « troïka » : SG du parti (le plus puissant), Président, PM. **To Lam** SG depuis août 2024 (après mort Nguyen Phu Trong). Économie de marché socialiste (Doi Moi 1986).","explication_concrete_en":"République socialiste à parti unique (PCV depuis 1976). Système « troïka » : SG du parti (le plus puissant), Président, PM. **To Lam** SG depuis août 2024 (après mort Nguyen Phu Trong). Économie de marché socialiste (Doi Moi 1986)."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Quốc hội (Assemblée nationale)","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":500,"mode_designation":"Élus au suffrage universel — candidatures validées par le Front patriotique (PCV).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2021-05-23","distribution":[{"parti_id":"vn.cpv","sieges":486,"voix_pct":97.2},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":14,"voix_pct":2.8}],"source":{"nom":"Élections officielles","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2021-05-23","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Élus au suffrage universel — candidatures validées par le Front patriotique (PCV)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour populaire suprême","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":17,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par l'Assemblée sur proposition du Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"5 ans renouvelable.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":494,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":4829,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":3.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":30.3,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-2.2,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/VNM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"BB+","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Standard_&_Poor's","date_donnee":"26 May 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"Ba2","perspective":"Stable","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipédia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating#Moody's","date_donnee":"6 September 2022","date_verif":"2026-09-22","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"USA","part_pct":29.6},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":15.9},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":6.5},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5.7},{"pays":"Hong Kong","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":37.7},{"pays":"Corée du Sud","part_pct":16.3},{"pays":"Japon","part_pct":5.8},{"pays":"Taïwan","part_pct":5.6},{"pays":"USA","part_pct":4.3}],"top_categories_export":["Téléphones (Samsung Vietnam)","Électronique","Textiles et chaussures (Nike, Adidas)","Meubles","Café"],"top_categories_import":["Machines","Semi-conducteurs","Textile (matières)","Fer","Plastiques"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Robusta","rang_mondial":2},{"produit":"Poivre noir","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Cajou","rang_mondial":1},{"produit":"Riz (exportateur)","rang_mondial":3},{"produit":"Textiles (Nike, Adidas, H&M)","rang_mondial":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Vietnam","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/vnm","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":17.8,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.8,"source":{"nom":"MoF","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"VND","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":13.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":6.6,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2050,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":79.4,"esperance_vie_hommes":70.1,"age_median":33.6,"indice_fecondite":1.9,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/vnm","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1363757,"deces_2025":675224,"solde_naturel_2025":688533},"retraites":{"age_legal":61,"age_taux_plein":61,"systeme_type":"Répartition (BHXH)","duree_cotisation_ans":20,"taux_cotisation_pct":25.5,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":60,"description":"Système Répartition (BHXH). Cotisation 25.5%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail / SS national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (BHXH)","description_en":"Système Répartition (BHXH). Cotisation 25.5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.15,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["PCV parti unique depuis 1976. To Lam SG du parti depuis août 2024 après mort Trong.","« Doi Moi » (Renouveau) 1986 — économie de marché socialiste. Croissance ~6-7%/an.","Grand bénéficiaire du nearshoring hors Chine — Samsung y produit 50% de ses téléphones mondiaux.","Diplomatie « bamboo » — équilibre entre USA (partenariat global 2023) et Chine.","Anti-corruption « fournaise flamboyante » — a fait tomber 2 présidents et 2 PM en 2 ans (2022-2024).","Tensions en mer de Chine méridionale (îles Spratly)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Vietnam","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=vi&gl=VN&ceid=VN:vi","langue":"vi"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":470000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":5000000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":40000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":8.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":2.5,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":22,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["ASEAN","Non-aligné (Doctrine des « 4 Non »)","Partenariats stratégiques : Russie, Inde, USA (2023), Japon, Corée du Sud","Non-aligné (4 Non)","Partenariat stratégique intégral USA (2023)","Partenariat russe historique"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-90S / T-90SK (livrés 2019)","quantite":64,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-54B / T-55 (majorité)","quantite":1100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1960,"origine":"URSS/Chine","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod / NORINCO","pays_fabricant":"URSS/Chine"},{"nom":"T-90S/SK","quantite":64,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-62 modernisés","quantite":220,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"T-54/T-55","quantite":850,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1965,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Uralvagonzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Modernisations locales."}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Su-30MK2V","quantite":35,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2004,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAAPO)","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-27SK/UBK","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1995,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-30MK2","quantite":35,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2012,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KnAAPO / Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-27SK/UBK","quantite":12,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1998,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"KnAAPO / Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Su-22M4","quantite":38,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1988,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Sukhoi","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Retrait en cours."},{"nom":"Yak-130 (entraînement/attaque)","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2021,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Irkut Corporation","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"navires_surface":[{"nom":"Frégates classe Gepard 3.9 (russe)","quantite":4,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Zelenodolsk Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Corvettes classe Molniya (licence Tarantul V)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2007,"origine":"Russie/Vietnam","fabricant":"Ba Son Shipyard (licence Vympel)","pays_fabricant":"Vietnam/Russie"},{"nom":"Frégates Gepard 3.9","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2011,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Zelenodolsk Plant","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Corvettes Molniya (P-1241.8)","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie / Vietnam (licence)","fabricant":"Almaz / Ba Son","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Frégates Petya II/III","quantite":5,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Yantar Shipyard","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"sous_marins":[{"nom":"Sous-marins classe Kilo 636.1 (russes)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Admiralty Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Kilo classe 636 (Varshavyanka)","quantite":6,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2013,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Admiralty Shipyards","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Dissuasion navale conventionnelle."}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-152/60/80","quantite":1100,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Arzamas Machine Plant","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BMP-1/2","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kurganmashzavod","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"XCB-01 (VN-1 clone)","quantite":30,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Vietnam / Chine","fabricant":"STC","pays_fabricant":"Vietnam"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"M-46 130mm","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1955,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Motovilikha Plants","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":350,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Splav SPA","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Extra-N (dérivé israélien)","quantite":32,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Israël / Vietnam","fabricant":"IMI Systems","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}],"helicopteres":[{"nom":"Mi-8/17","quantite":45,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1985,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Mil Moscow / Kazan","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Ka-28/32","quantite":8,"generation":"intermediaire","annee_service":1990,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Kamov","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"EC-225 (SAR)","quantite":4,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2015,"origine":"France","fabricant":"Airbus Helicopters","pays_fabricant":"France"}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"S-300PMU-1","quantite":12,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2005,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Spyder-SR (SAM)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Rafael","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"SA-3 Pechora","quantite":66,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1970,"origine":"Russie","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Orbiter 2/3 (ISR)","quantite":15,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2018,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"Aeronautics","pays_fabricant":"Israël"},{"nom":"Heron Mk1 (ISR)","quantite":3,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Israël","fabricant":"IAI","pays_fabricant":"Israël"}]},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Soudan du Sud","mission":"UNMISS — hôpital de campagne niveau 2 (rotation)","effectifs":230,"depuis":"2018","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS — hôpital de campagne niveau 2 (rotation)","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA — officiers d'état-major","effectifs":3,"depuis":"2020","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA — officiers d'état-major","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Îles Spratleys — Truong Sa","mission":"Contrôle militaire de 21 îlots/récifs (contestés Chine/Philippines/Malaisie/Taïwan)","effectifs":3000,"depuis":"Permanent","cadre":"Territoire national contesté","mission_en":"Contrôle militaire de 21 îlots/récifs (contestés Chine/Philippines/Malaisie/Taïwan)","cadre_en":"Territoire national contesté"},{"pays":"Îles Paracels — Hoang Sa","mission":"Revendication (occupation chinoise depuis 1974)","effectifs":0,"depuis":"Revendication","cadre":"Territoire contesté","mission_en":"Revendication (occupation chinoise depuis 1974)","cadre_en":"Territoire contesté"},{"pays":"Golfe de Thaïlande — frontière maritime","mission":"Patrouilles conjointes avec le Cambodge et la Thaïlande","effectifs":500,"depuis":"2005","cadre":"Bilatéral","mission_en":"Patrouilles conjointes avec le Cambodge et la Thaïlande","cadre_en":"Bilatéral"}],"notes_speciales":["Doctrine des « 4 Non » (không) : pas d'alliances militaires, pas de bases étrangères, pas d'allié contre un tiers, pas d'usage de la force.","Modernisation navale : 6 sous-marins classe Kilo russes (2013-2017), frégates Gepard, corvettes Molniya — dissuasion Chine.","Fournisseur historique : Russie (80%+ des équipements). Diversification depuis 2020 : Inde (BrahMos), Israël, Corée du Sud.","Conflit mer de Chine méridionale : Chine occupe Paracels depuis 1974 ; incidents fréquents avec garde-côtes chinois autour des Spratleys.","Élévation du partenariat USA-Vietnam en « stratégique intégral » (septembre 2023) — même niveau que Chine et Russie."],"notes_speciales_en":["Doctrine des « 4 Non » (không) : pas d'alliances militaires, pas de bases étrangères, pas d'allié contre un tiers, pas d'usage de la force.","Modernisation navale : 6 sous-marins classe Kilo russes (2013-2017), frégates Gepard, corvettes Molniya — dissuasion Chine.","Fournisseur historique : Russie (80%+ des équipements). Diversification depuis 2020 : Inde (BrahMos), Israël, Corée du Sud.","Conflit mer de Chine méridionale : Chine occupe Paracels depuis 1974 ; incidents fréquents avec garde-côtes chinois autour des Spratleys.","Élévation du partenariat USA-Vietnam en « stratégique intégral » (septembre 2023) — même niveau que Chine et Russie."]},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"mer-de-chine-meridionale","nom":"Mer de Chine méridionale","type":"mer","role":"Pays riverain (CN, PH, VN, MY, BN, TW, ID)","importance_globale":"Route commerciale la plus fréquentée après Malacca. Réserves pétrolières et gazières estimées : 11-22 Md barils pétrole, 5 400 Bcm gaz. Réserves halieutiques ~10% mondiales. Contentieux territoriaux : îles Spratleys (revendiquées 6 pays), Paracels (Chine occupe depuis 1974), Scarborough Shoal (Philippines vs Chine).","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":100000,"petrole_mb_j":15,"pct_commerce_mondial":30},"menace_principale":"Chine construit des îles artificielles militarisées depuis 2013 (Fiery Cross, Mischief Reef, Subi) — piste d'atterrissage, radars, SAM. Ligne des 9 traits chinoise rejetée par PCA en 2016 (Philippines)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":3444,"zee_km2":417663,"pib_maritime_pct":6.5,"flotte_marchande_navires":1900,"peche_annuelle_mt":4.9,"peche_annuelle_rang":7,"notes":"Contrôle Truong Sa (Spratleys, 21 îlots). Ho Chi Minh-Ville, Haïphong, Da Nang. Pêche : conflit Chine.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["PCV parti unique depuis 1976. To Lam SG du parti depuis août 2024 après mort Trong.","« Doi Moi » (Renouveau) 1986 — économie de marché socialiste. Croissance ~6-7%/an.","Grand bénéficiaire du nearshoring hors Chine — Samsung y produit 50% de ses téléphones mondiaux.","Diplomatie « bamboo » — équilibre entre USA (partenariat global 2023) et Chine.","Anti-corruption « fournaise flamboyante » — a fait tomber 2 présidents et 2 PM en 2 ans (2022-2024).","Tensions en mer de Chine méridionale (îles Spratly)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-05-23","type":"legislative","participation_pct":99.6,"vainqueur":"Parti communiste vietnamien (parti unique, 486 sièges sur 500)","gouvernement_issu":"Nguyễn Phú Trọng Secrétaire général (jusqu'à sa mort juil. 2024), remplacé par Tô Lâm. Phạm Minh Chính PM.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Vietnamese legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Vietnamese_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-05-22","type":"legislative","vainqueur":"Parti communiste vietnamien (parti unique)","gouvernement_issu":"Nguyễn Xuân Phúc PM 2016-2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Vietnamese legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Vietnamese_legislative_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"YE","iso3":"YEM","slug":"yemen","nom_courant_fr":"Yémen","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Yémen","nom_officiel_local":"al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah","status":"verifie","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Sanaa (occupée Houthis) / Aden (gouv. reconnu)","source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"population":{"valeur":41773878,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/yem","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":527968,"source":{"nom":"Institut statistique national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1947,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}},{"organisation":"Ligue arabe","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1945,"source":{"nom":"Ligue arabe","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_verif":"2026-09-08"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Rachad al-Alimi","source":{"nom":"Présidence / Cabinet officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Président du Conseil de direction présidentielle","parti_id":"ye.plc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2022-04-07","source":{"nom":"Officiel","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par accord des factions anti-Houthis avec appui saoudien.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Salem Saleh ben Brik","source":{"nom":"Gouvernement yéménite (reconnu)","url":"https://ye.info/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"fonction":"Premier ministre","parti_id":"ye.plc","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2024-05-05","source":{"nom":"Yemen gov","url":"https://ye.info/","date_donnee":"2026-09-13","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"},"notes":"Nommé par le Conseil présidentiel de commandement (PLC). Contrôle Aden.","notes_en":"Nommé par le Conseil présidentiel de commandement (PLC). Contrôle Aden."},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Nommé par le PLC.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"ye.plc","sieges":8,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Presidential_Leadership_Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2022-04-07","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_yemen","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2029-04-07","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 7 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_yemen","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"**Pays divisé** : Houthis (chiites zaydites, soutenus par Iran) contrôlent Sanaa et 70% de la population depuis 2014. Gouvernement reconnu par l'ONU siège à Aden avec soutien saoudien-émirati.","explication_concrete_en":"**Pays divisé** : Houthis (chiites zaydites, soutenus par Iran) contrôlent Sanaa et 70% de la population depuis 2014. Gouvernement reconnu par l'ONU siège à Aden avec soutien saoudien-émirati."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Majlis al-Nuwwāb","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":301,"mode_designation":"Scrutin uninominal — sans élections depuis 2003.","duree_mandat_ans":6,"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Scrutin uninominal — sans élections depuis 2003.","composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2003-04-27","distribution":[{"parti_id":"ye.plc","sieges":301}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2003_Yemeni_parliamentary_election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Yemeni_parliamentary_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes":"Dernière élection parlementaire en 2003 (Chambre des représentants, 301 sièges). Mandats prorogés indéfiniment. Guerre civile depuis 2014. Aucun parlement fonctionnel."}}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour suprême (dysfonctionnelle)","source":{"nom":"Cour constitutionnelle / Supérieure","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":30,"source":{"nom":"Loi organique","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"À vie.","source":{"nom":"Constitution","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2026-09-08","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":420,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":-0.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":21.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"chomage_pct":{"valeur":33,"source":{"nom":"OIT / Institut national","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":88,"source":{"nom":"FMI WEO octobre 2025","url":"https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":-3.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/YEM","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert par les principales agences internationales (petit État sans dette souveraine externe cotée, ou pays sous sanctions/en conflit).","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":40.9},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":11.8},{"pays":"Malaisie","part_pct":5.2},{"pays":"Oman","part_pct":4.8},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":4.7}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":21.6},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":11.1},{"pays":"Turquie","part_pct":9.2},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":8.1},{"pays":"Arabie saoudite","part_pct":5.7}],"top_categories_export":["Pétrole brut","Poisson","Or","Café Mocha","Miel"],"top_categories_import":["Aliments (blé, riz)","Hydrocarbures","Machines","Automobile","Médicaments"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Café Mocha","rang_mondial":20,"notes":"Origine historique du café — Moka."},{"produit":"Miel yéménite","rang_mondial":5}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Yémen","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/yem","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":13.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":19.5,"source":{"nom":"Ministère des Finances","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"YER","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":34.4,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":4.7,"annee_bascule_naturelle":2100,"annee_bascule_note":"Estimation basée sur tendance actuelle.","esperance_vie_femmes":71.5,"esperance_vie_hommes":67.4,"age_median":20.2,"indice_fecondite":4.5,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI (dernière donnée 2025)","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/yem","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"},"naissances_2025":1435309,"deces_2025":197758,"solde_naturel_2025":1237551},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (largement dysfonctionnel)","duree_cotisation_ans":15,"taux_cotisation_pct":15,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":40,"description":"Système principal Répartition (largement dysfonctionnel). Cotisation 15%.","source":{"nom":"Ministère du Travail","url":"https://data.un.org/en/index.html","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (largement dysfonctionnel)","description_en":"Système principal Répartition (largement dysfonctionnel). Cotisation 15%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.08,"categorie":"closed_autocracy","annee":2024,"source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-08","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales":["**Pire crise humanitaire au monde** selon l'ONU : ~21 M en besoin d'aide, famine.","Cessez-le-feu partiel avec Houthis depuis mai 2022, négociations Chine/Oman.","Houthis attaquent les navires en mer Rouge depuis octobre 2023 (soutien Gaza) — perturbation majeure du commerce mondial.","Frappes US-UK sur positions Houthis depuis janvier 2024.","Guerre au Yémen depuis 2014 (10 ans)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Google Actualités — Yémen","url_rss":"https://news.google.com/rss?hl=ar&gl=YE&ceid=YE:ar","langue":"ar"}],"derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":40000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":71200,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":1.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":6.4,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":105,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-15","confiance":"haute"}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"T-72B, T-62, T-55, M60A1 (parc éparpillé entre factions)","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Russie/USA"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BMP-1/2, BTR-60, M113 (parc guerre)","quantite":800,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/USA"}],"artillerie":[{"nom":"BM-21 Grad","quantite":300,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Splav","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"D-30 122mm","quantite":400,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Motovilikha","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"Missiles balistiques Scud-B/C","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1985,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"KBM","pays_fabricant":"Russie","notes":"Utilisés Houthis sur Riyad 2019+."},{"nom":"Toophan-5 (dérivé Fateh-110 iranien) — Houthis","quantite":50,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO","pays_fabricant":"Iran"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"MiG-29, F-5 Tiger, Su-22 (parc largement inopérant)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/USA"}],"drones":[{"nom":"Shahed-136 (Houthis, livraisons Iran 2020+)","quantite":500,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2020,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"HESA","pays_fabricant":"Iran"},{"nom":"Samad-1/2/3 (indigène Houthis)","quantite":300,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2019,"origine":"Yémen (Houthis)","fabricant":"Ansar Allah","pays_fabricant":"Yémen"},{"nom":"Waid-1/2 (drones attaque Houthis)","quantite":200,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Yémen (Houthis)","fabricant":"Ansar Allah","pays_fabricant":"Yémen","notes":"Utilisés attaques Mer Rouge nov. 2023+."}],"systemes_defense_ariel":[{"nom":"SA-2/6 (répartis)","quantite":50,"generation":"ancien","annee_service":1975,"origine":"URSS","fabricant":"Almaz-Antey","pays_fabricant":"Russie"},{"nom":"R-360 Neptune (Houthis, 2023)","quantite":20,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Ukraine (via Iran ?)","fabricant":"Luch Design Bureau","pays_fabricant":"Ukraine","notes":"Origine controversée."},{"nom":"Missiles anti-navires Houthis (dérivés iraniens)","quantite":100,"generation":"moderne","annee_service":2023,"origine":"Iran","fabricant":"AIO Marine","pays_fabricant":"Iran"}]},"alliances_militaires":["Ligue arabe (suspension de facto)","Coopération Arabie saoudite + Émirats (gouvernement Hadi/PLC)","Iran (soutien aux Houthis)"],"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"Territoire national — guerre civile","mission":"Guerre civile depuis 2015 — Houthis (Ansar Allah) vs Presidential Leadership Council + coalition arabe","effectifs":100000,"depuis":"2015","cadre":"Autonome — guerre civile","mission_en":"Guerre civile depuis 2015 — Houthis (Ansar Allah) vs Presidential Leadership Council + coalition arabe","cadre_en":"Autonome — guerre civile"},{"pays":"Mer Rouge / Bab-el-Mandeb","mission":"Attaques Houthis contre navires commerciaux depuis novembre 2023 — >100 attaques 2023-2025","effectifs":0,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"Autonome — depuis territoire Houthis","mission_en":"Attaques Houthis contre navires commerciaux depuis novembre 2023 — >100 attaques 2023-2025","cadre_en":"Autonome — depuis territoire Houthis"}],"notes_speciales":["Pays effectivement divisé depuis 2015 : nord (~2/3 pop) contrôlé par Houthis (Sanaa), sud/est contrôlé par gouvernement Hadi/PLC (Aden) + STC séparatistes (Émirats).","Attaques Houthis contre navires commerciaux depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 navires visés, Rubymar coulé, effondrement trafic Suez.","Frappes USA/UK sur Houthis depuis janvier 2024 (Poseidon Archer) — ~1000 frappes cumulées, faible impact militaire.","Guerre humanitaire majeure : 21 M en besoin d'aide (67% pop), 4,5 M déplacés, ~380 000 morts cumulés (dont 60% famine/maladie).","Cessez-le-feu ONU d'avril 2022 — largement respecté au sol malgré front Mer Rouge actif."],"notes_speciales_en":["Pays effectivement divisé depuis 2015 : nord (~2/3 pop) contrôlé par Houthis (Sanaa), sud/est contrôlé par gouvernement Hadi/PLC (Aden) + STC séparatistes (Émirats).","Attaques Houthis contre navires commerciaux depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 navires visés, Rubymar coulé, effondrement trafic Suez.","Frappes USA/UK sur Houthis depuis janvier 2024 (Poseidon Archer) — ~1000 frappes cumulées, faible impact militaire.","Guerre humanitaire majeure : 21 M en besoin d'aide (67% pop), 4,5 M déplacés, ~380 000 morts cumulés (dont 60% famine/maladie).","Cessez-le-feu ONU d'avril 2022 — largement respecté au sol malgré front Mer Rouge actif."],"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"interets_maritimes":{"detroits_controles":[{"id":"bab-el-mandeb","nom":"Détroit de Bab-el-Mandeb","type":"detroit","role":"Pays riverain (YE, DJ, ER)","importance_globale":"Entrée sud de la mer Rouge, connectant l'océan Indien au canal de Suez. Route stratégique pour le pétrole du Golfe vers l'Europe et l'Est asiatique.","trafic_annuel":{"navires_par_an":21000,"petrole_mb_j":6.2,"pct_commerce_mondial":12,"pct_gnl_mondial":8},"menace_principale":"Attaques houthies contre la marine marchande depuis novembre 2023 — plus de 100 attaques en 2024-2025. Trafic Suez chuté de 60% en 2024 (déroutements par cap de Bonne-Espérance)."}],"source":{"nom":"Atlas politique — data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","url":"https://github.com/corentinjc/atlas-politique-europe/blob/main/data/reference/maritime-chokepoints.json","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-17","confiance":"haute"}},"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":1906,"zee_km2":552669,"pib_maritime_pct":1,"peche_annuelle_mt":0.15,"notes":"Aden port historique. Contrôle Houthis nord Bab-el-Mandeb. Crise Mer Rouge 2023+.","source":{"nom":"UNCTAD Maritime Transport 2024 + FAO SOFIA 2024 + CIA World Factbook","url":"https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-20","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["**Pire crise humanitaire au monde** selon l'ONU : ~21 M en besoin d'aide, famine.","Cessez-le-feu partiel avec Houthis depuis mai 2022, négociations Chine/Oman.","Houthis attaquent les navires en mer Rouge depuis octobre 2023 (soutien Gaza) — perturbation majeure du commerce mondial.","Frappes US-UK sur positions Houthis depuis janvier 2024.","Guerre au Yémen depuis 2014 (10 ans)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2012-02-21","type":"presidentielle_transition","vainqueur":"Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi (candidat unique de consensus, 99.8%)","gouvernement_issu":"Hadi président de transition 2012-2022 (renversé par les Houthis en 2015). Aucune élection nationale depuis. Conseil de direction présidentielle (PLC, 8 membres) depuis 2022, dirigé par Rashad al-Alimi.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2012 Yemeni presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Yemeni_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2006-09-20","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Ali Abdullah Saleh (Congrès populaire général, 77.2%)","gouvernement_issu":"Saleh 3ᵉ mandat (démission février 2012 après le Printemps arabe, tué en 2017).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2006 Yemeni presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Yemeni_presidential_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}]},{"iso2":"ZM","iso3":"ZMB","slug":"zambie","nom_courant_fr":"Zambie","nom_officiel_fr":"République de Zambie","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Zambia","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Lusaka","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":21913874,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/zmb","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":752618,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1964,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"COMESA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1994,"source":{"nom":"COMESA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMESA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hakainde Hichilema","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"zm.upnd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-08-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Élu au suffrage universel direct (59,4% en 2021, alternance historique).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"zm.upnd","sieges":100,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Zambian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Zambian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Hakainde Hichilema","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"zm.upnd","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2021-08-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zambie","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambie","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2021-08-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of zambie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_zambie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2026-08-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of zambie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_zambie","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Alternance politique 2021 (UPND remplace PF).","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. 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Restructuration accord Cadre commun G20 en 2024.","Élection 2021 — modèle d'alternance démocratique pacifique.","Enjeu géopolitique : théâtre de la compétition USA/Chine autour du corridor Lobito (cuivre et cobalt)."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Lusaka Times","url_rss":"https://www.lusakatimes.com/feed/","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":0,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":1400,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.35,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.2,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["SADC"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":90,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République centrafricaine","mission":"MINUSCA","effectifs":900,"depuis":"2014","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"MINUSCA","cadre_en":"ONU"},{"pays":"Sud-Soudan","mission":"UNMISS","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2011","cadre":"ONU","mission_en":"UNMISS","cadre_en":"ONU"}],"alliances_militaires_en":["SADC"],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Type 59, Type 62 (chinois)","quantite":40,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BRDM-2, BTR-60, WZ-551","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Chine"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"K-8 Karakorum, MiG-21 (retirés)","quantite":10,"generation":"intermediaire","origine":"Chine"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["1er producteur de cuivre d'Afrique — plan de tripler la production d'ici 2035.","Défaut de paiement de novembre 2020 — 1er pays africain à faire défaut sous Covid. Restructuration accord Cadre commun G20 en 2024.","Élection 2021 — modèle d'alternance démocratique pacifique.","Enjeu géopolitique : théâtre de la compétition USA/Chine autour du corridor Lobito (cuivre et cobalt)."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2021-08-12","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Hakainde Hichilema (UPND, 59.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Hichilema président depuis août 2021 succédant à Edgar Lungu.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2021 Zambian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Zambian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2016-08-11","type":"presidentielle","vainqueur":"Edgar Lungu (Patriotic Front, 50.4%)","gouvernement_issu":"Lungu président 2015-2021.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2016 Zambian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Zambian_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}},{"iso2":"ZW","iso3":"ZWE","slug":"zimbabwe","nom_courant_fr":"Zimbabwe","nom_officiel_fr":"République du Zimbabwe","nom_officiel_local":"Republic of Zimbabwe","identite":{"capitale":{"valeur":"Harare","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"population":{"valeur":16950795,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/zwe","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"superficie_km2":{"valeur":390757,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"appartenances":[{"organisation":"ONU","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"ONU","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"UA","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"UA","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}},{"organisation":"SADC","membre":true,"annee_adhesion":1980,"source":{"nom":"SADC","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC","date_verif":"2026-09-16"}}]},"executif":{"chef_etat":{"nom":{"valeur":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Président","parti_id":"zw.zanu_pf","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-11-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Prit le pouvoir après coup de 2017 contre Mugabe, élu en 2018 et réélu 2023 (52,6%).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"detenteur_pouvoir_effectif":"chef_etat","coalition":[{"parti_id":"zw.zanupf","sieges":176,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Zimbabwean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"chef_gouvernement":{"nom":{"valeur":"Emmerson Mnangagwa","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fonction":"Cumule avec la présidence","parti_id":"zw.zanu_pf","sans_etiquette":false,"date_entree_fonction":{"valeur":"2017-11-24","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_designation":{"valeur":"Le chef d'État cumule la fonction de chef du gouvernement.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"date_formation_gouvernement":{"valeur":"2017-11-24","notes":"Date d'entrée en fonction du chef d'État — détenteur effectif du pouvoir.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_zimbabwe","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"echeance_normale_mandat":{"valeur":"2022-11-24","notes":"Échéance calculée sur mandat constitutionnel de 5 ans à compter de l'entrée en fonction.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Executive of zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_zimbabwe","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}},"regime":{"type_id":"republique_presidentielle","explication_concrete":"République présidentielle. Régime dominé par le ZANU-PF depuis l'indépendance (1980). Élections libres formellement mais irrégularités massives.","explication_concrete_en":"République présidentielle. Régime dominé par le ZANU-PF depuis l'indépendance (1980). Élections libres formellement mais irrégularités massives."},"legislatif":{"nombre_chambres":1,"chambres":[{"nom":"Assemblée nationale","role":"Chambre basse.","sieges_total":280,"mode_designation":"Uninominal + sièges réservés femmes (60) et jeunes (10).","duree_mandat_ans":5,"composition_derniere_election":{"date":"2023-08-23","distribution":[{"parti_id":"zw.zanu_pf","sieges":190,"voix_pct":69},{"parti_id":"zw.ccc","sieges":74,"voix_pct":27},{"parti_id":"_autres","sieges":16,"voix_pct":4}],"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"role_en":"Chambre basse.","mode_designation_en":"Uninominal + sièges réservés femmes (60) et jeunes (10)."}]},"judiciaire":{"juridiction":{"valeur":"Cour constitutionnelle","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"nombre_juges":{"valeur":9,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"mode_nomination":{"valeur":"Nommés par le Président sur avis de la JSC.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"duree_mandat":{"valeur":"15 ans","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"controle_constitutionnalite":"les_deux","controle_constitutionnalite_en":"les_deux"},"economie":{"pib_nominal_md_usd":{"valeur":53,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"pib_par_habitant_usd":{"valeur":3080,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"croissance_pct":{"valeur":7.5,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"inflation_pct":{"valeur":81.4,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"dette_publique_pct_pib":{"valeur":43.8,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"solde_budgetaire_pct_pib":{"valeur":0.1,"source":{"nom":"FMI World Economic Outlook — mise à jour avril 2026","url":"https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZWE","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-13","confiance":"haute"}},"notation_souveraine":{"sp":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Standard & Poor's (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"moodys":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Moody's Investors Service (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"fitch":{"valeur":"NR","perspective":"Non applicable","notes":"Pays non couvert / notation retirée","source":{"nom":"Fitch Ratings (via Wikipedia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating","date_donnee":"2024-2025","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}}},"commerce":{"top_partenaires_export":[{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":39.5},{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":26.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":11.5},{"pays":"Mozambique","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Belgique","part_pct":3.5}],"top_partenaires_import":[{"pays":"Afrique du Sud","part_pct":41.5},{"pays":"Chine","part_pct":14.5},{"pays":"Singapour","part_pct":5.5},{"pays":"Inde","part_pct":4.5},{"pays":"Émirats arabes unis","part_pct":3.5}],"top_categories_export":["Or","Tabac","Platine","Ferro-chrome","Diamants"],"top_categories_import":["Pétrole raffiné","Machines","Fertilisants","Céréales","Véhicules"],"productions_notables":[{"produit":"Tabac","rang_mondial":6},{"produit":"Platine","rang_mondial":3}],"source_globale":{"nom":"OEC — Zimbabwe","url":"https://oec.world/en/profile/country/zwe","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"budget":{"perimetre":"administrations_publiques","recettes_pct_pib":{"valeur":15.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"depenses_pct_pib":{"valeur":20.5,"source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"devise":"ZiG (ZWG depuis avril 2024)","annee_exercice":2025},"demographie":{"taux_natalite_pour_mille":30.1,"taux_mortalite_pour_mille":8.7,"esperance_vie_femmes":65.8,"esperance_vie_hommes":58.4,"indice_fecondite":3.4,"source":{"nom":"Banque mondiale — WDI","url":"https://data.worldbank.org/country/zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"},"naissances_2025":506676,"deces_2025":127097,"solde_naturel_2025":379579,"annee_bascule_naturelle":null,"annee_bascule_note":"","age_median":18.7},"retraites":{"age_legal":60,"age_taux_plein":60,"systeme_type":"Répartition (NSSA)","duree_cotisation_ans":null,"taux_cotisation_pct":9,"taux_remplacement_net_pct":null,"description":"Faible couverture, cotisation 4,5% + 4,5%.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — Zimbabwe","url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"systeme_type_en":"Répartition (NSSA)","description_en":"Faible couverture, cotisation 4,5% + 4,5%."},"regime_democratique":{"indice":"V-Dem Liberal Democracy Index","score":0.2,"categorie":"electoral_autocracy","annee":2024,"notes":"Élections filtrées, répression opposition.","source":{"nom":"V-Dem V16","url":"https://v-dem.net/","date_donnee":"2024","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"},"notes_en":"Élections filtrées, répression opposition."},"notes_speciales":["Régime ZANU-PF au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance de 1980 — 45 ans continue.","Effondrement économique historique : hyperinflation record 2008 (10^21 %), retour en 2023-2024.","Nouvelle monnaie ZiG (Zimbabwe Gold, avril 2024) — 6ᵉ tentative de stabilisation monétaire depuis 2009.","Réforme agraire des années 2000 (expropriations blanches) — cause historique de l'effondrement."],"sources_news_rss":[{"nom":"Herald Zimbabwe","url_rss":"https://www.herald.co.zw/feed/","langue":"en"},{"nom":"NewsDay","url_rss":"https://www.newsday.co.zw/feed","langue":"en"}],"status":"verifie","derniere_verification_globale":"2026-09-30","militaire":{"effectifs":{"actifs":{"valeur":30000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"reservistes":{"valeur":21800,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"paramilitaires":{"valeur":15000,"source":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2026","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"budget_defense":{"montant_md_usd":{"valeur":0.3,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}},"pct_pib":{"valeur":1.1,"source":{"nom":"SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2025","url":"https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex","date_donnee":"2025","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"haute"}}},"arme_nucleaire":false,"alliances_militaires":["SADC"],"rang_puissance":{"global_firepower":111,"annee":2026,"source":{"nom":"Global Firepower Index 2026","url":"https://www.globalfirepower.com/","date_donnee":"2026","date_verif":"2026-09-16","confiance":"moyenne"}},"deploiements_exterieurs":[{"pays":"République démocratique du Congo","mission":"SAMIDRC","effectifs":300,"depuis":"2023","cadre":"SADC","status":"retire","mission_en":"SAMIDRC","cadre_en":"SADC"}],"notes_speciales":["Armée dominée par l'appareil ZANU-PF depuis 1980.","Coup d'État 2017 (« assistance militaire » contre Mugabe) mené par cet appareil."],"notes_speciales_en":["Armée dominée par l'appareil ZANU-PF depuis 1980.","Coup d'État 2017 (« assistance militaire » contre Mugabe) mené par cet appareil."],"equipement":{"chars":[{"nom":"Type 59, Type 69 (chinois)","quantite":80,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Chine"}],"vehicules_blindes":[{"nom":"BTR-60/152, Cascavel, Ratel-90, Puma","quantite":250,"generation":"ancien","origine":"URSS/Divers"}],"avions_combat":[{"nom":"Chengdu FT-7, Hawk (retirés)","quantite":8,"generation":"ancien","origine":"Chine/UK"}]},"source_equipement":{"nom":"IISS Military Balance 2024","url":"https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance","date_donnee":"2023","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},"notes_speciales_en":["Régime ZANU-PF au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance de 1980 — 45 ans continue.","Effondrement économique historique : hyperinflation record 2008 (10^21 %), retour en 2023-2024.","Nouvelle monnaie ZiG (Zimbabwe Gold, avril 2024) — 6ᵉ tentative de stabilisation monétaire depuis 2009.","Réforme agraire des années 2000 (expropriations blanches) — cause historique de l'effondrement."],"historique_electoral":[{"date":"2023-08-23","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Emmerson Mnangagwa (ZANU-PF, 52.6%)","gouvernement_issu":"Mnangagwa 2ᵉ mandat 2023-2028.","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2023 Zimbabwean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zimbabwean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}},{"date":"2018-07-30","type":"presidentielle_et_legislative","vainqueur":"Mnangagwa (ZANU-PF, 50.7%, résultat serré)","gouvernement_issu":"Mnangagwa 1er mandat 2018-2023 après avoir succédé à Mugabe (coup 2017).","source":{"nom":"Wikipedia — 2018 Zimbabwean general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Zimbabwean_general_election","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"moyenne"}}],"economie_maritime":{"cote_km":0,"zee_km2":0,"notes":"Pays enclavé — aucun accès direct à la mer, pas de zone économique exclusive ni de côte.","source":{"nom":"CIA World Factbook + Banque mondiale","url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/","date_verif":"2026-09-30","confiance":"élevée"}}}]}